Full text of "Sprague's journal of Maine history"

REYNOLDS ""^TORICAL'
GENEALOGY -OLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

III I

3 1833 01746 6126

GENEALOGY
974.1
SP74
1921-1922

CLARENCE HALE— FRANK E. GUERNSEY— W. SCOTT HILL
CHARLES F. HOLDEN— NELLIE WOODBURY JORDAN

JANUARY— FEBRUARY— MARCH

The LESLIE E. JONES Co.

Office Outfitters

Typewriters of all Makes. Wood &
Steel Filing Equipment

416-17 EASTERN TRUST BLDG.
BANGOR, 3IAIXE

BEYER & SMALL

ConserYative Investment Bonds

TFE OFFER

Slunlclpal. Railroad and Public Utility
Issues. Specialists in Maine Secaritles

Augusta Portland Bangor

(2ll|p Watfmlb iHormttg ^entutpl

Goes to press later than any other paper reaching Central Maine. It

handles messages by wire up to 3 o'clock in the morning. If you

want the latest news, READ THE SENTINEL.

$5.00 per year by mail for cash.

ISatrmtlU. £hiitx^

X 69S854

IT PAYS TO SAVE

Lay your plans to start your saving's
account with this bank on your very
next pay-day. Set aside One Dollar — more if you can spare it— come to
the bank and make your first deposit. Small sums are vv-elcome.

Put system Into your savings. Save a little every week and save that
little regularly. Make It an obligation to yourself just as you are in duty
bound to pay the f^rocer or the coal man. SAVE FAITHFULLY. The
dollars you save now will serve you later on when you will have greater
need for them.

PISCATAQUIS SAVINGS BAN^, Dover, Maine.

P. E. OITEBNSEY, Prea. W. C. WOODBUBY, Treas,

Money Back If Not Satisfied—Is Your Protection

JOHN T. CLARK & CO.

Clothiers

BANGOR,

• • •

• • - •

MAINE

We have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

if-

*-^ .*w

fcw^jw .;j;i-;;^'«^ -'

? X

.*,

i * ^- -i

y*^!

- .^.-^-

'v. .^

What is the width of the spread?
(Courtesy of F. & A. R. R.)

r
^•^•

CONTENTS

THE STATE OF MAINE '. . 3

A POLITICAL CA.MPAI'JX DOCl'MEXT 8

A LETTElt TO KING JAMES I 10

i,';-\-^'*'^''^ O. L P^iITH ( ILLL'STRATION) 12

V ' TltEE P^RLXOED PEXOCSCOT . : 13

.•I. . r^^*^^'^ OF THE LIFE OF DAVID RAY 14

'.Vv\J^I-ES ALCOTT FLAGG (ILLUSTRATIOX) 20

ri.l'I'^' KEXXEBEC TAVERXS 21

•.l.A\ES OF REVOEUTIOXARY SOLDIERS 23

A MAl NE COLOXIAL HOUSE 28

k't ,V>**'f'^ESS.\rAX FROM PISCATAQUIS 29

M.AGG-S ALPHABETICAL IXDEX 31

['IE EDES FAMILY 32

V. .y^'<>-'^fBEGA ITEM 35

VI iVv-V.-'""' --^'--'^ <>'l i I- L,A<i«j- 45

«AINh CEXTEXXIAL TOWXS FOR 1921 46

^ yt YEARS the Insurance Man of Somerset County

V^ *"""¥" ^'ever u Failure — Xever a Law Suit — What more do you wantf

(Member Soc. Col. Wars; Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G., G. A. R.)

__ « CHAIILES FOLSOI-JOXES, Skowhegan, Maine

*fc , '" - —

'*''*ve positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

■.r:e>''-i:

••'^i"3(»f>^»B=-]s

_'^^-)-

T'\:,

jJiiAfciliiiat.' iiii»V ■r^'iitfaJacjairiiiiiii 'r-firftf m rr<i?B«fiiairlni^

vi;l^

Sa^jg^a^MtfjBii^f^

HONORABLE CLARENCE HALE

Distinguished Judge of the United States District Court
for the District of Maine.

The following is from " Who'* Who ir America ":

HALE, Clarence, Judge; b. Turner, Me., Apr. 15, 1848; s. James Sullivan and Betsey ("Staples)
H.', brother of Eugene H. q. v. i; A. B. Bowdoin Coll., 1869, later A. M. and LL. D.; m. Mar-
garet Rollins, of Portland, Me., Mar. 11, 1880. Admitted to bar 1871, and practiced at Portland.
City solicitor, 1879-82; mem. Me. Ho. of Rep., 1883-86; U. S. dist. judge, Dist. of Me., 1902—;
Republican, CongregatiunalLst, Pres. bd. overseers Bowdoin College; afterwards Tru.stee of
Bqwdoin College. Clubs: Cumberland (.Portland;; Union, University Boston). Address,
Portland. Me.

ix.

r?.

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

\'oL. IX January, February, jMarch, 192 i No. i

THE STATE OF MAINE

An address delivered by Honorable Clarence Hale of Portland,
Maine, before the Maine Society of New York, March, ip20.

The State of ]\Iaine is a hundred years old. It is a memorable
thing to be a hundred years old. But Maine history is almost three
hundred years old. A hundred years ago Maine was a new State
with an old history. "Wliile New England is spoken of as a new
cr)untry," says John Fiske, "its record is, in fact, that of an old
countr}'. Its towns have a history which dates back to the times
of James the First." The year James First came to the throne,
pV)3, Martin Pring sailed Penobscot Bay. The year before that,
while Elizabeth was still Queen, Gosnold saw the shores of Maine.
In 1605, Captain George A\'eymouth set up a cross on ^Monhegan
in token of the sovereignty of James the First; and the dimness
of time does not prevent the island of ^lonhegan and Pentecost
h.irl>or, and the hard adventure of the Popham colony, from taking
ihcir place in Maine history; and all these ventures in discovery
Were long before the Mayflower, long before ^Massachusetts history
^'^"s'an. A generation later, in the last years of Charles the First,
^^i\c the permanent settlement under the Gorges patent, the pro-
prietorship of which extended from the Piscataqua to the Penob-
^"<Jt, to which was given the name "The Province of Maine."
J Hiese men came to Richmond's island and made homes, set up
^■'^K'lish civilization and the English church and English politics.
*niey were the king's men ; they were aristocrats ; they hated Puri-
'^n> and Puritanism; they hated Massachusetts and all her works.
"^^H-ir chief, Ferdinando Gorges, at 70, fought for Charles the
' 'r>t at the Siege of Bristol, and died two years before the death
'^ his king. .

Il was not until 1652, under Cromwell, that Massachusetts began
'•> <^xtend her sway over the IMaine province. Then followed poli-

* I

4 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :MAINE HISTORY

i • _^

t — ; —— — __ — ^

tics behveen die rule of ^lassachusetts and the rule of the RoyaUsts.
Charles the Second took ^Maine away from Massachusetts, as Fiske
I and Parknian have so well told. Again, in 1665, ^lassachusetts

■" took possession. After tlie death of Gorges, the ^lassachusetts

Bay colony bought out his interests, paying 1250 pounds ; and it
: was not until 1692 that the province charter finally fixed the status

; of Massachusetts in control of Maine, and called it the District of

Maine.
\ With all the politics Elaine has had, I suppose there has been

[ ' nothing so full of stress as those English politics of the seventeenth

I century, translated to ]\Iaine shores. It is interesting to note that

f the first politicians of !Maine were English Royalists. The first

\ minister who made a career in Alaine was Robert Jordan, the

I English churchman, land-owner and politician, the precursor of a

' large body of sturdy men and women all over the country; for all

the Jordans are his descendants ; and they combine the blood of
'■ English churchmen and Royalists with the blood of those who came

I to Massachusetts Bay and laid the foundation of English repre-

sentative government in America. And so, I repeat; that one hun-
I dred years ago Maine was a new State with an old history.

! The two early histories of Maine are histories of the Maine

I Province and tlie District of !Maine. Williamson's two volumes, —

of great value and of great detail, — printed in 1839, bring Maine
down only to the year 1920, the time of tlie separation. Twenty-
five years before ^^laine became a State, its story induced Governor
Sullivan to write its history, one of the best early State histories.
Governor Sullivan appreciated the Elaine mind and character; he
says that while "the soil of the seacoast was hard and reluctant to
: the plow, its leading type of men were like Julius Caesar ; they

j knew how to distinguish difficulties from impossibilities." James

I'. Sullivan was a philosopher as well as a historian. He shows how

j the Maine character partook of its history. He says: ''The mind

[ of a nation seems to be well represented by the ocean, which is

[■ forever in motion and turbulent, with but short intervals of calm-

ness ; and yet, by the nature of its specific weight, tending to a
I state of quiet." When he wrote that sentence he must have had

; his eye upon his map. There was the District of Maine spread

out before him ; York, Cumberland and Lincoln counties. There
was the long stretch of shore. It is three hundred miles from

THE STATE OF MAINE

Kitter}' to Calais, but in tliat contour of coast are many and deep
indentations ; so that tlie sailor man can sail his boat in the net-
work of bays and make a voyage along three thousand miles of
Maine seacoast. The people who lived tliere at that time got their
living and their character from hard contests witli tlie forest and
ihe sea; those two inherent sources of life; those two grim de-
stroyers of all tliat is false.

With the character which Elaine men inherited, both on the
conservative and on the progressive side, it was as inevitable as
the tidal march of the ocean on her shore that her citizens should
have the sturdy qualities which have made Maine histor\\ The
expected happened ; the old District has an heroic story. Liberty
uas something more than a gesture. It had to be fought for. At
ihe outbreak of King Philip's War, in 1675, Williamson records
iliat there were about six thousand souls constituting the popu-
lation of Maine Province, and about three times that number of
huiians in the ]^Iaine forests. From tliat time to 1754 there were
'iix distinct Indian wars. In other words, this devoted band of
j>ioneers were almost constantly fighting savages for eighty years.
In 1745, Sir William Pepperill, of Kittery, led Maine men on the
modern crusade which captured Louisburg, tlie stronghold of x\mer-
«ca; so bold a project that Parkman gives to it, in his history, the
simple heading: "A ^lad Scheme." A generation later, in 1775,
one of the most heroic incidents of the American Revolution hap-
|<ncd on Maine soil. A thousand sturdy men under Arnold en-
<!ured the terrible privations of the Maine forest and the rigors of
advancing winter, in an attack upon Quebec, which barely failed
*'>t success, and of thus changing American history.

1 have pointed out these incidents to illustrate the spirit of early
•'laine. I have not tried to tell its story. Mr. Baxter and Dr.
I'Urrage have done that in enduring form. They are historians of
^nom Maine is proud — of whom any State would be proud.

The District of Maine, then, before she became a State, had a

•■'^tinct history apart from Massachusetts. She had a character,

^•< had a college — for Bowdoin is twenty years older than the

• Utc. There was reason, then, a hundred years ago, for Maine

r^'ple to have the courage to start out to become a State.

Jn the quaint old volume of the Record of the Constitutional
Convention, in 1819, I find a fund of history. In it is recorded a
Wttcr of e.K-President John Adams to Daniel Cony of Augusta, in

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

; * reply to a letter of Judge Cony asking the ex-President's advice

in tlie matter of ]\Iaine becoming a State. Adams' reply was clear
; and sharp and typical of an Adams. He referred to the debt of

gratitude which Elaine owed to ^lassachusetts ; but he said that
sometime some bold, daring genius would arise in Maine who would
! inspire her people with his own ambition, and, he added : "He will

tear off Maine from Massachusetts, and leave her a State below
mediocrity in the Union." When IMr. Adams gave this advice he
undoubtedly had her great past in mind. He thotight it would be
i better that ^^laine and ^Massachusetts should continue to have one

I history, even though, generations before, they had two histories.

; But the world vvill say whether he was right in prophesying for

Maine a future 'below mediocritv." The debates of the Consti-
! tutional Convention do not show Elaine intellectual character below

mediocrity. They compare well with the debates in the great Con-
' stitutional Conventions of \^irginia, ^lassachusetts and New York.

They show appreciation of the conditions of the country and of
the State. They are a valuable and fitting preface to !Maine his-
tory. They are well worth reading today by the men of ]\Iaine.
1 need not speak of the men in that convention. They were men
f who rank high with the other great men of Massachusetts. They

1 furnished a fitting forecast of the men of Maine who were to suc-

' ceed them, in politics and statesmanship, in literature, in commerce

i and in industry, in every sphere of human interest and labor.

• The span of a hundred years, after all, is not long. I have

known one of tlie descendants of Robert Jordan who voted for
every President from Washington to Lincoln. As a young man
I knew old men who, when young, participated in that convention.
; . They have been followed by men like them in character, attain-
f ments and ability. I cannot pretend that I am unprejudiced in

i speaking of the men of Maine who followed. They are splendid

- figures in the generations just past. They made the State famous
forever. Longfellow and Hawthorne would make any state or
nation famous. I hardly dare trust my voice to speak of Fessen-
den, Hamlin, Morrill, Blaine and many who have followed. The
world has known them ; the Nation today feels the impress of their
work and the impulse of their memory.

The strenuous — the heroic — spirit of the old District has endured.
Witness Maine's record in the Civil War, we witness Howard and
Chamberlain, and'a score of other great military chieftains. Wit-

THE STATE OF AIAINE

ncss such an incident as tliis : On a summer night in 1863, a Con-
federate privateer stole into Portland harbor and took out die
Revenue Cutter ''Caleb Cushing," a sailing vessel. The next morn-
ing: the mayor, Jacob McLellan, did not wait for the Army and
Xavy. He, together with the collector, Jedediah Jewett, mobilized
the citizens of Portland into a fighting force. They rigged up
steamers and followed and caught the rebel craft. They captured
the privateersman and his crew, and held them in prison until the
war was over. This Maine incident is said to be one of the most
dramatic of the Civil War. It was little noted though it will be
long remembered in i\Iaine.

I am not giving a Homeric recitation. But no man can refer to
Maine heroism without pointing to the most famous man of the
generation, in Maine, and perhaps in the Nation. We can never
forget the thrill the world felt when the message was flashed through
the air : "The Stars and Stripes are nailed to the North Pole" ;
and we knew that what men had long thought impossible had been
accomplished by Peary of Maine — of Bowdoin 'jy.

I have talked to you about the forests, the seashore, and the
j>olitics of the old District. They are still there. The unresting
^a can never change or fail. The forest, too, is not vitally changed
by the busy axe of industry. Maine is still two-thirds forest.

\ The total acreage of Maine is 19,132,800 acres. The acreage of
torest lands of the State is, today, over fifteen million acres. The
rorest Commissioner says that, so far as can be gathered from all
v>urces, it is safe to say that the forest lands of Maine have not
♦«ome less since 1870. In 1902 the Forest Commissioner made
?J^e report that there were 31,500 square miles of territory; and
of this 21,000 square miles were forest. The forest lands appear
to have increased somewhat. In many parts of northern !Maine
ihc forest acre is worth more than the farm acre; many old farms
arc becoming young forests ; in the improved methods of forest

^ culture and wild-land management, the percentage of acreage is
apparently increasing. Of course forest values are greatly grow-
»"j:. The report of the Board of State Assessors shows that the
a^ses^d value of forest lands in Maine, in 1870, was $5,156,356;
'" »0oo, $19,631,755; in 1920, $61,922,567. The facts from official
ft'cords afford complete answer to the charge that the forests of
'ainc are disappearing and are losing their actual and relative
^'"»iues. Be of good cheer. You may still come to Maine and find

8 -^SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

her forests. Some of them full of game. You will find her poli-
tics, too; some of them, too, it is said, full of game.

The record of ]\Iaine in shipbuilding and fisheries tells the story
how the men of Maine have used the sea. The use of the forests
and of the water power, in tlie pulp and paper industry and otlier
great labors, show how the men of Elaine have drawn upon the
forest, and how they have added value to it.

They have added value to the hand of labor as well as to prop-
ert}^ Maine has never believed in some of the modern philosophy
of labor. She has followed the doctrine taught by Abraham Lin-
coln to the Workmen's Association in 1864: "Let not him who
hath no house tear down the house of his neighbor; but rather let
him strive diligently to build a house for himself."

The fat lands of the West have been called the garden spot of
America ; but !Mame has well attained her repute as the summer
Paradise of the world. Her forests and sea make their greatest
appeal to the world of busy men and women who here, in summer,
renew the strength which the ^usy year has taxed.

If I am permitted to give a .^ast, in these dry times of prohibition,
(in which also, by the way, you must remember that ^vlaine leads),
I will recall an old toast which I heard Tom Reed give at a great
Maine meeting in the earlier and wetter days of the republic :

"Here's to the State of Elaine; settled mostly by the blood of
Old England, always preferring liberty to ancestry; a strong old
Democratic State, yet among the first to help give liberty to the
slave;. may her future be as noble as her past. Here's to the State
of Maine; the land of bluest skies, of greenest earth, of richest
air; of strongest and sturdiest men, of fairest and truest women
under the sun.'*

A MAINE POLITICAL CAMPAIGN DOCUMENT PRINTED

AND CIRCULATED IN 1829

(Contributed by Georg^e E. Minot of Belgrade. Maine)

THE LAST BULLETIN REFUTED

The deposition of one Delia Bodge, containing the most indecent
chargej against ]Mr. Hunton, has been published in an Extra from
the office of the Bangor Republican, and the substance of it vaunt-

A POLITICAL CAMPAIGN DOCUMENT

?."

^5t

injzly set fortli in the Argus under the head of "MORE EVI-
DENCE." It may seem superfluous to notice her statements ; but
we are unwiUing any falsehood of the slanderers should go uncon-
tradicted, be it ever so base and contemptible, particularly as the
means of refutation are at hand. As further evidence of the char-
acter of this Delia Bodge, it may be mentioned that while her father
bv his last will made a handsome provision for each of his other
children, he bequeathed her ONE DOLLAR. To what disgrace-
ful and abominable means will an unprincipled and desperate party
not resort !

DEPOSITION OF THE NURSE

$ I, Margaret Chandler of \Mnthrop in the Coimty of Kennebec,

of lawful age, do testify and say, that I was in the family of Jona-
than G. Hunton^ for the last three weeks previous to the death of
Mrs. Hunton, and that I saw nothing unkind or improper, but on
the contrary he was very kind and attentive to her in her sickness.
I was the nurse in the family ; and I further say that I never told
Delia Craig, who afterwards married a Cottle, and then run away
uith a man named Bodge, anything of the kind, which she has
stated in her deposition of September the eighth, A. D. 1829, taken
I'cfore Nathaniel ]\Ic^Iahon, Justice of the Peace. I further state
that the said Delia Bodge was generally considered a woman of
loose character, and whose word would not go far where she was
known. I further state that previous to the three weeks above
mentioned I had lived in the family of ^Ir. Hunton for the space
of seven months, during all which time he was kind and attentive

?, to his wife and family. -

Margaret Chandler.

Kennebec ss. — Sept. 11, 1829. — Then personally appeared the
alove-named ^Margaret Chandler, and made oath to the truth of
the foregoing deposition by her subscribed.

Before me, Seth May, Justice of the Peace.

'Jonathan G. Hunton of Readfield was Governor of Maine 1830-31.

lo SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ^lAINE HISTORY

Win throp, Sept. ii, 1829. — We the subscribers, having been ac-
quainted with tlie above-said Margaret Chandler for a long time,
are satisfied that she is a woman of truth and veracity.

Samuel Wood,
Seth IMay,
Alex Belcher,
John May,
H. B. Farnham,
Samuel Cordis,
Samuel A\^ood, Jr.

I hereby certify that it appears by the records in my office that
Rachael Craig, the widow of Thomas Craig dec'd, was appointed
sole Executrix, of his will, and that subsequently George Waugh
was appointed administrator of the goods and Estate of said Craig,
not administered upon by said Executrix with the will annexed,
and returned an inventory August 5, 1817; and I find no evidence
on my records of any odier Executor or Administrator on the-
Estate of said Thomas Craig dec'd.

Williams Emmons,
Register of Probate Co. Kennebec.

A LETTER FRO^I GEORGE POPHAM TO KING JAMES I.,

WRITTEN DEC. 13, 1607
The Lewiston Journal 3^Iagazine recently published the follow-
ing, its editor saying that it is "an exact copy of an interesting
paper, found among the treasures of a Bath attic," The paper
was written at the settlement of the Popham Colony in the Province
of Maine, when all of the territory now comprising what Captain
John Smith later named New England, was known as Northern
Virginia.

THE FIRST STATE PAPER WRITTEN IN AMERICA
George Popham to King jA:\rEs L, 13 December, 1607

At the feet of his ^lost Serene King, humbly prostrates himself
George Popham, President of the Second Colony of Virginia. If
it may please the patience of your devine Majesty to receive a
few things from your most observant and devoted though unworthy
servant, I trust it will derogate nothing from the lustre of your

■r*

A LETTER TO KING JAMES I ii

•

Highness, since they seem to redound to the Glory of God, the
greatness of your Majest}- and the utiUty of Great Britain.

I have thought it, therefore, very just, that it should be made
known to your ^lajesty, that among the Virginians and I^Ioassons,
there is none in the world more admired than King James, Sov-
ereign Lord of Great Britain, on account of his admirable justice
and incredible constancy, which gives no small pleasure to the
natives of these regions, who say, moreover, that James, under
uhoes rule and reign they would gladly fight. Tahanida, one of
the natives who was in Great Britain, here proclaimed to them
your praises and virtues. What and how much I may avail in
transacting these affairs and in confirming their minds, let those
judge who are well versed in these matters at home, which I wit-
tingly avow that all my endeavors are as nothing, when considered
in comparison with my duty towards my Prince. "^

My well considered opinion is that in these regions the glory of
God may be easily evidenced, tlie empire of your Majesty enlarged,
and the welfare of Great Brittain speedily augmented. So far as
relates to commerce, there are in these parts, shagbarks, nutmeg
and cinnamon, besides pine wood and Brazillian cochineal and
Ambergris, with many other products of great value, and these in
the greatest abundance.

Besides, they positively assure me that there is a sea in the oppo-
^'tc or western part of the Province, distant not more than seven
d-ivs' journey from our fort of St. George in Sagadahock; a sea
^arge, wide and deep, the boundaries of which they are wholly
i^n^orant of. This cannot be any other than the Southern Ocean,
reaching to the regions of China, w^hich unquestionably cannot be
**r from these regions.

If, therefore, it may please you to keep open your devine eyes
♦>n this matter of my report, I doubt not but your Majesty will
t*erform a work most pleasing to God, most honorable to your
JTreatness, and most conducive to the wealth of your kingdom, which
^">^h ardent prayers I most vehemently desire. And may God
Almighty grant that the ^Majesty of my Sovereign Lord, King
Ji^^es, may remain glorious for ages to come.

At the Fort of St. George, in Sagadahock of Virginia, 13 Decem-
^<:r, 1607.

'" all things your Majesty's devoted servant

George Popham.

12 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

*?ii
j>^,**>- -

-^#1^^

'^.

^,%

llaiii^'vX^««uli^.ii

Franxis Ormax Jefferson Smith

One of the most brilliant lawyers and versatile minds at the
Cumberland bar was Francis Orman Jefferson Smith. He was
bom in Brentwood, X. H., Nov. 23, 1806, and died in Deering,
Maine, October 15, 1876.

Of positive convictions regarding all subjects of importance
which commanded his attention, possessing a natural aggressive-
ness in advocating and acting upon them, as a law}'er, political
leader, Congressman and publicist, the name of F. O. J. Smith
was, for a lifetime, ver>^ much in the public eye in both state and
nation.

'w.

■.-'i.t':t;i(*:u,-;-X'*ii;''

MAINE IN POETRY 13

E».

&■

.-.

WHERE THE PINE TREE FRINGED PENOBSCOT

RIVER FLOWS

There Katahdin lifts supreme

O'er the link of lake and stream
That bind the hills of green that ever glows,

With a mighty water chain
In the intervales of Elaine

Where the Pine Tree fringed Penobscot River flows.

Here the ^Master wrought with love

In the skies so fair above,
At every vista's turn his favor shows,

Castled rock, and bloom of plain,
In the intervales of Elaine

Where the Pine Tree fringed Penobscot River flows.

Blest the water ways to roam,

Blest the sacred forest gloam,
W here the twin flower, and the loved arbutus blows.

Sweet the thrush's twilight strain
In the intervales of ]\Iaine,

W here the Pine Tree fringed Penobscot River flows.

Other skies may be as fair.

Other scenes may be as rare.
But 'tis here a lasting memory ever goes.

^\ ith a love that ne'er can wane
For the intervales of Alaine,

Where the Pine Tree fringed Penobscot River flows.

Geo. a. Cleveland.

r'«':

14 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF Mx\INE HISTORY

A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF DAVID RAY, AND THE

EARLY HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF OTISFIELD,

COUNTY OF CUAIBERLAND

(By Charles F. Holden.)

David Ray, the subject of this sketch, was born in WVentham,
Mass., September 7th, 1742, the son of Samuel and EUzabetli, and
the oldest of nine children. His mother's maiden name was Tuel.

November 15th, 1770, David married Eunice Whiting, the daugh-
ter of a prominent Wrentham family. x\t the breaking out of the
war of the Revolution he belonged to a company of Minute-men
and was ordered into action on the day of tlie battle of Lexington.
He served in the Ticonderoga campaign under Gen. Gates, and
in what was known as the "Secret Expedition to Rhode Island."
In all a service of about five years, during which he received an
officer's commission.

The Continental money he received for his service had depreci-
ated till forty dollars would bring but one dollar in specie, and a
pair of boots cost five to six hundred. (Barnes' School History.)

Mr. Ray at the time of leaving the army was 38 years of age
and had a wife and two young daughters — Eunice and Polly. A
company of men in Boston and vicinity owned at that time a town-
ship of land in the Province of Maine, and held out inducements
for families to go there and settle. Mr. Ray made a journey of
exploration and concluded to move his family to the new district,
which he did in the spring of 1780, locating at first on the west
side of Crooked River near what is now Ede's Falls, in the town
of Naples, then a part ^f Otisfield ; he made a clearing and built
a house in which he lived for about three years, and where his
third daughter — Betsey Whiting — was born.

Before leaving Wrentham Mr. Ray had agreed with the propri-
etors of the town to build a grist-mill for grinding corn and rye,
if a suitable site was found ; he discovered such a site at the outlet
of Saturday Pond, and in the year 1781 had a mill in operation;
this proved a great public benefit not only to the few people who
had settled in Otisfield, but others who for many years came from
Norway, Paris and Hebron (now Oxford) ; the mill being situated
several miles from where he lived, Mr. Ray set aside two days each
week, when he staid and ground for whoever came.

At the end of two years he built a log house near the mill and

A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF DAVID RAY 15

nioved his family into it May 6th, 1783 — moving by ox-cart or sled
over what was but a bare semblance of a road. A few years later
Mr. Ray built on the same stream, a saw-mill, also by contract with
tlie town proprietors, entered into at Groton, ^lass., Sept. 6th, 1786.
For building these two mills Mr. Ray received deeds to about three
hundred acres of land in the immediate vicinit}- of Saturday Pond.
David Ray was not the very first of the Otisfield pioneers, a few
families having preceded him by short periods. These were George
Pierce, Esquire, Benjamin Patch, Daniel Cobb, Joseph Spurr, Jona-
than floors, and Samuel Reed ; these were all located at various
intervals south of where ^Ir. Ray established himself and his mills,
beyond which to the north was still an unbroken forest.

By the year 1787 various other families had come to the new
township, and Mr. Ray started a movement to organize some sort
of local town government, and a petition was drawn up and signed
as follows :

To George Pierce, Esq., one of the Justices of the
Peace for the Count}' of Cumberland, Common-
wealth of ^lassachusetts :

We the subscribers, being five of the inhabitants
of the Plantation of Otisfield, do hereby apply to your
Honor for a warrant to call a meeting of the inhab-
itants of said plantation at the dwelling-house of Dea.
Stephen Phinney, in Otisfield, on Tuesday, ye 15th
day of May next, at ten o'clock, A. M., to act on the
following questions, to wit:
ist, to choose a ^loderator.
2nd, to choose a Plantation Clerk.
3d, to choose Selectmen.

4th, to choose Assessors, and to do such other busi-
ness as may be thought necessar}-.

(Signed) David Ray,

Benjamin Patch,
Joseph Hancock,

JOHNATHAN MoORS,

Samuel Gammon.
Dated April 23, 1787.
This was the first public meeting for town purposes held in Otls-
!^' At that meeting David Ray was chosen Moderator ; Joseph
^•^Jfjht, Jr., clerk; David Ray, Benjamin Patch and Noah Reed,
Assessors; and Johnathan IMoors, Collector.

' v.- .vv.i'. v.v,^V ■ ■ ■■*■'.■'• , ^^^ .■■ a^JT* Vj

__ _ ,.> ,f> r .; ■■ .. ,•■ • •';'■■> ■
.^, j:;v' ^^5;. 'n^'^V J■■^^!..5^i ^ ■•

' "r,;?Kf|

i6 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Though assessors were elected, no money tax was assessed for
several years. They made assessment for highway taxes to be
worked out on the roads, which at that time meant felling trees,
cutting away stumps and moving the larger stones to make a chance
for ox-carts.

From the time of this first meeting Air. Ray served the town in

■ some official capacity for twenty-five consecutive years. In 1794

he was chosen its first treasurer; in 1810 he was elected to repre-

j. sent his district in the General Court of Alassachusetts.

i In 1812 — Sept. 2 — a convention was called to meet in the town

I of Gray, "to consider the distressed condition of our country," and

Mr. Ray elected as delegate, and the following were chosen as a

I committee to draft resolutions : Dr. Silas Blake, GrinfiU Blake,

Esq., Captain Daniel Holden, Benjamin \\'ight and David Ray.
Just what resolutions were reported by this committee or what
action was taken by the convention at Gray I am not informorite resort for
t Icasure parties in days long gone by, as well as for travelers.

liachelder's Tavern, in Litchfield, still standing, was a noted
tavern in stage coach days from Augusta to Portland. It was a
station for changing horses, and for many years after the passing
<il the stage coach a favorite house for merry-makers in that section.

GR^WES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS IN THE

KENNEBEC REGION, INSCRIPTIONS

COPIED IN 1921

(By Mrs. [Mabel Goodwin Hall, Hallowell, [Maine.)

Joseph Abbot — Died Nov. 30, 1832, and is buried at Strickland's
Ferr>'. He was private and corporal. He served as corporal
in Capt. William Smith's co.. Col. x\bijah Pierce's regt., enlisting
from Lincoln Co.

Samuel Adams — Died Jan. 7, 1828, aged (ij. Buried at Greene,
beside wife Susanna, who died Sept. 6, 1852, aged 85. She rec'd
I>ension in Greene in 1840, giving age as ^2.

Tliomas Agry — Born in Barnstable, Aug. 6, 1756, came to Hallo-
well in 1781, died April 25, 1821, and is buried at Hallowell.
Corporal in Capt. Oliver Colburn's co.. Col. Arnold's regt., 1775.

John Allen — Died Dec. 22, 1834, aged 74, and is buried at Greene,
I'cside his wife Cynthia, who died Sept. 6, 1844, aged Z^, He
was on the Rev. pension rolls July 1834. Cynthia was on the
pension list, 1840.

Hiomas Allen — He died at Winthrop (later Manchester), Jan. 31,
1814, aged 74 yrs. He is buried in the small cemetery at Plonk's
Hill, Manchester, beside his wife Rachel. His headstone is
broken and the inscription destroyed. His tax was remitted by
the town in 1778 on account of military service in 1775.

Samuel Ballou — Died March 2, 1819, aged 61, and is buried in
?^mall cemetery on State road near No. Monmouth, beside his
^ife Hannah, who died Sept. 8, 1841, aged 78. Hannah was
on the pension list, 1841.

John Beeman — Died March i, 1827, aged y2, formerly of Deer-
^'cld, Mass. He served in Capt. Alexander's co. in the march
to Canada, March, 1776. He is buried at Hallowell.

24 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Batchelder Bennett — Born in 1743, died IMarch 7, 1820. Buried
at Winthrop. He served as corporal in Capt. Abiel Pearce's co.,
which marched from ^liddleborough, ]Mass.

Squier Bishop, Deacon — Born Nov. 4, 1733, died Sept. 6, 1801 ;
buried near Stanley's at Winthrop. He served as private in
Capt. John Blunt's co., Col. Samuel IMcCobb's regt., and was
^^ounded, receiving a pension in 1793.

Zadock Bishop — Born in Rehoboth, April 24, 1749. He died after
1840 and is buried at Leeds, having a gov't stone. He served as
private in Capt. John Wood's co.. Col. Paul Dudley Sargent's
regt.

John Blake — Died Jan. 20, 1848, aged 90, and is buried in Gardiner.
He was on the Rev. pension rolls in 1833 ^^^ 1840.

Benjamin Brainerd — Born in Haddam, Conn., Jan. 25, 1747-8. Died
Dec. 16, 1788, and is buried near Stanley's, Winthrop. He was
allowed 12s. by vote of the town for military service.

Reuben Brainerd — Born in Haddam, Conn., Apr. 13, 1752, died
May 31, 1824. Buried at East \\"inthrop. He served as private
in Capt. Edward Eell's co., Col. Comfort Sage's regt. - '■

Josiah Brown — Born Nov. 5, 1761, probably in Epping, N. H.
Died Oct. 15, 1816, and is buried at ^Monmouth, beside his wife
-Mary, who died May 3, 1847, aged 81. Mary rec'd a Rev. pen-
sion 1840.

Ichabod Burgess — Died Dec. 17, 1834, aged 82 yrs., 8 mos., and
is buried between Wayne and Strickland's, beside his wife,
Keziah, who died Sept. 5, 1842, aged 82 yrs., 4 mos. He served
3 yrs. in Capt. Chas. Church's co. and re-enlisted for during the
war.

Isaac Case — Born in Rehoboth, ]\Iass., Feb. 25, 1761, was ordained
a Baptist preacher, 1783; came to Elaine and gathered the first
church in Thomaston, 1784, and was its pastor 8 yrs.; came to
Readfield, 1792, gathered a church, and officiated as its pastor
till 1800. Died Nov. 3, 1852. He is buried at Monk's Hill,
Manchester. He enlisted from Swanzey, in Capt. Peleg Shear-
man's CO., Col. John Hathaway's regt.; also, same Capt., Col.
Thomas Carpenter's regt. ; also served in 2 other companies. " |

Joel Chandler — Born New Ipswich, N. H., Sept. 10, 1757. He
died Apr. 19, 1794, and is buried at Winthrop. Served as pri-
vate in Capt. Nathan .Smith's co., Col. Samuel McCobb's regt,
also in Col. Henry Jackson's regt. in 1781 for 3 yrs.

GRAVES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS 25

John Chandler — Born New Ipswich, N. H., Nov. 17, 1754. He
died Nov. 7, 1837, and is buried at W'inthrop. He came to this
town in 1769, then a wilderness. Served as 2d Lieut., Capt.
Timothy Foster's co., Col. Joseph North's regt. Commissioned
July 2T„ 1776. He was at Ticonderoga in 1776.

Nathaniel Chase — Died June 3, 1850, aged 90, and is buried at
Litchfield. He served as private in Capt. Nathan ^lerrill's co.,
in a detachment raised in Cumberland co., on Penobscot Ex-
pedition.

Jonas Childs — Born Apr. 15, 1761-2. He died Feb. 14, 181 5, and
is buried at Hallowell. Served in Capt. Hastings' co., Col. Jack-
son's regt., enlisting from \\^atertown. Rec'd a pension.

Isaac Clark — Born in Attleborough, Aug. 16, 1741, died June 30,
1824, and is buried at Hallowell. Served in Castine Expedition.

Benjamin Clough — Born Oct. 7, 1764, died June 12, 1840; buried
at Monmouth. Enlisted from \\'inthrop ; is on pension rolls in
1835 and 1840. "

Thomas Colby — Born 1762, died ^larch 22,, 1806, and is buried at
Litchfield. He enlisted near the close of the war at the age of
16, from Amesbury. Served as private in Capt. ]Moses Nowell's
CO., Col. Titcomb's regt.

Samuel Cole — Died ^larch 29, 1844, aged 88 ; buried at Barker's
Mills, Lewiston. He served as private in Capt. Nathan W'atkins'
CO., and was at Valley Forge, 1777-1778; also other service.

Saul Cook — Born in Marshfield, May, 1758; died Jan. 8, 1846;
buried at Litchfield. He was a revered citizen. On pension
rolls of 1835 ^"d 1840.

John Coombs — Died Nov. 20, 1835, aged 76, and is buried at Read-
field. He was formerly from Stratham, N. H. He served 5
yrs., 9 mos. in the Rev. war, one enlistment was in Capt. Richard
W'eare's co.. Col. Scammell's regt.

John Couch — Born 1760 in ^\'iscasset, died March 14, 1830, and is
buried in Hallowell. He enlisted from Hallowell, Capt. Cocks'
CO., Col. North's regt.

Hugh Cox — Died Nov. 17, 1835, aged 76, and is buried at Farm-
ingdale. He served as private, enlisting from Bristol, Lincoln Co.

Thomas Davis — Died Nov. 16, 1844, aged 85 ; buried on Litchfield
road, Hallowell-Farmingdale. "He was a Frenchman by birth
and came to this country with Count De Grasse to assist our
countrymen in fighting the battles of Liberty." He enlisted from

26 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Falmouth, served as private in Capt. Joseph Palmer's co.
Simon Dearborn — Died July 17, 1853, aged 92; buried near No.

Monmouth. He served in the 3rd N. H. regt. and enlisted from

Epping as private.
John Dennis — Born May 10, 1741 ; died Apr. 30, 1816; buried in

the Grant Neighborhood, Litchfield. He was a mariner, and was

appointed Prize ^^laster of the ship ''Franklin" during the Rev.

war.
Jeremiah Dummer — Born in Newbur}*; died Aug. 18, 1834, aged

71 ; buried at Hallowell. Private, Capt. Thomas ^lighill's co..

Col. Nathaniel Wade's regt., service 3 mos., 4 days. Pensioner,

1833-

Nathaniel Dummer — Born at Byfield, IMarch 9, 1755 ; died Sept.
15, 1815, and is buried at Hallowell. Came to Hallowell, 1789.
He was appointed Commissary of prisoners in Rev. war, stationed
at Providence.

Richard Dummer — Born in Newbur>% ^lay 19, 1757; died Sept. 2,
1832 ; buried at Hallowell. Same military service as brother
Jeremiah (Dummer).

Abijah Fairbanks — Born in ^ledway, !Mass., Jan. 21, 1745. Settled
in Winthrop, 1800. Died Aug. 13, 1830, and is buried near Stan-
ley's. Served as Corp., Capt. Joshua Partridge's co.. Col. John
Smith's regt.

James Fillebrown — Died Apr. 4, 1838, aged 81 ; buried at Readfield.
He served as corporal, enlisting from ^lansfield, Mass., service
5 mos., 19 d. ••

Thomas Fillebrown — Born Woburn, Mass., Oct. 8, 1768; died June
14,' 1844; buried at East Winthrop. Resided in Hallowell, re-
moved to A\'inthrop, 18 10. Served as private, Capt. John Berr's
CO., Col. Jacob Gerrish's regt., service 4 mos., 3 days.

Jirah Gish — Buried at Leeds, having a gov't stone. He served as
private in Capt. Simeon Fish's co.. Col. Freeman's regt.

Caleb Fogg, Rev. — Died Sept. 6, 1839, ^Z^^ 7^- Buried near No.
Monmouth. He enlisted from Newbur>'port in Capt. Phineas
Parker's co.

Enoch Greeley — Born, Kingston, N. H., Aug. i, 1754; died Feb.

. 28, 1815; buried at Hallowell. Served in Capt. Phillip Tilton's
CO., Col. Enoch Poor's regt.

John Hains — Died ^lay 16, 1809, aged 71. (He was born in Ex-
eter, N. H., Oct. 6, 1738.) Buried in Hallowell. Came to H.

GRAVES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS 27

1785. Served in Capt. John Rice's co., service 3 days.

John Ham. Died No\. 29, 1S48, aged 90 yrs., 8 mos. He is buried
at ^Monmouth. He enhsted June 24, 1779, from Newington,
N. H., for duration of war.

Levi Harriman — Born Jan. 17, 1760, in Henniker, N. "H. Died
Sept. 2, 1832, and is buried in tlie Grant Neighborhood, Litch-
field. He was assigned to Capt. Bagley's co., duty during the
battle of Bennington. He enlisted again, Aug. 6, 1778, and joined
the army in R. I.

Obadiah Harris — Born in Wrentham, July 7, 1736; died July 5,
1800; buried at Halloweli. Served in Capt. Samuel Fisher's co..
Col. Ephraim Wheelock's regt., service 4 days.

Israel Herrick — Born Dec. 3, 1721 ; died Sept. 14, 1782; buried at
Barker's Mills, Lewiston. He lived in Topsfield, ]\Iethuen, Box-
ford, and Lewiston, Maine. Entered the army as Lieut., 1745.
Served in 19 campaigns ; left army 1763, as brevet-major. Fought
at Bunker Hill.

Thomas Hinkley — Born at Brunswick, Dec. 7, 1736, died Dec. 11,
1821 ; buried at Halloweli. Enlisted July 3, 1778, service 6 mos.,
12 days.

Asa Hutchinson — Died June 26, 1848, aged 88 yrs., 7 mos., and is
buried at Fayette. He was a native of Amherst, N. H., and
served in the N.'*H. militia. He is on the pension rolls of 1835
and 1840.

Israel Hutchinson — Born in i\mherst, N. H., March 3, 1765. He
entered the army at the age of 14. Was chosen by Washington
as one of his Life Guards, where he served 18 mos., till the army
was disbanded. He drove the first team through the forest from
Litchfield to Halloweli. He died June 12, 1850, and is buried
on Litchfield road, Hallowell-Farmingdale.

Bartholomew Jackson — Died Sept. 27, 1837, aged 89. Buried at
East Wales. Rev. pensioner.

John Kezer — Died July 20, 1843, aged 80 ; buried at East Winthrop.
Private, Capt. Samuel Huse's co.. Col. Jacob Gerrish's regt., ser-
vice 3 mos., 4 days.

(To be continued.)

-.'*'-

J2S SPRx\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

A MAINE COLONIAL HOUSE

-(Contributed by Evelyn L. Gilmore, Librarian, Maine Historical Society)

^, if»^ i-iu*JB!AJU"T-

vti'.

House built by Capt. George Tate, mast-agent for George II,
-succeeding Col. Thomas W'estbrook. Tate bought the land, near
the Stroudwater river, in 1753; the house was completed in 1755.
The timber for its frame came from the woods near by, but the
fine carved work was brought from England. Fireplaces are in
every room, including the slaves' quarters. The house was never
painted and is entirely without closets.

A CONGRESSMAN FRO:\l PISCATAQUIS 29

A MAINE CONGRESSMAN FROM PISCATAQUIS

. COUNTY IN 1847

(By Frank E. Guernsey.)

Hon. James S. \Mley, a member of the Piscataquis bar, and for
many years a practitioner at Dover, Elaine, was born in the town
of fiercer, ]vlame, January 22, 180S. When he first came to Dover
he was an instructor in the Foxcroft Academy. In 1846 he was
elected as a Democrat to the Congress of the United States, and
served as Representative in the thirtieth Congress from ^larch 4,
1847, to March 3, 1849. He died at Fryeburg, Elaine, in 1891.

It is related that when he sought the nomination for Congress,
being a man of limited means he traveled the entire district on foot,
defeating for the nomination, his chief opponent, the late Alexander
M. Robinson, also of Do\er, an eminent lawver in his dav, who
conducted his canvass with greater ease and speed, as he traveled
about the district with a horse and bugg}'. ^Ir. Wiley's service in
Congress, while it was not long, being confined to a single term,
nevertheless was not without practical result as he managed to save
from his salary, which was then $6 per day, a sufficient amount to
build on his retirement from public life a splendid home at Dover,
constructed after the architecture of the colonial houses of Virginia.
Due to his comparatively short service in Congress his activity
there was necessarily limited, but he made a speech, which in the
light of subsequent events was prophetic and of interest to this day.
When Mr. Wiley entered Congress, this country was at war with
Mexico, and during the latter part of his services, the war having
ended, terms of peace were under discussion in the United States,
and questions of indemnity involving the ceding of New Mexico
and California to the United States were under consideration. The
most distinguished senator of the times, Daniel Webster, was un-
compromisingly opposed to the policy of the acquisition of more
territory by the United States on the grounds of the unconstitu-
tionality of the measure and of the worthlessness of the territory
involved, as he asserted. Webster stated on the floor of the Senate,
"I am against the creation of new States." Again, 'T say, sir, if
I am asked today whether, for the sake of peace, I will take a
treaty which brings two new States into this Union, on its southern
^xiundary, I say No — distinctly, no. I have said on the southern
^^undary, because there the present proposition takes its locality.

"f-mw:

30 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF AIAINE HISTORY

I would say tlie same of tlie western, the eastern, or any other
boundary. I would resist today, and to the end, here and every-
where, any proposition to add any foreign territory on the south
or west, north or east, to the States of this Union as they are now
constituted and held togetlier under tlie Constitution. Sir, I hold
this question to be vital, permanent, elementary, to the future pros-
perity of this country and tlie maintenance of the Constitution."
And the distinguished senator added tliat the opposition on consti-
tutional grounds, *'if not tlie undivided was tlie preponderating sen-
timent of tlie whole North."

On the 1 6th day of ^lay, 184S, Mr. AMley in the House of Rep-
resentatives made a speech replying especially to ^Ir. Webster's
argument. In the course of his speech he stated, "No doubt the
senator is correct in his opinion so far as die Federal States of the
North are concerned, but, sir, I am confident that such is not the
sentiment of New Hampshire. No, sir, the recent election there
has told the story for the Granite State, and I know, sir, that such
is not the sentiment of ^Nlaine. " ,

"But, sir, opposition to tlie measure of acquisition is just what we
should expect from \Miig States, and Whig Representatives and
Senators here. They have always been opposed to the enlargement
of our border. Their policy has rather been to curtail and contract
the area of freedom. Yes, sir, the Senator from ^Massachusetts is
in principle opposed to the acquisition of any more territory, except
a harbor or two on the coast of Massachusetts. There are some
whale men from that State who pursue their occupation in ^he
Pacific and they must be provided for of course, but no more new
States must be added to the Union, for ]vlassachusetts might not
in that case, exert her due weight of influence in the councils of
the nation. On the other hand when you come to the question of
ceding away — selling out territory, inhabitants and all, for a mere
nominal equivalent, why, then the Senator is not quite so scrupulous
as to the right to do so — as the State which I have the honor in
part to represent once had the misfortune to learn, to her ever-
lasting regret."

In the course of his remarks Mr. Wiley, with prophetic vision,
declared that the territory we would acquire was far from being
worthless territory and only an Indian country, as Mr. Webster
claimed. He predicted the development of California into a rich
agricultural country, particularly Upper California. He predicted

ft^-

•'Sv/; ■'

A CONGRESSMAN FROM PISCATAQUIS 31

tlie vast mineral wealth of the Pacific slope and rich deposits of
gold within the territory to be acquired. This speech was made
on May 16, 1848.

Gold in large quantities was discovered in 1848, and in the spring
of '49 there was the greatest rush of peaceful migration westward
that the world has ever witnessed. Upwards of 50,000 emigrants
went by land and sea from tlie east to the region west of the Rock}-
ijvlountains to California, where many of them remained and laid
the foundation of the development of one of the largest and richest
States in the Union.

Had the views of ^Ir. Webster prevailed, California would have
been a part of IMexico today and the development of the United
States in the west would have been far different than at present.
Instead of a nation reaching from ocean to ocean, the republic of
i^Iexico, a far more populous and powerful nation, would have cut
us off from the Pacific, and Japanese who are attracted to Cali-
fornia by soil and climate, would have swarmed on to the coast
unrestricted, and have presented to us a Japanese question that
would have been of tremendous national embarrassment, rather than
of local importance, as it is at the present moment.

The vision of the Down East Yankee was sound, though it was
at variance with the ablest legislator of that day, Daniel Webster.

FLAGG'S ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF REVOLUTIONARY

PENSIONERS IN MAINE

This exceedingly valuable work compiled by the late Charles
Alcott Flagg, was published as a serial in the last two volumes of
the Journal. Only two hundred copies of this have been preserved
in book form. It makes a book of 91 pages with 3 illustrations.
It contains the names and data of fourteen thousand one hundred
snd sixty-one such pensioners. It is neatly bound in paper boards,
schoolbook style with label titles. This is the only authoritative
work of any extent upon this subject ever published in Maine and
is invaluable to all interested in Revolutionary history and ancestry.
Price, $3.00. Orders for this may be mailed to Sprague's Journal,
I^over, Me., or to A. J. Huston, 192 Exchange St., Portland, Maine.

.-.»-

■m

32 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF ]\IAINE HISTORY

THE EDES FAMILY

(By Edgar C. Smith)
Prominent in the Printing Industry for 170 Tears

I recently had an interesting interview with Samuel D. Edes
of Foxcroft, the veteran printer and former editor and publisher
of the Piscataquis Observer. Mr. Edes retired from active labors
many years ago and now resides at the old homestead on Edes
avenue, Foxcroft. His physical infirmities confine him to the
house, but his active mind is unimpaired and his reminiscences
of his more than seventy years' residence in Dover and Foxcroft
and of the printing trade in general are of much interest.
* Mr. Edes comes from a race of printers. The name Edes has
been prominent in the annals of the printing trade in Xew England
for nearly one hundred and seventy years. The great-grandfather
of Samuel was Benjamin Edes of Boston, who, with John Gill in
1/54, founded the Boston Gazette and Country Journal. This paper
was the official organ of the ^lassachusetts Bay Colonists before i
and during the Revolution and in those stirring times numbered
among its contributors such men as John Adams, James Otis, |
Samuel Warren, John Hancock and many others of equal note. |

The paper was the official gazette of the town of Boston as well, |
and all public notices of the town were printed in its columns. |

Benjamin Edes besides being an editor and publisher was a man !
of considerable note in his dav. When the Revolution of the col-
onists broke out he had acquired a comfortable fortune for those
times. . But the war ended and the Constitution of the new nation
adopted, the interest in his paper waned ; no longer those great men
of the day contributed their able and patriotic articles to its columns,
and its list of subscribers gradually fell off. Notwithstanding the ]
loss of patronage, he continued the publication of his paper until |
September 17, 1798, and after that date maintained a small job |
printing office, up to the time of his death, which occurred in De- |
cember, 1803. |

Another notable member of the Edes family was Peter, the son |
of Benjamin, and a great-uncle of Samuel D. Edes of Foxcroft. \
He was born in Boston, December 17, 1756, and died in Bangor, J
March 29, 1840. Peter Edes was the first printer in Augusta and |
the first in Bangor. After attaining his majority he was in com- |
pany with his father in the publication of the Boston Gazette. |
After withdrawing from the partnership he conducted a job printing

"'"^fe*-''

THE EDES FA]MILY 33

office in Boston for a time, then located in Newport, R. I., and pub-
lished a newspaper called the Newport Herald.

In 1795 ]Mr. Edes located in Hallowell, in that part of the ancient
town which is now Augusta, and commenced the publication of the
"Kennebeck Intelligencer." He remained at Augusta until 181 5,
publishing his newspaper and maintaining a job printing office.
The name of tlie paper was changed in 1800 to the "Kennebec
Gazette," and in 18 10 the name was again changed to the "Herald
of Libert}'." In 18 15 Peter Edes removed to Bangor and founded
the Bangor Register. He published the Register a little more than
two years and then sold it out.

After disposing of his interests in Bangor, ]\Ir. Edes went to
Baltimore to live with his son Benjamin, who was a printer in that
city. He remained there until his son's death in 1832, when he
returned to Bangor and passed his few remaining years in the
family of his daughter, Mrs. ]\Iichael Sargent. As a pioneer
printer of ]vlaine, Peter Edes is in the front ranks. From his press
were issued many of the important, and now rare books and
pamphlets connected with the founding of the printing trade in
iviaine.

George A^alentine Edes, father of Samuel, was a pioneer printer
of Somerset County, also the first printer to locate in the County
of Piscataquis. He was born in Boston, February 14, 1797, and
died in Foxcroft, November 26, 1875. His father died in 1805,
when George was but eight years of age, and he was placed in the
family of his uncle, Peter Edes. In 1810, when but thirteen years
of age, he commenced his apprenticeship in his uncle's office at
Augusta. In 181 5 when his uncle Peter removed to Bangor, he
remained with him and was employed at the printing office there
until 1817, when Peter Edes sold out.

After this, George returned to Hallowell and worked for a time
in the office of Ezekiel Goodale. In 1823, in company with Thomas
J. Copeland under the firm name of Edes &. Copeland, they estab-
lished the first printing office in Somerset County at Norridgewock
and commenced the publication of the Somerset Journal. This
partnership continued only about a year and a half when Mr. Cope-
land purchased the Edes interest. Mr. Edes, however, continued
as an employee until 1836. In 1838 when Piscataquis County was
incorporated George V. Edes came to Dover and opened a printing

^i^l

34 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

office and commenced the publication of tlie Piscataquis Herald,
the first number being- issued June i, 1838.

This paper espoused die Whig cause and it is said to have been
the first newspaper in the country to advocate the nomination of
William Henry Harrison for the presidency. In 1842 the name
was changed to the Piscataquis Farmer, and again, in November,
1847, the name was changed to the Piscataquis Observer, under
which title it has ever since made its weekly appearance. From
1838 until some time in the early 70's George V. Edes was the sole
proprietor and publisher of this paper, but at that time a partner-
ship was formed with his son Samuel D. Edes, under the firm name
of G. V. Edes & Son.

On January i, 1875, Fred D. Barrows was admitted as a partner
and the firm name changed to Edes & Barrows. After the death
of the senior member of the firm, in November of tliat year, Samuel
D. Edes took over his father's interest and the publication of the
paper was continued under the firm name of Edes & Barrows until
1888, when the Observer Publishing Company was formed, and
Samuel D. Edes retired from active interest in the Observer,
although for a number of years he acted as editor of the paper.
Another brother, George A. Edes, learned the printers' trade and
when a young man located in a South Dakota town and established
a newspaper there ; after he removed to Morgan Hill, California,
and twent>"-tAvo years ago established in the latter town the Morgan
Hill Times, which is still published by Mr. Edes' successor in busi-
ness, he having died about eleven years ago.

It is doubtful if another family in the State of Maine can boast
of such a record. The foundmg of six New England newspapers,
four of which were State of Maine publications; the establishing
of four pioneer printing offices in Maine, in localities where none
before existed, are achievements worthy of a permanent memorial.
The last survivor in the State of this family of printers is Samuel
D. Edes, above referred to. He learned his trade in his father's
cases. Learned every phase of this business as those old-time
printers always did, they edited the newspaper, were compositor
and pressman and in many instances were printer's devil. They
are a type of a bygone day and only a scattered few of these vet-
erans like Mr. Edes remain to link the present with the past.

•^

-^hM!^-4i^'-':^ ;*'

4^'^

A NOROMBEGA ITEM 35

A NORO^IBEG.

(Contributed by Nellie C. Dodge, Ellsworth, :Maine.)

EGA YTE^( 69gg3^

I find the following on page 52 of an old English book entitled :
"God's Wonders in the Great Deep, recorded in Several wonderful
and amazing accounts of Sailors who have met with unexpected
Deliverance from Death when in greatest danger." "Gravesend;
Re-printed by R. Pocock, and sold by the Booksellers in Paternoster
Row, 1803."

"Rich*^. Clark, of \\^e}Tnouth, was master of a ship called the
Delight, which in 1583, went with Sir H. Gilbert for the discovery
of Xoremberga; it happened tliat the ship struck on the ground,
and was cast away. Of those that escaped shipwreck, sixteen got
into a small boat of a ton and a half, and had but one oar to work
with. They were seventy leagues from land, and the weather fouL
The boat being over burtliened, !Mr. Hedley made a motion to cast
lots, that tliose four who drew the shortest should be thrown over-
board, provided if one lot fell on the master, yet he should be
preserved for all their safeties. The master disavowed the accept-
ance of any such privilege, replying that tliey would live and die
together. On the fifth day Air. Hedley and another died, whereby
their boat was lightened. Five days and nights they saw" the sun
and stars but once, so tliat they only kept up their boat with their
single oar, as the sea drove it. They continued four days without
sustenance, except what the weeds in the sea and the salt water
did afford. On tlie seventh day tliey had sight of Newfoundland,
and came to the south part thereof. All the time of their being
at sea the wind kept south ; if it had shifted she had never come
to land; but it turned to the north in half an hour after. Being
all come to shore, they gave God praise for their miraculous de-
liverance. There they remained three days and three nights, making
a plentiful repast upon berries and wild pease. After five days
rowing along the shore, they happened to meet a Spanish ship of
^t- John de Luz, who brought them to Biscay, where the visitors
*5t the Spanish Inquisition came aboard, but by the master's favour,
Jind some general answers they escaped; yet fearing a second search,
by going twelve miles one night, they got into France, and safely
arrived in England."

'JW

jSBi-

36 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF IIAINE HISTORY

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to
contributions from all teach-
ers and pupils.

Conducted by Augustus O.
Thomas, State Superintend-
ent OF Schools, Augusta, Me.

PROJECTS IN LOCAL HISTORY IN THE AROOSTOOK

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL

Maine's Centennial Celebration is over but not so its memories.
They will continue to thrill with pride the hearts of her sons and
•daughters until another hundred years of achievement, greater even
than the last, shall inspire those living in 2020 to prepare a better
and more worthy commemoration.

Something like seventy towns and cities from Kittery to Mada-
waska, from Eastport to Upton, and a large number of schools
have in some way contributed to the success of the Centennial and
have given citizens in all parts of the State a renewed interest in
its history.

History like charity should begin at home, and in order that our
boys and girls may become the best American citizens they must
know something of home affairs and local interests. No man or
woman can be considered broad-minded or well educated who is
indifferent to the conditions of the community of which he or she
is a part.

In our schools then, the child must be taught that his town is a
unit of the county, the county of the state, the state of the nation,
in order to develop an intelligent and elevating civic patriotism
and to put him more fully in touch with his local political, social
and industrial environment. In doing this a long stride has been
made toward teaching him to know and love his country.

Local history has received far too little attention in our land.
We are careless of our relics and monuments, which to be sure
are of a different kind from those of Europe but no less interesting
and important to preserve. Let us trust that a deep appreciation
of the value of •Maine's splendid history shall be one lesson learned
and remembered from the Centennial.

During the year Dr. Thomas, State Superintendent of Schools,
issued a booklet called "One Hundred Years of Statehood," which

*,
$

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOL 37

contains many helpful suggestions for studying local history accord-
ing to the "source" method.

This little book so fascinated me that I was seized with a desire
to see how big a project could be worked out in my history class,
so when the fall term opened, each student was given a copy and
it was read aloud during the recitation period with a view to carry-
ing out many of its suggestions.

There were thirty- four members in the class. They came from
all parts of the county and from several towns outside of Aroos-
took. The varietv' of interest added zest to the problem and from
that day until the project was completed, there was no lack of
interest shown.

To describe fully each project would make this article too long,
but in order to give an adequate idea of the scope of the under-
taking, perhaps it is best to enumerate them and to state briefly
the sources from which material was secured.

History of Railroads in Aroostook — ^laterial obtained from old
newspaper clippings and scrap-book.

History of the Presque Isle Public Library — Obtained from libra-
rian and members of committee at time of establishment.

The Churches of Presque Isle — From past and present ministers
and church records.

The Village Schools of Presque Isle — From Rev. G. M. Park,,
town historian ; past and present superintendents of schools ; town
reports ; school reports and catalogs.

The Rural Schools of Presque Isle — From History of Aroostook
by Hon. Edward Wiggin; Supt. S. E. Preble; town reports 1883-
1920; "Star Herald."

Our Service Flag — A storv^ of Presque Isle's war service, from
information secured from Col. Frank M. Hume; Capt. E. H.
Cooper; Principal of P. I. H. S. ; Ernest M. Libby, Y. M. C. A.
worker; Y. D. Roster, and several ex-service men.

History of Madawaska — Pictures, data from old citizens. •

CTiurches of Madawaska — From History of Madawaska, super-
intendent of schools, citizens.

History of Madawaska Training School — From Miss Mary Now-
••■ind, many years the principal.

Protection of Wild Lands — From Maine Forestry Department;
^^as. L. Weeks, Chief Warden of Aroostook and Big Machias
divers.

38 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

The Canning Industry in Alaine — From E. M. Lang, Jr., Port-
land; Miss Alfreda Ellis, Assistant State Club Leader, Orono.

Northern ]Maine Fair — From secretary's reports; president of
association.

Potato Industry in Aroostook — From F. P. Loring, Instructor
in Agriculture; Maine Department Agriculture Year Book; school
library; farmers.

An Aroostook Industr}-, Lime — From Mr. Dane Willard, pro-
moter of the idea.

Automobiles in Presque Isle — From L. S. Bean and other deal-
ers; papers.

History of Fort Fairfield — From Ellis' History; Census Book
1920; citizens.

Town Schools of Fort Fairfield — From Fort Fairfield Register;
Public Library ; Town Reports,

Churches of Fort Fairfield — From Ellis' History; Report of
1904 ; pastors ; citizens.

Sports that Children Enjoy — From Playground Magazines, per-
sonal observation and experience.

History of Aroostook State Normal School — From Rev. G. M.
Park; teachers in the school at its opening; school catalogs; "Sal-
magundi," tlie school paper.

Lumbering in Penobscot — From Thoreau's "Maine Woods";
E. B. Draper, Bangor ; Delmont Emerson, Island Falls ; Merrill
Mill Co., Patten ; Henry Prentiss, Bangor ; Bangor Commercial,
April 20, 1920.

Lumbering in Aroostook — From woodsmen, dealers in lumber.

Histor}' of New Sweden — From a book written about New Swe-
den in 1880 bv ]\I. E. Olson ; citizens.

History of Maine Central Institute — Catalogs, reports, alumni.

The Starch Industry — From Rev. G. M. Park, H. E. Duncan.

History of Sherman — From a descendant of the pioneer settler
and other citizens ; town records.

History of Caribou — From A. W. Spaulding, a prominent citizen,
newspaper articles. Public Library, Hon. Edward Wiggin's histor>'.

History of Hartland — From Eastern Somerset County Register,
selectmen, citizens, x^merican Woolen Co.

Great Northern Paper Co. — From employees.

History of Houlton High School, 1899- 1920— "North Star"; the
school paper; pictures and information from alumni, teachers.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 39

The Playground — From State Department of Education.

Sports in !Maine — Pictures and information from proprietors of
sporting camps.

This list shows that data was gatliered from ex-town officers,
present officers, pastors, school superintendents, oldest living citi-
zens in the towns ; from county, town, school and church records ;
from old diaries, newspapers, school catalogs, scrap-books, from
the public libraries.

When the students had selected what they considered important
and authentic material they proceeded to preserve it in books of
their own making, which exhibit originality and artistic ability in
arrangement and decoration.

Those who chose to write tlie histor}- of a school finished the
binding in school colors, and in one instance the school seal fur-
nished the decoration for the cover. : - .

From their research these students discovered the truth of the
old adage, "where there's will there's a way," and pursued in the
face of discouragement many voyages to obscure sources to be
happily rewarded with the information they were seeking. Present
day affairs were not forgotten and in some instances old and new
methods are contrasted.

Nearly all of the books are illustrated with kodak pictures snapped
by the girls themselves or solicited from their friends, and there
are many beautiful Aroostook scenes as well as pictures of homes,
schools, churches, barns, potato-houses and farm machinery.

Aside from the knowledge gleaned in local history, they have
had practice in writing business letters to persons in responsible
positions. I feel sure in every case they have courteously expressed
their appreciation for the material and information given them.
Several dedicated their booklet to the man or woman who gave
them assistance.

They have learned something about the make-up of a book; its
title page, table of contents, index, arrangement of illustrations and
binding, and are convinced that art plays an important part in book-
making.

More valuable than all this is the fact that these student-teachers
3re going out in all sections of the State to quicken an interest in
history for Maine children. They have learned and will pass it
^n that our State has a local history v.'orthy of study and that she

<wv-

-'H^

40 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

will continue to play in the future as she has in the past, an im-
portant part in tlie Nation's development.

W'Q hope the interest aroused will continue to grow, and develop
such a strong love for Elaine that the priceless traditions of strength,
manliness, patience, uprightness and confidence in God possessed
by her pioneers shall continue to be exhibited in her posterity in
order tliat she may be an "enlightened, cultivated, God-fearing,.
free democracv."

Nellie Woodbury Jordan.

CATECHIS:^! OF CONSTITUTION
(Published by arrangement with The National Security League.)

LESSON I

Q. What is the Constitution?

A. The Constitution is a written document providing a form
of government for the United States. • ■

Q. \\'ho framed the Constitution?

A. Representatives of the people in Philadelphia in 1787.

Q. Who was the President of the Constitutional Convention?

A. George Washington.

Q. What made the Constitution necessary? . "

A. The x-\rticles of Confederation, which preceded the Con-
stitution, were inadequate to hold the States together.

Q. Why was the Constitution adopted?

A. The preamble of the Constitution declares that "we, the
people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the com-
mon defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish
this Constitution for the United States of America."

Q. How was the Constitution ratified?

A. By the people of the United States, acting through special
conventions, "chosen in each State by the people thereof."

Q. When did it become effective?

A. On the first Wednesday in March, 1789.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover, Maine, by
John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher.

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, S2.00. Single copies of current and previous vol-
umes, 50 cents. Bound volumes, 82.50 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

Preserve this issue of the Journal. Y'ou will then always have
what will be of exceeding interest and worth to yourself and family.
Hand it along to future generations ! It will be of priceless value
to them.

COLONIAL AND LOCAL HISTORY' IX OUR SCHOOLS

During the past year, while Col. Edward L. Logan was com-
inander of the Massachusetts department of the American Legion,
Jie instituted a campaign there for stimulating and intensifying the
study of American and local history in the public schools as a first
^^ep towards the promulgation of true Americanism.

The Boston Transcript in commenting upon this at the time,
''bached to the roots of the entire subject in saying:

'Colonel Logan finds, in his investigations through the Ameri-
t^anization committee of the Legion, that there are many schools
^nich ignore our Colonial history altogether, beginning their in-
•'^ruction with the Revolution. To do that, it is needless to say,
«^ to ignore the most Interesting part of ^Massachusetts history,
^"d really to leave the Commonwealth up in the air without any

42 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

underpinning. The secret of interesting children in histor}* is the
abihty to vitahze it with personages and with incidents, and such
vitaUzing persons and incidents are comparatively rare after the
Revolutionary period. By tliat we do not mean to imply that our
post-Revolutionary history should be neglected. To leave out
Webster, Sumner and the Yankee Division would be as grievous
and stupid a fault as to leave out the Pilgrim Fathers. But all
these later heroes stand on the Fathers' shoulders; it is through
an interest in and knowledge of them that the boy or girl of today
may readily acquire an interest in the history of the Commonwealth
since it became a State of tlie American Union.

"Really to interest the young in historical study and knowledge
is a gift on the part of a teacher, but it need not be so rare a gift
as some suppose, because the interest is latent m every child, ask-
ing only to be intelligently met. Does not the dramatic appeal to
the child? And what is history but a drama? The great trouble
is that historical study is deliberately made a thing of rote, a droned
rigmarole, in many of the schools. It wants the element of human
interest; and if teachers do not know how to impart this element,
they should be taught how. It may be a good thing for Colonel
Logan and the committee to overhaul the normal schools in this
regard."

What the Transcript urges regarding the study of the colonial
history of ^lassachusetts, is of equal importance in this State,
possibly more so, as our colonial period begins with the French
settlement at St. Croix Island in 1604, sixteen years before adverse
winds compelled the Pilgrims to begin tiie making of history at
Plymouth Rock.

Moreover, there is yet another fact augmenting the value of all
American colonial history— fully as cogent a reason for its study
as any, and yet seldom referred to; and that is that when one begins
its study on any line of research, from any angle whatsoever, one
is at once in the most interesting part of European history. Our
history is so intertwined with old world political convulsions of
two and three centuries aga — momentous epochs in the world strug-
gle of the ages between the forces of freedom and despotism, that
it is impossible to read the one without a desire to more fully under-
stand the other.

If a knowledge of the evolution of freedom and human rights
from !Magna Charta to the armistice of 1918 is essential in germi-

COLONIAL AND LOCAL HISTORY 45

nating Americanism, tlie schools of this comitry have a grave duty
to perform in this regard which cannot be doubted or ignored. To
neglect it would be as illogical as for tlie Bible student to ignore
the history of the Children of Israel.

Those who were privileged to listen to the address of ^lajor
William B. Dwight of New York, representing the National
Security League, at the S. A. R. Washington Anniversary Banquet,
in Portland, Feb. 22, 1920, will recall with what earnestness and
eloquence he advocated an awakening along these same lines, if
we in x\merica are to successfully resist tlie Karl ]\Iarx peril. He
criticised much of the present method of studying history in the
schools, and very forcefully urged that it be localized and x\meri-
canized.

James ^Mathison, Superintendent of the Oquossoc Angling Asso-
ciation at Indian Rock, Elaine, in the Rangeley region, contributes
to the Journal the following copy of the records of that x\ssocia-
tion, dated ]\Iay 24, 18S4: .-

"James P. Baxter, Portland, Elaine, ^lay 24th to June 3rd, inclu-
sive, six days' fishing with his son, Percival P., took fifty-two fish^
four of which weighed twenty-four pounds. The largest was taken
in Cupsuptic Lake June 3rd by Percival and weighed /J pounds
before being dressed. The guide made his weight 8 pounds when
taken from the water. The weight of the four fish when caught
was as follows : 8 lbs., 6^ lbs., 5 lbs,, and 4^ lbs. — 24 lbs.

Written by ^Ir. James P. Baxter."

A GEM AMONG IMAINE TOWN HISTORIES

Minnie Atkinson of Newburyport, ^lass., is the 'author of a
neatly bound book of 122 pages and twelve illustrations, entitled
"Hinckley Township or Grand Lake Stream Plantation," which
•s a real gem. Already we believe between eight and nine hundred
Maine Town Histories have been published. So far as we know
this is the second one of a Maine plantation that has ever been
printed, the first one having been the historical sketch of Jackman
and Moose River Plantation which appeared in the Journal, Vol. 3,
N'o. 2.

Any true story of the developments of a town from its pioneer
^ays to its time of maturity and prosperity as a municipality, is a

44 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

bit of history of the utmost vahie and interest to the student of the
nistor}' and growth of a commonweakh ; ahvays a fascinating tale
of human endeavor and ukimate achievement.

We recall many such items of Elaine history which are classics,
such as "Old Hallo well" by Emma Huntington Nason, ''An Old
River Town" — a history of \Mnterport — by Ada Douglas Little-
field, etc. None of tliese superior literary productions has sur-
passed and but few equal ^liss Atkinson's book. She commences
with much of importance relative to the Indians in the Passama-
-quoddy region prior to and during the Revolution, when Colonel
John Allen, under General \\'ashington, was the superintendent of
all the Indian Tribes in eastern Maine, and follows the develop-
ment of this plantation full of interesting, fascinating and impor-
tant historical details to the present day. After a careful perusal
■of this book we do not hesitate in heartily recommending it to our
readers. ' ^

AN OLD TOWN INDIAN ^^'OMAN DESIRES THE

RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE ^-^

The following was recently received by Governor Baxter:

Old Town, Elaine, Februarys 21, 1921.
Percival P. Baxter,

Governor of Maine, ;

Augusta, r^Iaine. ^
Dear Sir :

Now that the women of ^^laine have full suffrage, we, the wards
•of the State of Elaine, members of the Penobscot tribe, believe that
we should have the right to vote in all tribal meetings. We are
informed that the present agent of our tribe submitted the question
of whether Indian women had such right to the last State admin-
istration but that Secretary Ball gave no definite answer. Local
attorney advises that we always had the right to vote and that the
agent cannot refuse to accept our votes at election time and sort
and count the same, as provided by statute.

Will you not kindly refer this matter to the attorney general's
office that our agent may be fully informed in the premises.

Yours very truly,

(Signed) Mrs. Peter Nicolar.

'-^''■r

CHARLES ALCOTT FLAGG 45

CHARLES ALCOTT FLAGG
Report Committee on Resolutions

The year 1920, so eventful historically, has for the Bangor His-
torical Society been notable necrologically, for among officials here
one year ago and not witli us today are Charles Alcott Flagg, Libra-
rian and Cabinet Keeper, and also a valued member of the Ex-
ecutive Committee ; Dr. Thomas L^pham Coe, for nearly forty years
Treasurer and also prominent on the Executive Committee; and
William Warren Fellows and James Putnam Walker, botli faithful
and exceedingly useful members of the Executive Committee.

Resolved, That the Bangor Historical Society, assembled in an-
nual session, and with a full realization of the great loss sustained,
gives voice to heartfelt appreciation of the zealous and devoted
services of our departed associates.

Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the records, and
copies be given to the press for publication.

Edward 'M. B landing,
William C. ^L\son,
Fannie Hardy Eckstorm,

Committee on Resolutions.

Bangor, Elaine, Jan. 4, 1921.

Adopted by Bangor Historical Society at annual meeting, Jan. 4^
1921.

Attest: Edward ^Mitchell Blanding,

Secretary.

MAINE CEXTEXXL\L TOWNS FOR 1921

The Elaine Centennial towns for 1921 are Concord, Peru, Canton
and Cumberland, rather less than the usual number. Concord is
a little farming town far up the Kennebec valley, in Somerset
County, bordering on the river. It does not appear in the records
why it was named Concord, but its name may have suggested some-
thing to the late incorporators of the next town to the west, which
^^"^s called Lexington. Concord was settled soon after the Revo-
hition by ]^Iajor Ephraim Heald, who came from Temple, N. H.
1 nere are people enough to have a celebration with the help of
^^^e neighbors.

46 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Peru and Canton are adjoining towns in Oxford County, on the
Androscoggin river, and may possibly have a combination cele-
bration. If they don't it will be a rival affair, although the town
with the Chinese name is somewhat larger than the other. Both
are on tlie Rangeley division of the Elaine Central Railroad. The
towns are twins, having been incorporated on the same day, Feb. 5,
1821.

Canton is a lively town and will have a big centennial celebration
some time in the summer. It has about 2000 people, three churches,
an opera house, summer hotel, several garages and all the outfit of
an up-to-date town. Peru with the villages of West Peru and
East Peru has about 1000 people in its borders. The town was
originally a grant of land to citizens of Falmouth who moved there,
the Knight, Lunt, Brackett and Bradish families, followed by the
Walkers, Trasks and Baileys. Peru will no doubt have a cele-
bration.

Cumberland is a town on Casco Bay and may be a part of Greater
Portland some time. It takes in numerous islands off shore, in-
cluding Chebeague Island, where there's a postoffice, also Crow,
Goose, Hope, Bangs, Sand, Sturdivant, Stave, ^linisterial, Bates,
Broken Cave and others of the 365 islands in the bay. Cumberland
Center is the largest community in the town and Greeley Institute
is an old preparatory' school. Cumberland Foreside has numerous
summer residences and on Chebeague Island there are half a dozen
summer hotels and cottagers are numerous.

— Kennebec Journal.

Coin and Stamp Collectors

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE ^

Prices I Tay— of every U. S. Coin
•worth over face — 13 cts.

WANTED What are your wants? Perhaps

Rare Coins, Stamps and Curios I can supply them

Stamp Catalogues and other Philatelic and Numismatic
literature at publishers' prices

' W. B. GOULD

292 Hammond St. Bangor, Maine

MAINE IXLAXD SCENERY

4 /

s \

I, . .\i

A Canoe Iioad of Trophies
(Courtesy of B. & A. R. R.)

CONTENTS

Jolm Gardiner, Barrister 49

Indians 61

Pof-m — To the Pine Tree State 69

I'of m— A Bit of Maine 70

Wa.Jhburn Family, Livermore, Maine 71

I-«-itt-ra 72

....,........[.[[...[......... 76

, 80

: 81

''•»tten Library

James Phinney Baxter

^"luel I.. Boardman

Karly Churches in [Maine
Jw-irly Settlement on Kennebec

»•• if-r Edes

^'aine History in the Schools .
•■-'litorial .

YEARS the Insurance Man of Somerset County

Never a F'tiilure — Xever a Law Suit — What more do you vrant?

(Member Soc. Col. Wars; Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G., G. A. R.)
CHARLES FOLSOM-JONES, Skowhegan, Maine

'« have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

JOHN GARDINER

■ i, , .• -'

0-0

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

Vol. IX April, IMay, June, 192 i No. 2

JOHN GARDINER, BARRISTER

(By Bertram E. Packard)

There are two houses still standing in Maine which are inti-
mately associated with the subject of this sketch.

On the eastern bank of the Kennebec, a little way above, and
opposite the little village of Richmond, stands a large, rambling,
wooden structure, known as the Old Pownalborough Court House.
It was built about the year 1753 by Alajor Samuel Goodwin, the
agent of the Plymouth Company, as his official residence, and as
a Court House for Lincoln County, at that time comprising the
larger portion of central and eastern Maine. The old house is
of great historic interest and is still occupied by the descendants
of the original proprietor. Here the lawyers of that early period
argued their cases and transacted their customary legal business.
The voices of John Adams, James Otis, James Sullivan and David
Sewall were often heard within its walls. Here the early Justices
came on horseback to preside when on the Circuit. The building
also served the purposes of an inn and was their temporary domi-
cile. And here also, the able, eloquent and scholarly lawyer,
John Gardiner, often appeared, clad in the wig and gown of an
English barrister. Some three miles distant in the little hamlet
now known as Dresden Mills, he resided in the two story tarm
house erected by his father, Dr. Silvester Gardiner, sometime prior
to 1760, and still standing in an excellent state of preservation.

Although the family of Gardiner is one of the most prominent
in our New England history, numbering among its members many
>^ho have been celebrated in our annals, yet history is strangely
silent concerning John Gardiner. One of the most prominent men
in Boston and Maine during the years immediately subsequent to
the Revolution, and probably the most talked of man in the news-
Piipers of that day, only the most fragmentary glimpses of his

50 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF ]\IAINE HISTORY

life and career can be gleamed from our numerous historical and
biographical records.

He was the oldest son of Dr. Silvester Gardiner and was born
in Boston, December, 4th, 1731. The career of Dr. Gardiner is
too well known to need more than passing mention. He was one
of the most distinguished men of his time and was very wealthy
for those days. He became the largest single owner in what was
known as the Kennebeck Purchase, a corporation formed in 1753.
He first established settlements in Pownalborough, and later in
what was at that time known as Gardinerstown. He brought to
this work of development an uncommon zeal and energy and was
very successful. The city of Gardiner was named in his honor,
and his decendants still reside in the beautiful old English manor
house just outside the city on the banks of the Kennebec.

John recei\'ed his early education in Boston, and in 1745, at
the age of 14, he was placed in the office of Benjamin Pratt, after-
wards Chief Justice of Xew York, to study law. He remained
there three years, and in 1748 was sent to London to pursue his
legal studies. Broader and more liberal ideas prevailed in England
than were common in Puritan Boston and he found a wider field
for his talents. The profession of law was looked upon with less
aversion than was the custom in a community where church offi-
cials were also the legal officers. He studied at the Inner Temple,
and was under the instruction of Sir Charles Pratt, who after-
wards became Lord Chancellor Camden. In 1761, at the age of
30, he was admitted a barrister by the Honorable Benchers of the
Inner Temple and the Courts of Westminster Hall. He practised
before Lord Mansfield, and soon won his distinguished favor.
He acquired a brilliant reputation and it appeared at one time
that he was destined for \-ery high legal honors. He also prac-
tised law on the Welsh Circuit, and while there married Margaret
Harries of Haverford West, a woman of most excellent family.
Here his oldest son, John Silvester John, was born in 1765. Of
his private life in England but little is known. He frequented
Drury Lane Theatre when David Garrick and Mrs. Gibber were
famous there, and it is related that Jacob Bailey, the early pio-
neer missionar\' to Maine, when in London for ordination, was his
companion to the theatre.

But while in London he became intimate with the poet Churchill,
and the reformer John Wilkes, and when the latter was arrested

:^*^:"?SS¥i|?S||g#J%5E?*?¥S'' "

JOHN GARDINER, BARRISTER 51

on a general Secretan* of State's warrant, he was junior counsel
for his defense. He also argued with success in the defense of
Beardmore and Meredith, who, for writings in support of Wilkes,
had been imprisoned on a general warrant. His pronounced Whig
principles as opposed to the prevailing Tor\' sentiment in Eng-
land at that time, greatly surprised Lord Mansfield, and blasted
all hopes of his political success. In reference to his efforts in
these trials, there now remains in the possession of Mrs. William
R. Cabot of Boston, his great-great-granddaughter, a valuable and
t)eautiful piece of plate, bearing this inscription: " ' Pro libertate
semper strenuus.' To John Gardiner, Esq., this waiter is pre-
sented by Arthur Beardmore, as a small token ot gratitude, for
pleading his cause and that of his clerk, David Meredith, against
the Earl of HaHfax, then Secretar\^ of State, for false imprison-
ment, under his warrant, commonly called a Secretary- ot State's
warrant, that canker of English liberty — 1766."

It is of more than passing interest to consider a little more in
detail Mr. Gardiner's connection with this celebrated case, for it
illustrates forcibly that in most of his ideas he was far in advance
of his age and generation. Wilkes, although a rake and a prodi-
gal, unfaithful to his wife, whose fortune he wasted, lacking in
generous devotion to any political ideal, nevertheless by sheer
pluck and impudence led in the fight to establish in the law of all
English speaking countries five great principles of political free-
dom: the immunit\' of political criticisms from prosecution; the
publicity of legislati\e debates; the abolition of outlawry which
condemned a man in his absence; the protection of property of
houses from unreasonable search and seizure; and the right of
the duly elected representative to a constituency to sit in the
legislature, unless disqualified by law. No matter what personal
objections his colleagues may have had to his opinions and writings,
so great were his achievements that his name became a household
^ord in America. In the eyes of our forefathers, he was one of
*die most conspicuous combatants against the doctrine so obnox-
ious to them: that men might be maltreated, imprisoned, exiled
^nd disfranchised for the supposedly evil tendencies of their politi-
^"*il opinions. Lord Camden said of the warrant: " If such a
power is truly invested in a Secretary- of State, and he can dele-
Kate this power, it certainly may affect the person and property
of every man in this kingdom, and is totally subversive to the

52 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF [MAINE HISTORY

liberty of the subject." The law of the case with which Mr.
Gardiner was connected, namely, that search must be by warrant,
describing the property to be seized, is embodied in the Consti-
tution of the United States.

At a time when party feeling ran high it can readily be seen
that his espousal of such a cause would seem nothing less than
heretical to the prevailing Tory influences. It was probably a
political move to tender him the Chief Justiceship of the province
of New York in 1766, which he promptly declined. Two ^-ears
later, however, in 1768, he accepted an appointment as Attorney
General of St. Kitts, one of the West India islands. It is probable
that this was a position which he would have hardly chosen for
himself save for necessity, for it was virtually a political banish-
ment. Here he became so active as a Whig that it was found
expedient tor him to leave the island, and after remaining in
Jamaica for a time, he went to Martinique, where he successively
held office under the British and French governments.

The following letter to his father, dated St. Kitts, January 8th,
1783, well illustrates his political principles: '' I am a staunch
Revolutionary Whig, you know, and abhor all king craft and
priest craft. Such have been my principles since I could judge
for myself, and such, I trust, will be the principles I will carry
with me to the grave. I have borne a place here under his most
Christian Majesty which I have discharged the duties of with the
utmost fidelity and integrity, and without the least view to gain,
and in such a manner as I would have served his Brittanick Maj-
esty, had I been entrusted. And it is with gratitude I mention
it, I have received ever>^ protection and every mark of friendship
from His Excellency, Count Dillon and the French officers here,
insomuch so that time shall not obliterate my regards to them."

In the early summer of 1783, at the instance and through the
efforts of James Sullivan, he returned to Boston, and in a letter
to his father, dated Boston, July 14th, 1783, he writes: "Gov-
ernor Hancock, Samuel Harris, and Dr. Cooper have all received
me with the greatest cordiality, and General Washington, in con-
sequence of letters from the French Ministry, overwhelmed me
with civility during the four days I stayed with him."
• He immediately resumed the practice of his profession, and in-
duced his brethren to resume the legal costume, which had been
laid aside. The custom, however, was not of long continuance,

■iSPN

JOHN GARDIXER, BARRISTER 53

and it was said to have been gi\-en up from a countr>'man hearing
one of the judges, in his gown, using most profane language towards
a man from whom he was purchasing wood, and expressing his
astonishment to his friends as to how the Boston parsons would
swear.

That he visited Maine during the year of his return to Boston
is evidenced by a letter written by Major Goodwin of Pownal-
borough to Jacob Bailey in Nova Scotia, under date of September
9, 1783, in which he says: ''John Gardiner is with his brother
William, looking after his father's interests." Rev. Samuel Parker
of Trinity Church wrote to Bailey, December 22nd, of the same
year, saying: '* Your old friend, Dr. Gardiner, has a son returned
from the West Indies, who in order to ingratiate himself with the
ruling party, does little else than curse and damn his father as
an old fool. . . . However, it won't do. He will not get his
father's estate by this conduct."

In October, 1783, he petitioned the General Court, "Although
the Father hath eaten sour Grapes, yet your Petitioner's Teeth
have not been set on edge, — his political opinions have been, and
are in total, the ver\' reverse of his said Father's," and prayed
not to be " visited for the political sins and offences of his said
Father."

But that he was held in high esteem in Boston is evidenced by
the fact that he and his family were recognized as citizens of
Massachusetts by a special act of the Commonwealth passed
Februar>' 13th, 1784, reading: " An act declaring and confirming
the citizenship of John Gardiner, his wife, and of Anne, John
Silvester John, and William Gardiner, their children.

Whereas, the said John Gardiner was born in Boston, the me-
trojxjlis of this Commonwealth, and while a minor was, by his
father, sent to Great Britain lor his education, where for a suc-
ci-ssion of years he remained a distinguished friend to, and through
•1 vicissitude of fortune, hath continued an avowed and inflexible
a>sertor of the rights and liberties of his native country, and a
^'old opposer of the enemies thereof; and having lately returned
t«'> reside in the said metropolis, and soon expecting his said wife
^"d children, he and they ought to be declared free citizens of
lliis said Commonwealth."

On July 4th, 1785, he was selected as the town orator and dedi-
«'*'»ted his oration '' To the First Citizen of the World, The Most

54 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Illustrious George Washington, Esq., late Commander-in-Chief of
the forces of the free United States of America, with the most
affectionate respect. By his most obHged fellow citizen, The
Author." It contains the following allusion to Bunker Hill:
"Again the battle bleeds; nor do fair freedom's sons give way
till their whole stock of ammunition's quite expended. Regardless
of his precious life, disdaining shameful flight, the illustrious
Warren falls, his country's hero, and his country's pride! What
though within these hallowed walls his mouldering relicks lie,
without a sculptured stone to mark the spot, yet shall his fame
be known, his memory live, to latest ages!"

It is not strange that there should have been violent and often
times bitter controversies between John Gardiner and his father.
Dr. Gardiner was an avowed Loyalist, spending the years of the
Revolution in England because of his political beliefs. He was
also a zealous and consistent believer in the forms and doctrines
of the Church of England. John, on the contrary, was as we
have seen, a Whig in political belief, and at the same time was a
Unitarian as to religious belief. He took an active part in the
alteration of the liturgy of King's Chapel, of which his father had
been tor many \ears warden and an active member, and was
largely instrumental in its becoming the first Unitarian Congre-
gational Church in the United States. He would attend services
at Trinity Church, where his son, adhering to the ancient faith,
was assistant minister, for he said he must hear Jack preach, and
would make the responses from his altered book while the people
were repeating from the Book of Common Prayer.

It was in consequence of these disagreements that Dr. Gardiner
devised the bulk of his property to. his second son, William, be-
queathing " To John Gardiner, Esq., Barrister at Law, late of
the island of St. Christopher, now resident at Boston, New England
(as 'tis said) I give only the sum ot one guinea." He relented
however, and in a codicil made the same year, 1786, gave him
one thousand pounds, and devised to him his house and lot on
Marlborough Street and one half his Pownalborough farm. While
it may be observed that these estates were without limitations,
while the estates devised to William were entailed, yet it is clearly
evident that Dr. Gardiner intended that the bulk of his property
should pass to William, and in event of his dying without issue,
to his grandson, Robert Hallowell.

■S. .-:

JOHN GARDINER, BARRISTER 55

In 1786, his wife having died, John Gardiner removed to Pownal-
borough with his three children. It might seem strange that a
man possessed of his brilliant talents and accustomed to move in
the best society, should have moved to what must have been at
that time nearly an unbroken wilderness. But we must remember
that he was nearly sixty years of age, and here was a valuable
property which he had just inherited; he might have seen the
opportunity to represent the town in the General Court, which
position he later occupied; furthermore he was near the bulk of
his father's estate, and at one time it seemed ver\^ uncertain that
it would descend as his father had planned. But these are mere
suppositions, and no reliable information can be ascertained as to
his real motives. He took an active part in the affairs of the
town and in 1788 was the moderator of the town meeting. Among
his gifts to the town was a lot of land for church purposes, pro-
vided the minister kept a school for instruction in English. He
often appeared as counsel in cases tried in the nearby Pownal-
borough Court House, where he invariably attracted attention
from his copious learning, his polished manners, and his attractive
elocution. He was easih' the most learned and cultivated lawyer
in Maine; and no one at the bar of Massachusetts excelled him
as a general scholar, or in the variety of his information.

Possibly the most important case in which he appeared as
counsel was that of the Frenchman, Louis Porronveau, from
Penobscot, 1791, for murder. The judges were Increase Sumner,
Robert Treat Paine and Nathan Gushing. Mr. Gardiner and
William Lithgow, Jr., were the counsel for the defense, and secured
an acquittal. It is claimed, however, that strong prejudices favor-
ing the French influenced the verdict. The case was of sufilicient
importance, so it is said, that the French Consul came down from
Boston for the trial.

In 1787 he was elected as a representative to the Massachusetts
General Court from Pownalborough. During his five years in the
Legislature he achieved his greatest eminence because of his decided
^tand concerning many important questions of the day. His ripe
scholarship, rare wit, and ability as a strong and vigorous writer,
caused him to be one of the best known men in New England.
In debate he was fearless, and exceedingly sarcastic and vitupera-
tive toward his opponents. The writer is indebted to an unpub-
lished manuscript of the late Charles Allen, Esq., for a valuable
[ summary of the measures he advocated while a member of the

'"Kg-'"

56 SPR-\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

General Court. He pleased his friends and irritated his enemies
'by advocating: —

1. A removal of the restrictions on theatres. This was in direct
opposition to the current public opinion. Among his opponents
on this question were Governor John Hancock, Samuel Adams and
Harrison Gray Otis. His famous speech on this subject was de-
livered of date January 22nd, 1792, and while the measure failed
of passage at that time it was finally passed in 1794.

2. He was strenuous in his advocacy of laws to prevent the
entailment of estates and lor abolishing such as might then be in
existence. He aided effectually in abolishing the law by which
the oldest son inherited a double portion of his parent's estate;
and another to abolish the clumsy process of common recovery,
so that a tenant in tail could by deed dock the entailment.

3. He opposed the formation of certain associations by lawyers,
whereby they made a sort of close corporation of law and con-
spired to injure the people in their rights. By these organizations
called by him the " Bar Call," none but those especially favored
were admitted to practise.

4. He attacked lawyer-made law generally and wished for its
reform, winning for himself the title of the " Law Reformer."

5. He advocated the abolition ot special pleading, so as to sim-
plify the practise in the courts. He was zealously opposed in this
by the celebrated Parsons and other lawyers, and the measure
failed of passage. Forty years after, however, this measure was
adopted to general acceptance in both Massachusetts and Maine.

6. He opposed the custom of permitting men who held office
under the United States government to be officials under the
state government also. Da\id Sewall was a federal judge, and
while such was chosen a member of the General Court. Mr.
Gardiner held that the federal government, was in its relation to
the state government, a foreign goxernment. He was sustained
in his contention both by the legislature and public opinion.

7. He repeatedly favored and labored for the separation of
Maine from Massachusetts.

8. He early proposed establishing a college in Maine, and Bow-
doin College was chartered in 1794, a year after his death.

9. He advocated the granting of land to soldiers of the Revo-
lutionary- War.

10. He favored putting a gallery into the House of Representa-

JOHN GARDINER, BARRISTER 57

lives, for the convenience of the public, which might thereby be
enabled to observe their proceedings.

11. He repeatedly derided the common application of the prin-
ciple expressed in the Latin saying: '' De Mortuis nil nisi bonum,"
declaring that if it were obeyed both the pen of the historian and
the voice of the orator would be stopped. ". ^i j

12. He introduced and advocated a bill creating a lottery to
build what is now known as the upper bridge over the Eastern
River in Dresden.

For his opinions the papers of that period at times reported him
approvingly, and at other times criticised, ridiculed and abused
him. Correspondents wrote about him over fantastic and fictitious
signatures, at times calling him eloquent and learned and at other
times referring to him as a fool. But from the character of the
measures he advocated and opposed, it may be gathered that he
was from his earliest years, in the uncomfortable but none the
less commendable position of being far in advance of his genera-
tion. While, as was natural, he failed in passing most of his
measures, yet it must be conceded that he was a man of genius
and marked ability.

In October, 1793, he started for Boston from Pownalborough on
the packet Londoner, which carried a heavy deck load of lumber.
A severe storm came up and the vessel went down off Cape Ann,
October 15th, 1793, and all on board were lost. Later his chest
of clothing floated ashore which confirmed his fate.

He had dreamed of being drowned on the trip; but he laughed
at such superstitions. Homer would have told him that " dreams
proceed from Jove."

Mr. Gardiner was one of six lawyers in Maine raised to the
degree of barrister, the others being William Gushing, David
Scwall, Theophilus Bradbury, David Wyer, and William Wet-
more. The rule for a barrister in England was that this degree
should not be received unless the candidate had resided three
years in one of the Inner Courts, if a graduate of Oxford or Cam-
bridge, and five years provided he was not a graduate of either
of these colleges. Although Mr. Gardiner was not a college gradu-
ate, he received his Master's Degree from the University of Glas-
gow in 1755, and from Harvard University in 1791. In 1791 he
^ipl^^ears to have been a member of the Ancient and Honorable
Artillery of Boston. His nephew, Hon. Robert H. Gardiner, in
his autobiography, says of him: " He had an astonishing memory,

58 SPRACxUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

was an admirable belles-lettres scholar, and particularly distin-
guished for his wit and eloquence. He was a ver\' fine classical
scholar, and could repeat entire books from his favorite Greek
authors." The same writer records his recollections of ''his short,
stout person; his hair tied up in a silk bag, and his quick, loud,
commanding voice."

His son, Rev. Dr. John Silvester John Gardiner, was a marvel-
ous scholar in the classics, and was prominent as the rector of
Trinit}' Church for twenty-five years. Phillips Brooks refers to
him as the most eloquent and influential clergyman in Boston
during those years.

His speech on the theatre constitutes probably the most mas-
terly defense of theatrical representations ever made in America.
This speech was never delivered, as he was told that it would be
wholly above the comprehension of his audience, and he acceded
to the advice, printing it instead of delivering it in the House of
Representatives. It fairly bristles with Latin and Greek quota-
tions, the notes are more copious than the text itself, and it makes
an octavo volume of some one hundred sixty pages. He finds
Biblical authority for his contention, stating that " whoever is
read in the history of the Drama, must know that the ancient
drama took its rise in religion." He cites St. Paul as borrowing
whole sentences and quoting several passages from the Greek
writers of comedy. He supports his argument by the Song of
Moses, the Psalms of David, the Songs of Solomon and the Reve-
lations of St. John the Di\ ine. He goes at great length 'into the
early development of the Greek and Roman theatres and presents
an elaborate sketch of the early Greek stage. He then comes
down to more modern times making an exhaustive argument as
to dramatic representations in Italy, France, Spain, Holland,
Germany and England. He brings out many specific advantages
to be deri\ed as to improvement in speech and pronunciation,
ease and grace in public speaking, and thinks the theatre would
have a ver\' beneficent effect on young clergymen. Referring to
Whitefield, he says: " Whitefield, Sir, if I have been rightly in-
formed, was originalh- a stage player; he carried the oratory and
the action of the Theatre into the Pulpit, and from the tones of
his voice, assisted by gestures and action, (although his eye was
against him) he captivated and carried away the multitude! "

The writer recently ascertained the fact that there is in the
possession of Harvard Uni\ersity, a Bible presented by John Gar-

JOHN GARDINER, BARRISTER 59

diner. It is a Latin Bible, perfect in the fine type of 1514. The
following inscription in the handwriting of Mr. Gardiner is found
pasted inside the Bible: "This Bible was delivered to John Gar-
diner upon his return from Great Britain in October, 1755, by his
father. Dr. Silvester Gardiner, who informed him that in his last
illness the preceding year, Dr. Charles Brockwell, who was then
the King's Chaplain at the Chapel in Boston, delivered this to
him, saying * Doctor, you have been very kind at all times to me
and my family, and have attended us, and administered medicine
to us from time to time, without charging or taking anything from
me, therefore: I have nothing to recompense you with, but to
show my respect and gratitude as far as I can, permit me to re-
quest you to take care of this Bible, and in my name to present
it to your son, John, when he returns from Glasgow. I value it
ver\' much. It was given to my father by King Charles the First,
who presented it to him with his own hand, after having taken it
down from a shelf in his library when my father was there with
the royal martyr.' "

Relative to the unknown reasons which actuated Mr. Gardiner
in removing from Boston to Pownalborough, the writer has re-
cently disco\ered a letter written by Mrs. Robert Hallowell Gar-
diner from Oaklands in 1863, to Mrs. Margaret Elton, in which
she says: *' Distinguished as a scholar, his associates were of the
aristocratic class, into which he also married, an accomplished
Welsh lady of famih-. He returned to his own country at the
close of the Revolution, when wise men were striving to allay
excitement and promote tranquillity. His position was peculiar,
and it was probably in disgust of manners to which he would not
conform that he retired to the estate his children had inherited
from his father."

In this letter Mrs. Gardiner seems to convey the impression
that although an enthusiastic advocate of democratic principles,
yet Mr. Gardiner by birth, education and environment was essen-
tially an aristocrat. Upon coming to Boston he found a new
democracy, where all men were free and equal regardless of birth
or education. While he firmly believed in the principles of this
democracy, yet he found it impossible to conform with dignity
to their manners and customs. This explanation may throw a
little light upon his reasons for removing to Pownalborough.

, Y'^^e — The writer wishes to express his indebtedness to the unpublished autobiography

,1 "."^n. Robert Hallowell Gardiner. Ist, of Oaklands: to an unpublished manu-script written by

^n^ late Charles Allen. Esq., of Wi^casset: to Footes "Annals of King's Chapel: "Updyke's

ilistory of the Xarrasanset Church:" and to the Journals of the Massachusetts Legislature

«rom all of which he has freeh- drawn for information contained in this brief sketch.

t>anford. Me , Feb. 24, 1921.

6o SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

L.«*...tLltE

li--^--,^

1. £&:^3r:%>^v " ^

k) v.^

C/}

< a;

e S

^ i
2 ^

< 2

S O

Z =

:^ ^

c =

Q
Z

MAINE IXDIAXS, AND THEIR RELATIONS 6i

THE MAINE INDIANS, AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH

THE WHITE SETTLERS

(By Ethel M. Wood)

I. Aboriginal Tribes of Mai fie. — The aborigines of the state of
Maine, comprising something less than one-third of the Indian
population of New England, belonged to one of the four nations
of the greatest of the native races of North America, the Algic
or Algonquin. The Algonquins occupied a large territory-, their
domain extending along the eastern coast from Newfoundland to
\*irginia and westward to the Mississippi Ri\-er, and this people
played a much more important part in the early history of the
United States than any of the other aboriginal nations. Those
of the Algonquins who occupied the territor>^ included in the
present state of Maine separated into two distinct families, although
they trace their descent from a common ancestr\'. These two
divisions are the Abenakis' and the Etechemins. The very der-
ivation of the name Abenakis our ancestors of the East),"* as
well as their legends and traditions in regard to their creation by
the Great Spirit, tends to give us the impression that they were
an original people. They inhabited the land from Mount Aga-
menticus in the extreme south-western part of Maine, as far east
as the St. George River.

Of the Abenakis, there were four tribes: the Sokokis or Sockhl-
Rones, the .Anasagunticooks, the Canibas or Kennabas,^ and the
Wawenocks. The Sokokis were a large tribe living along the Saco
River with two principal villages, one at Peg^vacket, the site of
^he modern Fr\eburg, and the other about twenty miles below on
the Great Ossipee River. The powerful and warlike Anasagunti-
Ojcjks had their habitation along the Androscoggin River, claiming
jurisdiction over the valley of the Androscoggin from its source
to the sea. Their favorite meeting place was at Pejepscot situated
^'V the lower falls of the Androscoggin, later known as Brunswick
^alls, and here they often held councils with members of other
tribes. In the Kennebec Valley the Canibas held sway, — a numer-
<^us people made up of four subordinate tribes, the Sagadahocs,
the Cussenocks, the Ticonnets, and the Norridgewocks, all under

I This name is also found in the following forms: Abenakis, Abanaquls. Abamquois, Waba
**«, "ambanaghi, and Abenaques.

i Vetromile'3 " History- of the Abenakis." page 26.
J CaUed also Cannibas and Kanibals.

•

62 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

^ ■■ ■ ■■ — ■ — — , I — ., - .■■,■■ — .— — ■ ... ,.,,. — —, I , , ..,-—_.■ „ , ,- . .. ^ „ III .,

the leadership of the great chief, the Bashaba/ as they called him,
who dwelt upon Swan Island, a small island in the Kennebec be-
tvs'een the present towns of Richmond and Dresden. The Bashaba
of the Canibas held a nominal sway over the other Maine tribes,
and his influence extended even beyond the borders of the prov-
ince. The most easterly of the great tribal divisions was that of
the Wawenocks, inhabiting the country from the Sagadahoc to
the St. George River. These Indians were particularly strong and
athletic, unsurpassed in braver\% and were faithful allies of their
neighbors, the Canibas. The principal tribes of the Etechemins
were the Tarratines, the native inhabitants of the Penobscot
region, and the Openangos, or Quoddy Indians, to be found about
Passamaquoddy Bay and the Schoodic River. It has been esti-
mated that the Abenaki warriors numbered in 1615 about five
thousand and the Etechemins, six thousand, making a total of
eleven thousand. From this it may be inferred that the whole
native population, men, women, and children, numbered not more
than thirty-six or thirty-seven thousand.

II. Indian Life. — From a physical standpoint the Algonquins
were the best of the aborigines. They were of medium height,
ver>' erect in bearing, and never among them was one found to
be deformed or ill-proportioned. Their features were finer and
more regular than the races of the North and West. Their eyes
were black and brilliant, their teeth ivory-white, and their beard-
less faces of a reddish copper hue. They were quick, alert, keen,
and acute of perception. Accustomed to all manner of hardship
from childhood, they were possessed of great strength and marvel-
ous powers of physical endurance and were noted for longevity.

The dress of the Maine Indian consisted mostly of skins, espe-
cially of deer and sable, being worn with the fur in winter, while
the skin shorn of the fur Avas the garment for summer. Some
of these mantles were painted, or elaborately embroidered with
beads. Others were made by interweaving threads and feathers.
Both men and women were tond of bright colors. The warriors
painted their faces and all delighted in ornaments of plumes and
shells. Their particular admiration was for anything that glit-
tered, and they adorned themselves with brooches, bracelets, and
£ar-rings of bright silver. The Indians near the Penobscot and
Kennebec rivers were even more gaudy in their personal adora-

4 " Bashaba" is Renerally considered an official title, although some authorities regard it p-
the name of an Indian chief. This latter view doe? not a«ree with that or Southiiate who spem---
of " Madockawando, Sa'^amore of Penobscot, and hasliaba of the Indian Tribes." History o-
Scarborough, page 102.— [Coll. Me. Hi:Jt. Soc. Vol. Ill, p. 102]

*5^

MAINE INDIANS, AND THEIR RELATIONS 6s

ment than those further west. Weymouth, the early voyager,
says of them, — " They painted their faces ver\' deep, some all
black, some red, with stripes of excellent blue over their upper
lips, nose and chin, and wore the white-feathered skins of some
fowl round about their head, jewels in their ears, and bracelets of
little, white, round bone fastened together upon a leather string."^

Their homes were fashioned of boughs and bark. The best
wig%vams were oblong, from twenty to forty feet in length and one
stor\' in height. They were supported on crotched posts and
thatched with bark. A fur rug hung at the entrance in place of
a door and there were no windows. Inside platforms were built
around the walls for seats and the floor was strewed wjth fragrant
hemlock boughs.

For temporary- habitations they often used conical wig\vams less
firmly built and smaller, being only about twelve or fifteen feet
in diameter. The fire was built in the center and the smoke
escaped through an opening at the top. The Indians were ex-
tremely hospitable and always glad to welcome strangers to their
homes where they would share with them their meals, consisting
of fish or game and such vegetables as they could raise with their
scanty knowledge of agriculture. An exception should be noted
in the case of the Etechemins, however, lor they did not till the
soil,^ but depended for food solely upon what they obtained by
hunting and fishing.

Although in a state of barbarism, the industrial life of the Indian
is worthy of note. The Abenakis were more or less skilled in
aKriculture and made rude tools for themselves. They ingeniously
planted' their corn and beans in the same hills in order that the
corn-stalks might ser^e as poles for the beans. They well knew
how to boil the sap of the maple tree into sugar and syrup, but
it was not until after the advent of the white man that the Indian
learned how to make his maize into bread. The tradition of the
proverbial indolence of the Indian warrior does not seem to be
l^>rne out in the life of these tribes.

Their government was very simple in character, permitting
Rreat freedom to the individual and exacting little political sub-
*>rdination. As has been said,^ the Bashaba was the great mon-
arch of the region. The natives were divided into tribes in accord-

S ^Vei-mouth's True Relation, p, H6.

* Parkman, Jesuits in America, page xxii.

i See page 62.

•!Mf

64 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ^[AIXE HISTORY

ance with the totemic clan system. In other words, the clans
traced their origin to a common ancestor, the mystical bird or
animal, and traced descent through the maternal line. Each tribe
had its sagamore or chief and council of wise men known as sachems.
It was their business to determine all questions pertaining to war
and peace. The sagamore was chosen for life and was s;eneraliv
succeeded by his son or a near relative. Chiefs of the larger
nations had under them subordinate chiefs who conducted the
affairs of small tribes, and at stated seasons of the year special
meetings of all the chiefs were held for the purpose of settling
questions affecting the whole nation.

The Abenaki Indian was famous tor his gentleness and docility,
and indeed he did lack that instinct of cruelty which was so evi-
dent in the Iroquois and others. He was scrupulously honest
with his neighbors, and was never given to unfair or treacherous
dealings. He had a social code emanating from custom which
was his law. His morals were generally good. His gratitude for
favors received was deep and lasting, but just as deep and lasting
was his remembrance of an injury, — for *' an Indian never for-
gets." He was jealous and revengeful and felt it perfectly right
to return evil for evil. Cruelty for its own sake he did not prac-
tice, but only in revenge or retaliation. He was very brave and
daring, the result of a severe early training and he was wont to
boast of his valorous deeds. Patience was one of his virtues,
even in the face of real abuse. Although naturally silent, yet in
the Indian councils he was often an impassioned orator. He was
ambitious ot power and would strain every nerve in order to gain
some coveted position. His thirst for intoxicating liqqors was in-
tense and the white man's '' fire water " proved a great curse to
him.

The primitive religious conception of the Maine Indian was
animistic. He was wont to invest the inanimate things ot nature
with flesh and blood ; in other words he did indeed

" See God in clouds and hear Him in the wind."^
The Indian was poKthelstic believing in a Great Spirif and many
lesser spirits, both good and evil. He was very superstitious and
everything which partook of the nature of the mysterious had for
him a peculiar fascination. The name " manitou," given to good

8 Pope; " Essay on Man", Book I, line 100. . .

9 Some recent authorities are ot the opinion that the idea of a creative or all-po\yerful spint
was beyond the Indian's conception, and that the Indian's " Great Spirit" was the invention of
the Englishman and was elaborated by him.

■;^.v:;:^V>s?*-;-^^^^\

''v44i'^'':!^^M'^i':i^fi-''i0i- '"' --^i

in-.y ■

MAINE IXDIAXS, AND THEIR RELATIONS 65

spirits, in itself signifies mystery. The Indian's God was hardly
more than a personification of mystery for the Indian does not
ascribe to his God an ideal character since he regards him as little
l)etter than his worshippers. He had his dwelling in a remote
region somewhere in the West where he received the good Indian
after death to enjoy immortal life in this blest abode. The un-
worthy ones were given over to be scalped b\' their enemies. The
good spirits or tutelar deities were thought to have their abode in
some tree, rock, or animal, which was venerated accordingly almost
to the extent of idol worship. There were also many evil spirits,
the most baleful ot which was a female spirit, who was regarded
as the dispenser of death. By the performance of many rites and
sacrifices the Indian sought to appease the wrath ot such enemies
and to avert their evil influence. Among the Penobscot Indians
there was a strong beliet in an evil spirit called Pamola who dwelt
on Mount Katahdin. They feared to approach, this place lest he
devour them and nothing could induce them to overcome their fear.
Interesting legends were handed down among them relating the
experiences of luckless Indians whom he had spirited away to his
wigwam in the interior of the mountain. Another evidence of the
superstitious nature of the Indian is the powerful influence exerted
over him by his Pow-wows, a sort of combination of priest and
physician. In his eyes these men were vested with marvelous
and supernatural powers, and were supposed to hold communion
with spirits and demons. Great was the veneration in which these
men were held, and this part of their religion seemed to be the
most firmly grounded, for it was the last to surrender to the teach-
ings of Christianity. — Such, in brief, was the life of the Maine
Indian when first the European invaded these shores.

III. Early English Relations with the Indians. — The British
government, encouraged by the glowing reports of the pioneer
voyagers, Gosnold and Pring/° and stirred with jealousy by rumors
of French expeditions to the New World, sent out George W^eymouth
in 1605 to explore the region along the coast of Maine and take
possession in the name of the king. From this voyage dates
almost the first knowledge we have of intercourse between the
Maine Indians and the English. The policy followed by Weymouth
m respect to the natives was unfortunate enough when viewed in
the light of subsequent history, and his action is to be regretted.

10 Bartholomew Gosnold and Martin Pring had explored the coast ^of Maine in 1602-3.

^ SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ]\IAIXE HISTORY

The beginning of the acquaintance of English and Indian, however,
was most auspicious, for friendUness was manifested on both sides.
Alter exploring the coast for some distance Weymouth anchored
in Penobscot Bay and his men hunted, fished, and planted vege-
tables on the fertile shore. The movements of the strangers soon
attracted the natives and a party of the Indians encamped on the
shore nearby, in order that they might better observe the men
on the vessel. Three of the natives in a canoe approached to
within a short distance of the ship but no amount of coaxing or
of bribing with trinkets would induce the timid savages to come
on board. A few knives and beads were thrown to them in the
canoe and they departed seemingly much delighted. In the morn-
ing they returned and this time ventured on board. They were
kindly received, and the white men told them by means of signs
that they wished to open trade with them. This evidently pleased
them, and after being bountifully fed, they paddled away. From
this time on more Indians were attracted to the strange ship and
an extensive trade was opened, the natives exchanging skins of
beaver, otter, and sable for the beads, knives, combs, and hatchets
of the white men.

The Indians would remain on deck for hours in the most friendly
way and often the hospitable captain would invite them to a meal.
They were particularly fond of peas, and on one occasion asked
that they might take some to their squaws. The peas were given
them in a pewter dish. That they were honest is shown by the
fact that they caretuUy returned the shining pewter dish, which,
because of their inherent love of glittering things, we know they
must have co\eted. The white men in turn visited the Indians
on shore where they were most hospitably entertained. One
Owen Griffin remained over night with the natives, three of their
number having been sent on board as hostages. All went well
for a time and trade flourished, much to the advantage of the
English, who, for trinkets of the value of five shillings, could obtain
sometimes as many as forty valuable skins. One day a canoe
approached the ship and its occupants made known to Weymouth
that their chief and his men were at a little distance inland, where
they had many furs for sale. Weymouth, suspecting treachery as
usual, sent Griffin on shore to reconnoitre. He found two hundred
and eighty-three men with the chief, and their bows and arrows,
dogs and trained wolves so terrified him that he was sure of foul

MAINE INDIANS, AND THEIR RELATIONS 67

dealing on the part of the innocent red men. He returned to the
ship with his tale, and that night three Indians were decoyed on
board by offers of the peas of which they were so fond, and locked
into the cabin. Later the captain sent out a boat and two others
were kidnapped by treachery and deceit. Hardly had they been
hidden when royal messengers from the Bashaba drew near the
ship, ignorant as yet of the fate of their friends. They were con-
veying a very gracious invitation from the great chief, asking the
strangers to visit him, but the guilty Weymouth, thinking it best to
depart immediately, did not accept. When the kidnapping of their
warriors was discovered, friends of the prisoners came piteously
begging that they be returned, but the captain was inexorable and
set sail with his prey.

Nahanada, one of the kidnapped men, was a sagamore while
his companions, Skitwarroes,'^ Assecomet, Tisquantum, and Deha-
mida were men of high rank. They were kindly treated, but the
act of Weymouth had made the name of Englishman a synonym
for treacherv' and consequently the English settler was hated and
feared by the native upon the coast of Maine. The captives were
taken to England where they attracted much attention. Three
of them were given to Sir Ferdinando Gorges who taught them
English and learned from them much concerning the land from
which they had come. By the information thus obtained he
learned that this must be a goodly land, and, as a result the Plym-
outh Company was formed for the purpose of colonizing it. Gorges
himself says of the kidnapping of the Indians, — "This accident
must be acknowledged to be the means of God of putting on foot
and giving life to all our plantations.'"^

Two years later the Popham colony was sent out and Skitwarroes,
with them, returned to his native shores. They anchored off Stage
Island, and the Indians soon began paddling about them in their
canoes. These nati\-es had probably not heard of the treachery of
Weymouth, for they gladly began to trade with the Englishmen
and seemed to rejoice at their coming. As Popham approached
Pemaquid, howe\'er, the attitude of the natives changed and they
fied from the white men in terror. It happened by some chance
that Nahanada had found his way back to his home and he recog-
nized Skitwarroes who had for so long a time been his companion

11 Other spellings of the name are Skidwarroes and Shetwarroes.

12 Drake's Book of the Indians: chap. 2, p. 2.

•J!;, ■

*!:
.«■; .
li'

68 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

in captivity. They embraced with great joy, and Popham's wel-
come was assured. The natives invited them to visit the Bashaba,
and Gilbert sailed eastward toward his abode until forced by un-
favorable weather to return. The chief, when he heard of the
effort which had been made, sent his own son to open negotiations
with reference to establishing trade. Gilbert received the envoys
kindly, and on the following day, which was Sunday, they attended
public worship with the white men, conducting themselves with
dignity and reverence.

These Indians farther toward the East were more approachable
and kindlier in spirit than those on the Sagadahoc and the Popham
colonists carried on a flourishing trade with them. It is a recog-
nized fact that this trade was a great stimulus to further coloniza-
tion. In addition to the other hardships which the little band of
Englishmen suffered during the following winter, they in some way
became involved in a quarrel with the Indians. After the death
of Popham, there was little law and order in the colony and the
Indians were ill-treated and insulted. There are various stories
concerning their relations with each other during the winter, but
the authenticity of these stories is uncertain. At any rate the
Popham store-house was burned, whether by accident or by in-
cendiary- Indians, and the discouraged Gilbert with his remaining
colonists abandoned their fort and returned to England where they
painted the character of the Maine Indian in the blackest of terms.

The English still visited the Maine coast for the purpose of
trade, and two of the captains, Edward Harlow in 1611, and Thomas
Hunt in 1614, had kidnapped several Indians and were more cruel
than Weymouth because the\' sold them into slavery. John Smith,
in 1614, and Thomas Dermer, in 1619, attempted to revive the
settlements at Sagadahoc, and Hubbard says in his " Narrative:"
** By Dermer's prudence and care, a lasting peace was efifected
betwLxt the natives of the place and the English; and mutual
confidence was restored so that the plantation began to prosper.'"-^

By reason of this peace the settlements ot that region had an
unbroken existence until the outbreak of the First Indian War.
Traders from the Plymouth colony established a post at Cushe-
nock, the site of Augusta, in 1628, and a peaceful traffic was carried
on for thirty-four years. During this whole period of comparative
friendliness they did nothing to improve the condition of the

13 Hubbard, Narrative of Indian Wars: p. 289.

MAINE INDIANS, AND THEIR RELATIONS 69

Indians and provided them with neither teachers nor preachers.
WTien trade ceased to be profitable they lett them. Many of the
coast settlers were a reckless, almost godless class ot people, who
dealt in all ways treacherously with the Indians. Suffering from
the lack of a clergyman in their midst and the habit of Sabbath
observance they gave themselves over to license and dissipation
and inspired little respect and much terror in the hearts of their
red neighbors.

( To be continued )

TO THE PINE TREE STATE

(Arthur W. Stewart)

I Hail Thee, Pine Tree State,

The land that gave me birth;
There is no fairer spot to me

On God's green earth. .

I Hail Thee, Pine Tree State

And my heart with rapture thrills

As I look upon thy rivers, lakes
And pine clad hills.

I Hail Thee as a state

Conservative 'tis true,
But sure to reach success

In whate'er you tr>- to do.

I Hail Thee for thy statesmen

Who have helped to place thy name

High among thy sister states,
High in the halls of fame.

I Hail Thee for thy writers,

And the good that they have done

In all the evils we've attacked,
And the victories we have won.

I Hail Thee for thy sires and dames,

Of sturdy stock were they;
We little know what they endured,

For this enlightened day.

70 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF :^IAINE HISTORY

I Hail Thee for thy soldiers,

Foremost in every battle fought

To uphold the honor of their state
And bring tyranny to naught.

I Hail Thee for thy foremost place
When of champions there is need ;

As ever may your motto be
Dirigo — We lead.

I Hail Thee Pine Tree State,

I hail thee once again,
And may your star forever shine,

Great State of IMaine.

Augusta J Me., May, 1921.

A BIT OF MAINE

(Helen L. Worster)

With a box of bulbs to an absent friend

I send a little bit of iVIaine,
A shallow box can hold,

To sprout upon your Jersey plain,
And 'neath warm skies unfold.

But if the magic power I had

To make my wish come true,
The sunset dream that last night clad

Our hills, I'd send to you.

The rain wet breeze to you should bear
The Mayflower's breath, the lark's refrain.

For your true heart, where'er you fare,
Is still a bit of Maine.

Bangor f April, 1921.

.#!..■•.■

•'<'■•:•'.,■ .1'

.j-x;.

THE WASHBURN FAZ^HLY 71

THE WASHBURN FA^HLY OF LIVERMORE, MALNE

Mr. R. M. Washburn, in a recent issue of the Boston Sunday
Herald, referring to this family of famous sons of Maine, says in
part:

Its cradle, now in a private family museum at Livermore, Me.,
in the 11 children of Israel and Martha Benjamin Washburn, has
rocked more renown, in quality and quantity, together, than any
other, I believe. Their lives ought to teach the kind of mothers
we know, however complacent now, in their own fancied triumphs,
a lesson of humility. These lives are now recorded by me with
more propriety than apparent, because I have been unable, as
yet, to establish a kinship with them.

• «•••••

These are the facts and figures of the 11 children, in the order
of their birth, of Israel and Martha Benjamin Washburn, of whom
I write.

1 — Israel of Portland, Me. 1813-83. State representative;
congressman; Governor.

2 — Algernon Sidney of Hallowell, Me. 1814-79. Banker.

3 — Elihu Benjamin of Chicago, 111. 1816-87. Congressman;
Secretary^ of state under Grant; minister to France.

4 — Cadwalader Golden of Madison, Wis. 1818-82. Congress-
man; governor; Washburn-Crosby Flour Company.

5 — Martha Benjamin Washburn Stephenson of Mandon, N. D.
1820-09.

6 — Charles Ames of Morristown, N. J. 1822-89. Elector from
California; minister to Paraguay.

7 — Samuel Benjamin of Avon, N. Y. 1824-90. Sea captain;
naval officer, ci\il war.

8 — Mar>' Benjamin Washburn Buffum of Louisiana, Md.
1825-67.

9 — William Drew of Minneapolis, Minn. 1831-12. Clerk of
Congress; state representative; congressman; United States
senator; Washburn-Pillsbury Flour Company.

10 — Caroline Ann Washburn Holmes of Minneapolis, Minn.
1833-20.

H — William Allen Drew of Livermore, Me. Died at 1 year.

To sum up, the average age of these 11 children is 64. The last of
^hem, a daughter, died In 1920. It is significant that the seven
l>rothers who lived made their mark in six different states and

^2 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

were not borne on by the inertia of family in one state. Thev
include two great business men. In the public service, where they
have been best known, they include two state representatives,
four in Congress at the same time, one being clerk; two governors,
two foreign ministers, one in France at the time of the Commune;
one secretar\' of state and one United States senator. The Field
family was a great family in quality, but yields to this in quantity
of quality.

• ••••••

Maine, to me, has not seemed alive enough to her great sons
who are now dead. I once asked, in a town library there, tor a
life of Blaine. The attendant, dazed, inquired what Blaine. I
-replied that it was my wife who wanted the book, but that I would
return with the full name, which I had stupidly neglected to get.
What state has greater names than Hale, Frye, Dingley, Reed and
Blaine?

A monument should be erected in Portland, where it can be
easily reached and seen, on the Reed Esplanade, looking toward
Mt. Washington to the west, by the mothers of Maine, to Martha
Benjamin Washburn. It should be a shaft with her figure upon
the top. It should be octagonal, and should bear upon its seven
sides the names of these seven sons, and upon the eighth the infant
boy and the three daughters. While fathers often live in history,
the mothers, who mould the characters of the children, are too
much forgotten.

Of such has the great family of Washburn, of Maine, in quantity
and quality, together, excelled.

LETTERS -

Saint Cloud, Florida, March 21, 192L
I have been greatK' interested in your articles' on the Bench
and Bar of Maine, but as a native of Waldo County I feel like
calHng your attention to the omission of names of men who were
the peer of any lawyers at any other county bar. You placed
Joseph Williamson the most prominent, giving E. K. Smart and
A. G. Jewett casual notice. I do not for an instant suggest by
design, for I know by experience in a small way the trials of a
historian.

1 The writer refers to an address on a Century of the Bar of Maine, delivered by the editor
of the Journal, before the Main*; Bar Association in January of the present year, and later pub-
lished in the Lewiston Journal Magazine.

? I.,

LETTERS 73

Jonathan G. Dickerson, who died a Judge, Nemiah Abbott,
niember of Congress in 1860, \V. G. Crosby, formerly Governor,
Enoch K. Boyle, County Attorney, W. H. Folger, Colonel in Army,
later judge, Frank O. Xickerson, a general in the army, who died
in Roslindale, Mass., four years since, at age of 91, a strong law\er
and persuasive advocate. A. G. Jewett was a classic scholar and
fine gentleman, well read in the law, away back in 1840, when he
cx)ntested with Hannibal Hamlin for the Congressional nomination
and nearly defeated him, afterwards minister to Peru. In later
years Belfast was his home. During the last twenty years of his
life he lived on a farm, gave but little attention to law books,
but appeared in court in a short faded jacket, the terror of all
lawyers; most courteous to the trial judge but a bulldozer to his
opponent. He went to Rockland and tried cases against Gould,
to Houlton, and went right to the marrow in the Powers case,
to Portland against Judge Webb in a railroad damage suit, terribly
embarrassing Webb by his personal attacks. Abbott was a great
lawyer and advocate. \\'hen Jewett was lambasting him on one
occasion the judge interfered. Abbott replied: " Don't stop him,
Judge, for we shall never have one like him again." Dickerson
was a leader of the wild cat faction of democracy and E. K. Smart
of the Wool Head. Dickerson de\eloped in law later. Smart
never was great in the law, but one of the strongest and sturdiest
fx)liticians Maine ever had. Had he been with the majority party,
his career the last twent\' years of his life, would have left a
name to be remembered. Enoch K. Boyle was a waif, an orphan
from the poor farm, an orator and advocate. He lived on his
will for years, having hemorrhage of the lungs at intervals, and
could be tracked from his office to his home by blood. A fellow
of fine preserve. Most genial in his association, most courteous
lo all. He had about ten years of successful practice, and then
was taken away, less than 40.

Col. N. H. Hubbard of Winterport would take fair rank with
Joseph Williamson. Learned in the law, but not an advocate.
They both prepared cases for some more brilliant fellow to present
to the jur>'. Folger was a fine fellow, a good lawyer and fair
advocate.

I know you will pardon me for this letter, written from an im-
pulse after returning from Tampa, after an absence of some weeks
to find an accumulation of Lewiston Journals, that paper that has
prevented me for 39 years from obtaining a divorce from the

74 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY

State of Maine. I, too, was a Statesman of Maine. As a follower
of old Solon, and Senator from Waldo County in 1879. My
room-mate being Chase of Sebec, with whom I corresponded to
the day of his death. A good practical, solid, sensible gentleman.
I now notice that his son has also represented the County in the
Senate.

W. W. Thomas and (I think) Judge Morrison of Franklin County
and myself, are the only survivors of that Senate of 79, the last
of the Mohicans. Moody of the Council is back as representative
from York. Nor must I forget Wm. H. McLellan of Belfast,
Attorney General. Cool, learned in the law, an ingenious builder
of all sorts of arguments in his master\- address to juries. Waldo
County regarded him as one of her best. When A. P. Gould ad-
vised that the Court had business to be referred to the Supreme
Court, he said to the Conference they cannot revise their opinion
in the jVIadigan Case. McLellan who opposed strenuously such
reference exclaimed Mr. Gould, they will revise and find the law
to do it.

Well I will bring this incoherent epistle to a close. I was 76
March 5, and have fully recovered my health in Florida, where
I came a paralytic and physical wreck three years ago.

I resided in Boston from 81 to S3y and in Chicago for 33 years
where I edited the Chicago Opinion for 14 years. Have written
some on old timers for Belfast Journal, occasionally for Lewiston
Journal.

Yours truly,

Cassuss Clay Roberts.

JOHN BURROUGHS

Mr. Freeman F. Burr of Augusta, Maine, geologist, employed
by the Central Maine Power Company, contributes the following
letter from the late John Burroughs, the great American geologist.

In a note accompanying it he says:

Enclosed is a copy of a letter from John Burroughs, and is one
of several letters received from the great naturalist, all equally
cordial and sincere, and all testifying to the simple, unassuming
humanity of the man. In the date, I find that the year is omit-
ted: it would not be a serious error to say that it was written
in 1911.

The son, Julian, was a college mate of mine at Harvard. The
alphabetical arrangement in classes placed us side by side in the

LETTERS . 75

philosophy course referred to in the letter, and it was through this
accident that I first came in personal contact with Mr. Burroughs
himselt. This must have been in 1899.

It may be worth while to recall another incident. It was on
the occasion of a reception to M. Henri Bergson, the distinguished
French philisopher given in one of the halls of Columbia Uni-
versity. Entering the hall, I looked for the lion of the occasion,
and discovered him standing in the midst of a small group of
earnest men and women. On the other side of the room was a
much larger group, gathered about some person whom I could
not at first identify: in a moment this person turned, and I found
that the center of attraction was John Burroughs.

West Park, N. Y., June 2d.
Dear Mr. Burr:

Yes, my son remembers you in Phil, 1 a at Harvard, & I recall
being with him at one of the lectures. He is the Julian Burroughs
to whom you refer. He is married & has two charming little
girls. He lives here & runs the fruit farm.

I do not think the gray & red squirrels ever cross. Last summer
I heard of two gray red squirrels such as you describe not tar
from here. I tried to see them but only caught a glimpse of the
tail of one of them as it ran into a hole under the eaves of a house.
Its tail was decidedly gray. The nest of oak leaves to which you
reter is more like the work of the gray squirrel. I think you
might shoot one of those squirrels for purposes of identification.
Maybe a new species has suddenly appeared.

Very sincerely yours,

(Signed) John Burroughs.

(From Prof William Otis Sawtelle, at Haverford College.)

Haverford, Pa., March 2L 192L
My dear Mr. Sprague: —

Realizing that all the nice things that can honestly be said about
your Journal and the work that you are doing for Maine doesn't
really help much, unless your subscription list is thereby increased
I am enclosing check for four dollars and am asking you to send
nie two copies of the Journal.

There are noc many people in this part of the world who are
interested in Maine histor\' so I am unable to add any new names
to your list of subscribers; but I am most anxious to show you

76 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF IMAIXE HISTORY

in some tangible form, how much I appreciate what you have
•done and what you are doing for the State and what your Journal
means to me personally.

. Sincerely yours,

Wm. Otis Sawtelle.

(Ernest L. McLean, Augusta.)

I am certainly glad to do my bit towards the support of a peri-
odical of the merits of Sprague's Journal.

(From Honorable Henrj- E. Dunnack, State Librarian, Augusta, Maine.)

Flagg's *' Alphabetical Index of Revolutionary Pensioners Living
in Maine," is one of the finest pieces of work that has been carried
out under your direction. I hope you will soon start some other
items.

PATTEN LIBR.\RY ASSOCIATION OF BATH STARTED

IN 1847

The Patten Libran,- Association in Bath was started by George
F. and John Patten with 132 citizens, who, on October 9, 1847,
■signed a paper of agreement to become subscribers to a stock
joint library and organized in the office of Israel Putnam, Bath's
*' war mayor," the doctor presiding, and the late E. S. J. Nealley,
collector of customs for this port for many years, acting as secretary.

The meeting in Dr. Putnam's office was November 8, 1847. Mr.
Nealley continued as secretary until 1876 when he was followed
by C. B. Lemont until his removal to Boston, when James S.
Lowell became the secretary* and has held the office since. George
F- Patten was elected first president, holding the office until 1857.
Caleb S. Jenks presided up to 1862; Amos Nourse, a leading
physician of Bath and for a term U. S. senator from Lincoln
<:ounty, to 1865; Rev. S. F. Dike, D. D., to 1870; Israel Putnam
to 1876; E. S. J. Nealley to 1882; John Patten to 1887; Galen
-C. Morse until his death; Hon. Harold M. Sewall became presi-
dent and is still the executive head.

August 6, 1852, George F. and John Patten purchased at auction
-sale for vS300 the King library, all the books, cases, maps, globes
that had been collected and used by Maine's first governor, Wil-
liam King, and presented the property to the Library' association
on condition that " the same revert to the donors in event the

ft--

-^.

PATTEN LIBFL\RY ASSOCIATION 77

association should ever be dissolved and also on condition that a
suitable room be obtained for the whole library."

It was May 6, 1878, that John Patten, one of Bath's grand
old citizens executed a deed of trust to the association, giving to
it a house and lot on Center street and providing that whenever
the city established a public library and appropriated not less than
S300 yearly for its maintenance, the property should be trans-
ferred to the city. The following week the trust was accepted and
the books were transferred from the hall in the top story of the
building in which the Johnson bakery is located on Front street
in January, 1880, to the Center street building where the library
had its home until the present structure on the park was pre-
sented by Galen C. Moses in 1887.

This gift of Mr. Moses was on condition that a site be provided^
he agreeing to pay 810,000 for the construction ot a suitable build-
ing thereon. Time went on and the city government took no
action toward providing a site, nor did it ever thank the generous
donor for his gift. Finally, when it seemed that the offer would
lapse, ladies and gentlemen came to the Bath Independent and
requested that it woujd aid in obtaining, by one of its popular
subscription efforts, money for the site. Even then, nothing was
done for several months when those interested returned and again
begged the Independent to act, saying that unless it did, " no one
else would and that the offer of Mr. Moses would lapse." The
Independent acted and a subscription movement was started like
one of the recent war drives; the Torrey mansion on the present
Mte of the library was purchased; then the Snow building on the
extreme point ot the park was bought with its land adjoining the
Torrey grounds, thus making a complete square of the park;
^Jeorge Edward Harding, for his part of the enterprise, had his
firm of architects in New York city provide the plans of the
I'uilding, which he presented the association. Roughly estimated,
^he total cost of the purchase of the properties on that corner of
'«e park and the grading amounted to $8500. Then Mr. Moses
f^de good his offer and laid out more than $10,000 in the con-
struction of the library structure. December 29, 1890, he trans-
^t^rred the property to the city and Januar\^ 1, 1891, the library
*as opened to the citizens of Bath, free for all time.

t,JJ^ above is a clipping from a newspaper If any of the statements are inaccurate, or im
tT**"*" '^^ ^ve been omitted, will the Patten Library kindly furnish them to the Journal ?

I t,:uor.;

72> SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

JAMES PHINNEY BAXTER

(By the Editor)

A brilliant human light was extinguished, when, on Sundav,
May 8, 1921, at his home in Portland, occurred the death of James
Phinney Baxter, father of Governor Percival P. Baxter. It is
only the truth to say that he was one of the greatest of Maine's
eminent men of the present generation. He was born in Gorham,
Maine, March 22>, 1831, the son of Dr. Elihu and Sarah (Cone)
Baxter. When nine years of age his parents moved to Portland
which was ever after his home. At that time there was in Port-
land a far famed school for boys known as '^ Master Jackson's
School." He was a scholar there until thirteen years ot age when
he attended the Lynn Academy four years. At first his parents
were desirous of his becoming a lawyer and he entered the office
of Rufus Choate in Boston for this purpose, but failing health
compelled him to return to Portland, and his legal studies thus
interrupted were ne\er resumed. He entered into the business of
importing dry goods with the late William G. Davis who was later
prominent in the affairs of the Alaine Central Railroad. Baxter
and Davis were pioneers in the canning and packing business and
Maine owes them much for successfully developing this great
industry in our State.

Possibly his experience as a boy in the Portland schools con-
vinced him that the opportunities for improving educational con-
ditions there were vast. But from whatever source his inspira-
tion may have come he was for a lifetime a consistent and per-
sistent advocate of whatever would advance the cause of educa-
tion in his city and his State.

Successful in all of his undertakings he acquired a large fortune,
but wealth did not narrow his vision, shrivel his manhood, or dry
up his milk of human kindness. His benevolence and philanthropy
as a private citizen and his activities in organized charities are
known to all men.

To his native town and his adopted city he has donated public
libraries, and has made other munificent gifts in other directions
of a public nature. The city of Portland and the State of Maine
have in innumerable ways been benefited by his life efforts.

A publicist of strong convictions, fearless in his positions when
believing that he was right, he was long an important factor and
a moulder of thought in political and public affairs. And yet
political management as such never appealed to him. He never

W •■\:

r^^^i^' ■:.<xi.-

JAMES PHINNEY BAXTER 79

held but one important office, so far as we are aware, which was
when the people of his city demanded his services as mayor which
position he held for six years.

He was at the time of his death president of the Portland Public
Library, the Baxter Libran.^ of Gorham, the Benevolent Society
and since 1890 of the Maine Historical Society, also an overseer
of Bowdoin College. He was connected with the New England
Historical and Genealogical Society, the American Antiquarian
Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Massa-
chusetts Historical Society and the Old Colony Historical Society.
He also held the office of secretary- of foreign correspondence of
the American Antiquarian Society.

But this many sided man will be best known in the field Df
literature and historical research, and as an authority on New
England history, especially that portion of it pertaining to Maine's
colonial period. In this regard he has left monuments for him-
self which will last through the ages.

His intellectual acti\ities for the past century have amazed
those of his friends who fully realized what a busy life he led along
other and diverse lines. In his younger days Mr. Baxter con-
tributed poetry to literary journals like The Home Journal, Shil-
lal)er's Carpet Bag, Godey's Lad\''s Book, the Portland Tran-
script, etc. We have not the necessar>- data at hand to enumerate
all of his labors as an author. Williamson's Bibliography of
Maine, published in 1896, has a list of twenty-seven at that time.
Among his most important works are The Trelawney Papers,
<^»eorge Cleve and His Times, The British Invasion from the
North, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, The
Pioneers of New France in New England, The Voyages ot Jacques
Cartier, Journal of Lieut. William Digby, 1776-1777. Only six
years ago (1915), he contributed to the literature of the world
«in important and learned study of the Bacon-Shakespeare con-
troversy. This was published under the title of *' The Greatest
^>* Literary- Problems " and elicited much discussion among re-
viewers and men of letters.

Twenty-four volumes of the Documentary History of Maine,
have been published all of them part of the Collections of the
Maine Historical Society. The first two volumes were edited by
^\illiam Willis, and Charles Deane, and the two volumes of the
^^rnham Papers, were edited by Mar\- Frances Farnham. The
*>lher twenty volumes which include the Trelawney Papers, were

8o SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :MAIXE HISTORY

edited by Mr. Baxter. The nineteen volumes of the Baxter Manu-
scripts represent one of the greatest feats of historical research
ever performed by any one person that we have knowledge of.
Mr. Baxter, at his own expense visited and personally examined
all of the records, letters, deeds, or writings of any description
pertaining to the histor\' of Maine, in the archives of Boston,
New York, Philadelphia, Montreal, Quebec, London, and Paris,
and procured copies ot them. These are what constitute the
'^Baxter Manuscripts." They are invaluable to all students of
Elaine history-. Xo accurate story of Maine's Colonial and Revo-
lutionary- periods, or of any parts thereof, can ever in all the fulness
of time, be written or compiled without reference to them.

It is truly a large footprint on the sands of time. It is the
record of a great and worthy achievement.

TABLET TO THE LATE SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN

It has been the custom of the Maine Federation of Agricultural
Associations, which comprise most of the agricultural organizations
in Maine, to erect, every alternate year, in the Maine College of
Agriculture a bronze tablet in memory of someone who has dis-
tinguished himself promoting agriculture in this state. Recently
in connection with the Farmers' week activities at the college, a
tablet was erected and dedicated in memory of Samuel Lane
Boardman, who died in 1914, and who was well known as an
agricultural editor and writer. *

Mr. Boardman was born in Bloomfield, now the town of Skow-
hegan, in 1836. He was assistant editor of the Country Gentleman,
Albany, N. Y., in 1859; editor of the Maine Farmer from 1861 to
1878; editor of the American Cultivator, Boston, in 1873; editor
and publisher of the Home Farm, Augusta from 1880 to 1886;
agricultural editor of the Kennebec Journal from 1889 to 1892;
secretary of the Maine State Agricultural Society, 1855 to 1874;
member of the Maine Board of Agriculture from 1872 to 1874;
trustee of the Maine State College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts, 1874 to 1879; member of the board of managers of the
Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, 1885 to 1887.

The dedicator>' exercises were followed by a meeting of the
Maine Federation of Agricultural Associations.

... -; ■ ■■-, 'V ■ '. -■ --

tr'

EARLY CHURCHES IN PORTLAND 8i

EARLY CHURCHES LN PORTLAND

(By Florence Whittlesey Thompson)

Prior to the Revolutionary War there were but two churches
in that part of Falmouth which is now Portland. One was the
old First Parish, a rough log house on India Street near Middle
Street, in which Parson Smith began his noted pastorate in 1727,
and which was replaced in 1740 by a new wooden structure on
the site of the present First Parish Church on Congress Street.
The other was Old St. Paul's, an Episcopal Church on Middle
Street at the corner of Church Street. This, also a wooden struc-
ture, was built in 1765. Old St. Paul's was an off-shoot of the
First Parish, but not its first one, for there were others in neigh-
boring villages, but St. Paul's was the first that was not trinitarian
Congregational.

There were many reasons why certain of Parson Smith's parish-
ioners sought another church. Some did not like his preaching.
Some objected to paying the salaries of two ministers, those of
Parson Smith and his new colleague Rev. Mr. Deane, but many
were of English birth and had been brought up in the Church of
England and had only been attending the First Parish Church
l»ccause there was no other church. In 1763 the break came.
Forty men, many of whom were men of affairs and position in
the town, organized themselves into a parish and asked the Rev.
Mr. Wiswell of the Congregational Church of New Casco to be
their minister. He accepted their call, went to England for Epis-
copal ordination, and returned to be the first minister of Old St.
F^aul's where he remained until the church and Portland were
turned in 1775 by the British.

Those members of the new parish who had been members of
the First Parish continued to be taxed for the support of the
mother church, but after 1772 the First Parish returned to Mr.
V\iswell the money that had been collected from St. Paul's and
two years later joined St. Paul's in a petition to the General Court
»n Boston to abolish the tax. In the meantime, the English
^xriety for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts con-
tributed twenty pounds a year towards the support of the minis-
»«^T of St. Paul's.

The Revolutionary War had a most disastrous effect upon both
^he First Parish and the Episcopal Church, but especially upon
*he latter. As most of its members were royalists, many, including

82 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF ^lAIXE HISTORY

ii^iws>3

iil

(Courtesy of J. P. Grenier, Supt. State Printing)
c FIRST PARISH CHURCH, PORTLAND, MAINE

the minister, left the country. Parson Smith's house being burned,
he mo\ed to Windham to Hve with his son. His colleague, ]Mr.
Deane, moved to Gorham and there were only occasional services
held by them in Portland.

The First Parish Church, because of its location (then considered
far up town) escaped the ravages of the fire that destroyed the
lower town. Although it was badly shattered by the enemy's
firing it was not beyond repair and remained the meeting place
for Congregationalists until the present beautiful stone church
was built in 1826.

?i !~:

EARLY SETTLE^IEXT ON THE KENNEBEC Ss

There were no Episcopal ser\'ices during the war and it was
not until 1783 that the remnant of the Episcopal Church met to
reorganize. In 1787 a second edifice was erected which was of
wood like the first and on the site of the old church. Owing to
the distressing effects of the war, the church was in a struggling
condition for fifteen years or more.

In 1803 a splendid group of men whose names are still known
in Portland history took the church in hand. They sold the
church and lot at public auction, and bought another lot a block
further up the street where they built a new church on Middle
Street facing Pearl Street. This was a brick church with a mas-
sive tower and an open belfry in which hung a deep toned bell.
This church continued to be known as St. Paul's until 1839 when
the parish was again reorganized under the name of St. Stephen's,
by which name it was known until it was burned in the great
Portland fire of 1866.

In 1820 during the ministry of the Rev. Air. Ten Broeck, while
this organization was still called St. Paul's, the Diocese was
formed — the same }"ear in which the State of Maine was admitted
to the Union — so that in 1920 both the Diocese and the State
celebrate their Centenarv.

AN EARLY SETTLEMENT ON THE KENNEBEC

(By Robert H. Gardiner. )

Few localities along the Kennebec River offer more interesting
history- than the present town of Dresden. It was a part of what
was known as the Frankfort Plantation which includes the present
towns of Dresden, Wiscasset, Alna and Perkins. Later on in 1760
these towns were incorporated under the name of Pownalboro in
honor of the Massachusetts governor of that date. Pownalboro
(Dresden) became the shire town and so remained for 34: years.
In 1794 Dresden, Perkins and Alna were set off, while the name of.
Pownalboro was retained for that section now known as Wiscasset
This latter name was adopted in 1802 and the good old name of
the original incorporation was lost to that section.

Pioneer life always included protection against the Indians, so
*t* find records of a block house where all could take refuge in the
time of attack. This house no longer exists, but close to it in point
of space was built in 1761 a large Court House which still remains.

84 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\rAIXE HISTORY

Many a conflict between the Gardiners, Bayards and Quincys
took place within these walls and here rang the eloquence of Presi-
dent John Adams, Judge Gushing and the Sewalls. In 1760 the
famous Boston ^lassacre case was tried here and John Adams the
lawyer for the defence of Gaptain Preston, travelled from Boston
to Pownalboro on horseback following a blazed trail, a far cry to
our present speed by automobile, but was the journey less pleas-
urable? This old court house is now the residence of direct de-
scendants of Samuel Goodwin, the first owner, who had his grant
directly from the builders, The Plymouth Gompany. The Good-
win family preserve as nearly as possible the old furnishings which
include valuable portraits of Thomas Johnson, whose mother was
a daughter of Samuel Goodwin, and of Rebecca Prescott, grand-
daughter of Samuel Goodwin. The upper story of the house re-
mains with one exception as in the old court days. The old court
room has been partitioned off into bedrooms.

Battles of tongues were not the only kind that waged in Pow-
nalboro. During the Revolutionary War, Mr. Jones, familiarly
known as " Mahogany Jones " on account of his dark complexion,
prompted by patriotism headed a small party who went to the
house of Brigadier Gushing, took him out of bed, carried him over
to the Penobscot and delivered him to the British.

Any sketch of Pownalboro or Dresden would be far from com-
plete which does not include the story of St. John's Ghurch and
the Rev. Jacob Bailey, the first rector and missionary to these
parts. Through the influence of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, a glebe
lot of one hundred acres was granted by the proprietors of the
Kennebec Purchase and by Xov^ember 1770 the church was erected
and sufficiently completed for the first service. Near by it was
built the parsonage, long promised to Mr. Bailey. He gave most
unselfish devotion to his scattered flock, but during the Revolution
showed such loyalty to the Royal cause that in 1778 persecution
was so great that he was obliged to flee the country. The loss of
the shepherd was followed by the desertion of the flock and both
church and parsonage fell down. Thus the lot was forfeited, but
the Company by suit regained possession and the property was
granted to Trustees, (Samuel Summer Wilde, then of Hallowell,
a justice of the Supreme Gourt of Massachusetts who removed to
Massachusetts on the separation of Maine; James Bridge of
Augusta; and Robert Hallowell Gardiner), for the benefit of the
minister of the Congregational Society in Dresden, so long as no

iw'

A PETER EDES ITEM 85

Episcopal Society shall exist in said town, but when an Episcopal
Society shall be established and a minister settled over it in said
town then for the use and benefit 01 said Episcopal minister. Said
society was established, but only fragments of its records remain
and the fund is still held by succeeding Trustees for the benefit
of the Episcopal Church.

A PETER EDES ITEM

A valuable and interesting historical document has been given
10 the Bangor Historical Society, in the form of a letter written
by Peter Edes, who came to Bangor over 100 years ago and estab-
lished the first newspaper to be published there, to Sam Dutton,
Ex:]., one of the city's prominent early residents. The letter
inquires of Mr. Dutton of the outlook in Bangor for the estab-
lishment of a newspaper, Mr. Edes. who had been conducting a
newspaper in Augusta, ha\ing been obliged to give up his busi-
ness there because of a falling oft of his business due to the entry
in the field of a third newspaper in Hallowell. Mr. Dutton's
reply must have been favorable as Peter Edes came to Bangor
''hortly alter and set up his plant. The historical society came
into possession of the letter thru the kindness of William J. Dut-
^>n, of San Francisco, Cal., grandson of Sam Dutton.

The letter follows:

Augusta, March 29, 1814.
^»m Dutton, Esq.
I^*arSir:

Snce Mr. Goodale has established a News Paper in Hallowell,
''^V customers are falling off. I therefore think it my duty to
**^k a place where I can procure a living for my family, as I am
^■■nfidcnt three papers cannot be published here to any profit;
•*'»d tlie Hallowell people will do any thing to prevent their paper
"••m l>eing discontinued — I wish I could say the same of Augusta.
A printer is wanted at Bath, and I have received a letter from
* Kentleman there on the subject; I have mentioned the business
** ^mie of my friends here, and they advise me in case I should
*'<ve Augusta, to prefer Bangor.

" »t be the wish of the people at Bangor and the neighboring
*'*ns, to have a printer, be so good as to draft a subscription

i;5

86 SPR.\GUE*S JOURNAL OF ]\IAIXE HISTORY

paper with a prospectus and forward it to me, and I will strike
some off and send them to you for circulation. Tho the paper
would be published at Bangor I think some general title would
be more taking with the people, such as The Hancock, or Hancock
& Washington. A few gentlemen might get together and agree
upon some title. If seven or eight hundred good subscribers
could be obtained I would make arrangements to be with them.
In which case I should depend upon some gentlemen to assist
in the editorial department.

I shall rely solely on your opinion with respect to the eligibility
of the place for a printer confident you would not advise me to
a measure that you thought would be injurious to me.

Your friendship and assistance in this undertaking will confer
an obligation upon me, which I would endeavor to cancel when
I become an inhabitant of Bangor.

Your with respect and esteem,

, Peter Edes.

A line from you as soon as convenient will be received with
pleasure, and I hope satisfaction.

GEXER.\L BUTLER GNXE A :MAINE SCHOOL TEACHER

No less a personage than General Benjamin F. Butler taught
two or more terms in the little schoolhouse in Cornville, Maine.
Butler was a nati\-e of New Hampshire but studied for a time at
Colby College. Being poor he worked his way thru college by
teaching school. That is how he came to be a resident of Corn-
ville. Ben was a picturesque character even in his youth with
the same lop-eye he carried in older life, which gave an uncertain,
quizzical expression in his facial landscape, and kept the college
from being dull. Calvinism held full sway at Colby when he was
a student, and absence from prayers or sermons was a heinous
offence. The faculty consisted of nine doctors of divinity and with
the student body numbered about 100. The president one Sun-
day in preaching about the elect calculated that only about six
of. 100 souls could enter the kingdom of heaven, wherefore Butler
petitioned to be excused from further attendance on divine ser-
vice, because he said with the nine doctors of divinity in his 100
he stood no chance. Only the audacious sarcasm for which he
was alwa\'s noted saved him from expulsion for such sacrilege-

— Lewiston Journal.

MAIXE HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS 87

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to Conducted by Augustus O.

CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ALE TEACH- | ThOMAS, StaTE SuPERINTEND-
ERS AND PUPILS. ENT OF SCHOOLS, AuGUSTA, ^IE.

EXTRACTS FROM MAINE HISTORIES WRITTEN BY

SCHOOL CHILDREN

(By Augustus O. Thomas.)

No Study is more enticing than the achievements of men and
the study becomes doubly interesting when it has to do with the
!:)eginnings of things with which we are now perfectly famiUar.
Many of the schools of our state, from the little country school
on the hillside to the girls in our state normal schools, are doing
research work in local history and are producing some very fine
stories of the beginnings of their towns. Miss Nellie Jordan, with
her class in the Aroostook State Normal School, produced some
wonderful books, each student taking for her own work her local
town. In some instances, the book compiled is a community
affair, each child contributing some fact or some paragraph or
s'ime source material from which the paragraph is written. I hope
the work may be carried on in future years. Teachers who have
not begun it will find explicit directions in our little booklet, '' One
Hundred Years of Statehood and One Hundred Leading Facts of
Maine."

I am giving herewith some of the paragraphs culled from the
'•'joks sent in to the office by schools throughout the state. It
*>n \)e noted that these paragraphs are finished exercises in Eng-
u>n and show a ver\' nice discrimination of leading facts. It is
rcilly worth something to the child or even to a high school stu-
^^'nt to make some original investigation from the sources of
^^iiormation, collect that data around a central idea and write it
^? definitely and purposefully. I am pleased to call the atten-
***^n of the teachers of the state to the following very fine para-
S^'^phs or extracts from Maine books.

S8 SFRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :MAIXE HISTORY

TOWN HISTORIES

HISTORY OF CARIBOU

(By Charlotte F. Doe.)

" One of the important events in the history of Caribou was the
building of the dam across the Aroostook River in 1889 by the
Caribou Water Company. In 1887, the first Electric Light Com-
pany was organized and a plant was installed and run by steam
on the banks of the Caribou Stream. In 1892, the Water Com-
pany installed the power house at the dam."

HISTORY OF SHERMAN

(By Viola M. Hughes.)

*' Growth of Sherman Mills. There are now sixty-five residences
in town, one modern flour mill, a starch factor\-, four grocery
stores, three blacksmith shops, two dry goods stores, a grange
store, a harness shop, a well equipped garage and a few other
stores which deal in miscellaneous goods. The grange store does
from S80,000 to S90,000 of business each year. The census this
year gave the population of the town a little over eleven hundred.
The town is steadily increasing in size and wealth."

NEW SWEDEN

(By Minnie O. Peterson)

" In 1873, the colony had increased to six hundred. Fifteen
hundred acres of land had been cleared, four hundred of which
were laid down to grass. There were 22 horses, 14 oxen, 100
cows, 40 calves, 33 sheep and 125 swine owned by the colony.
The commissioner recommended that all special state aid to New
Sweden should cease as the colony could very well take care ot
itself."

MADAWASKL\

(By Elsie Chassie.)

*' One of the first attentions of the Maine governor was to make
known to his new subjects the constitution under which they
were henceforth to live. It was for this purpose that an Irish-
Catholic of good education and well acquainted with the French

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 89

language, James Madigan, was sent to them as a civil missionary.
Madigan went over tiie country giving lectures and teaching the
people about the U. S. constitution, the administration and the
civil government. He was for a time postmaster, instructor, col-
lector of taxes and magistrate for the whole region. But as soon
as one locality* was ready to take up the administration of its own
affairs, he would pass his functions to the citizens."

HARTLAND

(By Gertrude Davis.)

" Perhaps one of the most important and interesting of the
early settlers was William Moore. He erected a log house not
far from where the offices of the American Woolen Co. stand at
present. Mr. Moore built a saw mill which soon became a very
busy place, as there was no other for several miles from there.
It is related that the original mill was built entirely of wood,
ever>'thing being made from wood but the saw. The first dam
he built of logs and it was not far from the dam owned b\' the
American Woolen Co. at present. It is said that so little dis-
turbed was the wilderness by the encroachments of the settlers,
that at times Mr. Moore allowed the machinery in his mill to
run all night in order that it might frighten away the bears and
other forest prowlers."

HIRAM

** General Peleg Wadsworth, a graduate of Harvard College,
was Hiram's great educator in the early days. When eighty years
of age he rode through the town on horse back, announcing that
he had provided a private school at the Town House and wanted
•ill the good little boys to attend free of expense."

FORT GEORGE — CASTINE

(By Frieda W. Hatch.)

" Its history dates back to the year 1779 when Great Britain
^•^s at war with her colonies. The Americans were mostly de-
I •indent on the Maine seacoast for their supplies of lumber, fish,
^^^', and to prevent them from getting these, the English deter-
"»»ned to establish a military' post there. Castine, or Bagaduce
♦^"^ »t was then called, was chosen for the site of this and late in the

90 SPEL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

spring of the year 1779, British soldiers, about seven hundred in
number, landed and began clearing the land."

" Castine has had many experiences. It has been held by the
Indians, Dutch and English. After the Revolution, Castine be-
came rapidly settled and for a long time it was the most impor-
tant mart of business in the eastern part of Maine. Ship building
was formerly the leading industry-."

SCHOOLS
FORT FAIRFIELD — TOWN SCHOOLS

(By Eva M. McShea.)

" Another important change in 1881 was the purchase of text-
books by the town. We may picture the hard times of the early
students when we consider the condition of the countr\', how hard
it was for most of the people to make both ends meet. We can
picture the sacrifices, and what a joy it must have been to many
boys and girls when they were told that their books were to be
free."

PRESQUE ISLE

(By Alda E. Haines.)

" The first school in the village was held in a room above the
saw and grist mill of Dennis Fairbanks who was the founder of
the town. This school was taught by the daughter of Air. Fair-
banks who had what was then considered a good education. She
must certainly have had patience, enthusiasm and courage or the
inconveniences of such a room and the lack of equipment would
have made the school a failure. That it was not a failure we
are sure, since the boys and girls who attended it became Presque
Isle's most honored citizens."

HOULTON — HIGH SCHOOL

(By Winifred Duplisea.)

" In 1915 there began a new era in the history of Houlton High
School with the completion of the new building. This building
was erected just beyond the old Central Building at a cost of
$50,000. It is a large brick building, one of the best in Maine,
containing in addition to its many recitation, study and lecture

iii

MMNE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 91

rooms, well stocked physical and chemical laboratories, domestic
art and science rooms, typewriting rooms, manual training
rooms, g\-mnasium and auditorium. It is furnished throughout
with hard wood, and has a steam heating system, and is well
lighted with electric lights, while its ventilating system is exceed-
ingly good."

PRESQUE ISLE — RUR.\L SCHOOLS

(By Mercie Ruth Wilson.)

" The schools should be given great credit in the ways that they
have helped themselves. Nearly every rural school has its own
treasury- with a goodly sum in it. This year the Whittaker school
raised through community entertainments one hundred and eighty
dollars. Practically every school has good pictures, a small library,
a bubbler drinking fountain, oil stove for warm lunch, organs or
victrola with cabinet. The Reach school is the only one to have
a piano. Sash curtains have been made by the children and hung
at the windows. The money is usually raised by means of the
old-fashioned box social, many schools raising one hundred dollars
at one social."

AROOSTOOK STATE NORMAL SCHOOL

* (By Chrystal E. Waddell.)

" During the first two years, the students were required to-
board in private families. This made the work much more diffi-
cult on account of distance. In 1905, a beautiful dormitory was
erected for the girls. At that time, it was the best in the state."

i :;

I'lill

111!

Ill I

SPR AGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover, Maine, by
John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher. -

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, S2.00. Single copies of current and previous vol-
umes, 50 cents. Bound volumes, $2.50 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

Preserve this issue of the Journal. Yon will then always have
what will be of exceeding interest and worth to yourself and family.
Hand it along to future generations ! It will be of priceless value
to them. <

ORIGIN OF THE STATE NAME OF MAINE

The National Geographic Magazine in an article on " The
Origin of American State Names " (Aug. 1920, p. Ill) says:

The generally accepted version of the origin of the name of
Maine is that it was so called by some early French explorers
alter the French province of that name, wherein was located the
private estate of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England.

There Is another meaning ascribed to the name, fairly well
supported by authorities. According to this version, the fisher-
men on the islands along the coast of Maine always referred to
that region as the " Mayn land," and in support of this theor\'
we find that the colony referred to in a grant of Charles I. to Sir
Fernando Gorges in 1639 as " the province or county of Mayne."

'■!'■

!!■■

lii
(ill

EDITORIALS 93

- THE MAINE NATUR.\LIST

Is the name of the latest jNIaine periodical to appear upon our
table. Two numbers on April 1 and October 1 of each year are
to be issued at 61.00 per year. It is published by the Knox
Academy of Arts and Sciences at Thomaston, Maine. Norman
Wallace Lermond, a well known student of natural history, biol-
ogy*, etc., is its managing editor. Its " department editors" are
all experienced research writers along these lines as follows :
Arthur H. Norton, Portland; Prof. Alfred O. Gross, Brunswick;
Alton H. Pope, Waterville; Edith ^I. Patch, Orono; Prof. C. H.
Batchelder, Orono; Edwin W. Gould, M. D., Rockland; Louise
H. Coburn, Skowhegan; Prof. John M. Briscoe, Orono; Prof.
Edward H. Perkins, Waterville; Prof. Wm. L. Powers, Machias.
It has several fine engravings of beautiful specimens of Maine
botany, birds, etc., and a photograph likeness of Dr. Dana W.
Fellows, President of the Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine.
There is certainly an immeasurable need for a Maine publication
devoted to this work of such value to science and to Maine.
The Journal extends its congratulations, cordial welcome and
bestows its blessing, sincerely hoping that the people of our State
will give it their generous support to which it is entitled.

The editor invites all who are interested in this phase of Maine
history- in the following note:

"We want even,- scientist, naturalist, nature lover, student and
teacher in Maine, young and old, to become a member of our
Knox Academy family, and to make free use of the Naturalist in
recording their observations, their ' finds,' telling about their trips
to the woods, fields, lakes and seaside. Tell the rest of us some-
thing of the habits, songs or actions of the birds, mammals, in-
^*cts, flowers, etc., seen on these trips. Work out the life history
*jf some insect — there are thousands of insects whose life his-
tories are unknown, or only partly known — note the kinds of
»nsects visiting the different kinds of flowers. There is much still
to be learned of the habits of birds and animals (all kinds of ani-
"i^ls, from the amoeba to man). Send in photographs. We shall
«^^ard prizes to young nature students making the best ones."

The fountain head of organized effort in historical research and
lilory teaching in the schools, in this country, is the American

**?•.

■^■l :

94 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Historical Association. It was organized at Saratoga, N. Y.,
Sept. 10, 1884, and incorporated by Congress, Jan. 4, 1889.

It is obliged by its act of incorporation to report annually to
the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, concerning its pro-
ceedings and the condition of historical study in America. These
reports are printed by the government. Its 33d report for the
year 1917, has just been issued at Washington. The meeting for
that year was held in Philadelphia, Dec. 27-29.

Since 1904, a conference of delegates of historical societies has
been held in connection with its annual meetings.

The above mentioned report (page 26) says: "At these con-
ferences, are considered the problems of historical societies — for
example, the arousing of local interest in history, the marking
ot historic sites, the collection and publication of historical mater-
ial, the maintenance of historical museums, etc."

Since 1911, it has assumed a guiding interest in that invaluable
periodical the History Teachers Magazine. It co-operates with all
State and local historical societies.

In JVIaine there are onl\- four societies allied with it. These are:

The Maine Historical Society, Portland; the Bangor Historical
Society, Bangor; the Piscataquis Historical Society, Dover, and
the Elaine Genealogical Society, Portland. The states altogether
have a total of 350 of these societies. Massachusetts leads the
nation with 75; other New England States are as follows:

Maine 4, New Hampshire 3, Vermont 1, Rhode Island 5. x\mong
other States, Pennsylvania has 45, New York 43, Illinois 36 and
Indiana 27.

OUR ANCESTRY

On May 3, 1921, when the U. S. Senate were debating the ques-
tion of restricting immigration to America, that giant debator.
Senator Reed, of Missouri, made reference to American ancestr}'
in a general way. The Senator's pungent remarks are historlcalh'
true and apph' to the origin of the people ot Maine, the same as
they do to those of all the New England States and all other por-
tions of the country as well.

We append the following brief excerpts from his speech:
But where did you come from? I question whether there is a
man in this room whose ancestors have been here four genera-
tions who can say that he comes from any one blood. In your

[■■ '!!•

Ni 'i;;

EDITORIALS 95

veins meet and mingle the bloods of many peoples. Do you call
yourself an Englishman? Then what are you? English blood
is a polyglot, if such a thing be upon all this earth — the original
Celtic stock conquered by a German tribe, overrun by the Ital-
ians, who were called Romans then; partially conquered by the
Danes and their blood left there; and then another German tribe,
which gave to Britain the name of England, because that tribe
was the tribe of Angles; then a mixed breed of Xorsemen and
French, who had established themselves in part of France and
who had named it Xormandy because the Xorsemen had overrun
it. This breed of English is therefore a breed of many breeds,
and I have no question it was the meeting and the mingling of
these different strains of blood which made the Englishman what
he is to-day, the most dominant character in all the world, the
most determined in his policies, the most deathless in his deter-
mination, the great conquering race, that with but 38,000,000
Britishers in the British Isles floats the flag of England over one-
third of the world's surface and over one-third of its population.
So, if you are English, you are pretty well crossed up.

But why spend time oxer there? Let us come home. At the
time of the Revolution, 26 different languages were spoken in
the city of Xew York. We had the Pennsylvania Dutch with
us then, so provincial, so attached to their old customs, that in
parts of Pennsylvania to-day they still speak their original tongue,
although the ancestors ot some of them came here 175 years ago.

Then there were the French Huguenots. Somebody proposed
here a moment ago to close the door on account of religion. There
IS not the descendant of a French Huguenot in the L'nited States
^hose ancestor did not come here to escape religious persecution.
They were the outcasts of their country. They were driven away
I'^'cause they did not worship God according to the forms and
<"^Temonies which had been laid down for them by others. So
niey came in great numbers, and to-day every man I know of
^ho has a drop of that blood in his veins is proud to boast of it.

How did your ancestors get here, anyway? Do you think that

^^ Almighty went around and picked out a few select indi-

^^'luals ot the highest character and morals and respectability

•^nd brought them here, and \'ou have descended from that par-

*>cular stock? You are descended from people who came here

I'!

'IP:,

96 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

not one whit better than the men and women who are coming
now. A lot of your ancestors worked their passage over here
as bondsmen and sold themselves into temporary slavery in order
to get here. Some of you may find, if you will go back far enough,
that your great-great-great-grandmother was sold on the auction
block and paid for in long, green tobacco by the enterprising gentle-
man over here who wanted a wife. Some of you may easily now
trace your ancestors back to the fellow who came over here with-
out a dollar in his pocket, clattering wooden shoes upon the docks,
with a wife following him, with an old shawl over her head and a
pack of kitchen tools upon her back.

You Can't Go Wrong

In Boosting Maine Strong

The first real action in the state-wide industrial development for
Maine was started by The Lincoln Worsted Company, where a fine
brick factory is now beinir erected, and you can not only make a
sound, profitable investment, but, help boom Maine by purchasing at
this time for what vou can afford cf the 8^r accumulative, preferred
stock, of THE LINCOLX WORSTED COMPANY, and receive what
generally goes to bankers, — a fifty per cent, of bonus, in common
stock. Par value of both classes of stock $10.00 per share.

For further particulars address THE LINCOLN WORSTED
COMPANY, LINCOLN, MAINE, L. J. Co burn, Vice President.

Coin and Stamp Collectors

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

Prices I Pay — of every U. S. Coin
TFOrtli over face — 15 cts.

WANTED What are your wants? Perhaps

Rare Coins, Stamps and Curios I can supply them

Stamp Catalogues and other Philatelic and Numismatic
literature at publishers' prices

W. B. GOULD

292 Hammond St. Bangor, Maine

MAINE IXLAXD SCENERY

* N

>v ^; ■
St fi ^

-fgr -Mf- V-. ■ .^-■--■'
f -.^'-^--^''^^"^

iHt^-i

<«.«"-^-^

^ 11^

j .-it . >■

^7 . ^■>-

^ Courtesy of B. & A. R. R.

SCENE IX THE MAINE WOODS

CONTENTS

A liare Honor, Judge Spear 99

-Mount Desert 301

Maine Indians 120

A Home Rule for Ireland Meeting in Bangor. Maine, in 1.S.S6 126

Making History in the Maine Woods 126

I -iptain Steven Smith 130

Hon. James Phinney Baxter ISl

*on Halifax 132

! "'^^icial Postal Regulations in the Maine Woods 135

'♦•Jepscot 1:j5

^'"lock Marriage' ...'.'.'.['.'.'.'.'.'/.['.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'/.'.'.['.'.'.'.'.[[[[['.[[ 137

J.»-^>ecca Weston Chapter 13.S

^♦-suncook School House 140

Uinn History in the Schools 141

^-•"^orial 14^

CT C' YEARS the Insurance Manof Somerset Co.

"^ ^^^ .\fver a Failure — Never a La>v Suit — "What more do you ivant?

^^ %->r (Member Soc. Col. Wars: Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G., G. A. R.)
CHARLES FOLSOM-JONES. Skowhegan Maine

'^ave positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

ji! ''.il

-KK . Xi&r;J i S« ' -/ '^1S

' .=*5^' ; '^•' ■-'^^■^*^*tV™''-''T^*""*^-^-^S?*"^»8Ssy=1S^r*?*'':

A'%i«^«ii*

.-•'"■?.

Is^ /Xa^^v

riff. ■^"W--" >"«^^^^^^^^^5^^^»!^^^5^c5^^^wl^^j^

. "^■, ■' '^ ■■; '"' '--M

j*s4i4.

•«isssi;^ i-H*^*.,-"-

:'i

■i!

'■i

•3

•-'■iS

Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine

:!^b:

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

\'oL. IX July, August, September, 192 i No.

A RARE HOXOR FALLS TO ASSOCL\TE JUSTICE SPEAR
OF THE MAIXE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT

A decision of the highest English court sustaining one by the
Maine Supreme Judicial Court which overruled an English decision
is worthy of record in the history of Elaine. This occurred in
1920. -

The following, relative to this matter, recently appearing in an
American law periodical, is an accurate account of the same :

The House of Lords has overruled former English decisions and
considered and approved a decision of the Supreme Judicial Court
of Maine, which dissented from the English cases. The decision
in the Maine case, one from W^aldo county, was drawn by x\sso-
ciate Justice Albert M. Spear of Gardiner.

The Maine case becomes interesting as only two courts of last
resort in the world have passed upon the question at issue and only
three decisions have been promulgated, two in England and one
in this state.

The first English opinion in re Tootal's Trusts is found in Law
Ivcport, Chancery Division, page 532. This case, in an elaborate
''['inion, held that an European or American could not gain a
domicile of testacy or intestacy in pagan countries like China, India
r>r Eg\'pt, assigning as an insurmountable reason the incompati-
^'Jlity of character between the European and the Asiatic, namely:
* The difference between the laws, manners and customs of Chinese
•-'id Englishmen is so great as to raise every presumption against
^•ich a domicile."

In the year 1909 the Elaine case, blather vs. Cunningham, 105
.'icine, 326, arose, involving the identical question discussed in
'•^e English case. Justice Albert :M. Spear of Gardiner (Maine)
*ircw the opinion. Cunningham had a domicile of origin in Bel-
^^>t, Waldo County, :Maine. He had lived at the time of his death

■. 'i'

\ 'I

'■■: I

':■'''

loo SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY

about 40 years in Shanghai. He died leaving a will, attested by
two witnesses, valid if probated in Shanghai but invalid if pro-
bated in Elaine where three witnesses are required. Upon this
statement of facts administration was granted upon his estate by
the probate court of Waldo county and the case came on appeal
to the law court for decision. The only question was whether
an American could gain a domicile of choice in Shanghai, China.

Justice Spear considered the English case at length, rejected the
doctrine therein announced and held that Cunningham could and
did gain a domicile in Shanghai where his will could be probated
and his estate settled. . |

During the year 1918 the same question again came up before |
the House of Lords in Gasdagli vs. Gasdagli, Law Reports, x\ppeal
Cases, February, 1919, A. C, in re Tootal's Trusts, the I^laine ;
case considered, the English case overruled and. the Elaine case |
approved. The House of Lords say in announcing the doctrine
of the i\Iaine case : "Opinion of Chitty, J., in re Tootal's Trusts
XX and decision of Lord Watson in Abd-ul-Messih XX over- |
ruled." The Lord Chancellor in discussing the ]^Iaine case gives f
an analysis of the reasoning and quotes the conclusion in full. In
speaking of the opinion he says : ''The Supreme Court made an ^
elaborate examination of the case in re Tootal's Trusts and of manv
criticisms and comments which had been made on that decision,
and arrived at the conclusion that its doctrine could not be sup-
ported."

Lord Haldane in expressing his approval of the ]\Iaine case said:
"I think the American court in Mather's case was right upon the
facts to refuse to follow what would seemingly have been Judge
Chitty's opinion."

Lord Atkinson, referring to the ]\Iaine case, in his opinion, said
of it: "These decisions f English cases) or at any rate the prin-
ciples supposed to be extracted from them, have been commented
upon and dissented from in an important decision of the Supreme
Court of Maine, IMather vs. Cunningham."

;. ■ I

!;'. 1

\: ■ '^■'

jii

lljl

1 ' ,1

^. II :,?]

1)
;J

111

% ^^

I ■IP'

'■& '■■"',':

tp-

i, 'The tPxt of Dp :Nront5:' Pat<=-nt from Henrv lA' is to be found in Church-
i^il ^i^Voyas-er, 2: 796: burdock's Nova Scotia, i: 21: Purchase, 18: 226: Hazard.
V *•■'• It is dated Nov. 8. 1603, and revoked in 1607. thus permitting- the
Janif-istown Grant of 1606 to take precedence of all other g-rants in America,
i'lard's Huguenot Emigration to America, 1: 341.

:!f;

SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY loi

MOUNT DESERT
The Story of Saixt Sao'Eur

(By 'William Otis Sawtelle of Haverford. Penn.)
(Read before the Bangor Historical Society, April 5, 1921.)

Saixt Sau\-eur
''The place is a beautiful hill risiiig gently from the sea, its sides
bathed by tzvo springs; the land is cleared for twenty or thirty-five
acres, and in some places is covered zcnth grass almost as high as
a man. It faces the south and east, and is near the mouth of the
Pcntegoet, zi'Iiere several broad and pleasant rivers, which abound
in fish, discharge their waters; its soil is dark, rich and fertile;
the port and Jiarbor ore as fine as can be seen, and are in a position
favorable to command the entire coast; the harbor especially is as
safe as a pond." — Front Father Biard's account of Saint Sauveur,
1613.

The Story of Saixt Saua'Eur ^
"Ad majorem Dei gloriam."

The story of Saint Sauveur had its beginnings in the court of
Henry IV of France and its termination in the admiraky courts
of England. As early as 1604 Pierre du Gast, Sieur de ^lonts,-
was on the coast of !Maine and in the court of Henry lY schemes
were forming for the conversion of the natives in that far-away
country. To Father Coton, the king's spiritual adviser, had been
intrusted the details of a plan which resulted in the appointment
as a7>ostles to New France of Father Pierre Biard, professor of
Hebrew and theolog}- at the University of Lyons, and of Father
Enemond Masse, socius of Father Coton.

The two missionaries accordingly in 1608, went to Bordeaux
expecting to embark at once for Port Royal; but no vessel was
available. Antagonism towards their order was manifested and
Lescarbot, though a good Catholic, has recorded that he could see
'no need of these Docteurs sublimes who would be more usefully
t-mployed fighting heresy and vice at home." |||

'John Dawson Gilmarv Shea's Charlevoix. Book HI, pp. 241-286
•'*-suit Relations: Thuintr. Vols. Ill and IV.

■^*-v. T. J. Campbell. Three Hi.storic Events in :vraine. i l:

"• ^. V,\'rr:*f^f'. Thp P.f-irjnninus of Pnlonial Maine, pp. l*^tn-117

III;;!,
i;l'(

I02 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF Z^IAINE HISTORY

Finally, in 1610, a vessel belonging to Poutrincourt who had
obtained from the Huguenot De IMonts, a patent for Port Royal,
was about ready to sail. It was arranged that Fathers Biard and
Masse should be of her ship's company, but when two of her
owners who were Huguenots, learned that they were giving passage
to members of the hated order, they refused absoluteh to allow
them on board, adding that nothing short of a direct command
from the Queen ^lother could secure a place for them, and even
then, only upon condition tliat every other Jesuit in the kingdom
should accompany them.

The expedition was on the verge of a collapse as far as the
Jesuits were concerned and Fathers Biard and ]^Iasse retired to
the college of Eu to await developments. They were not kept long
in suspense, for the ^larquise de Guercheville " who had declared
herself protectress of the American missions, learning of their
plight, hastened to relieve the situation by buying out the shares
of the refractory merchants and making the two Jesuits together
with herself, partners in trade with Poutrincourt. For pemiitting
this transaction, which laid the fathers open to criticism as sharers
in a commercial enterprise. Father Coton was censured and ^Madame
de Guercheville did not escape rebuke. But Champlain justified
the deal which permitted the missionaries to sail without further
delay.

It was in midwinter, January 26, 161 1, at Dieppe, that the Jesuits
embarked. "We were," says Biard,"^ "36 persons in a ship called
the Grace de Dieu of about sixty tons. We had only two days
favorable wind ; on the third we found ourselves suddenly by con-
trary winds and tides driven within one or two hundred yards of
the cliffs of the Isle of Wight in England, and it was well for us
that we found good anchorage ; without which all would have
been decidedly over with us. Having escaped from there we landed
at Hyrmice and afterwards at Newport where we spent 18 days.'*

'Madame de Guercheville is mentionr-d bv some writers as the 'wife of
the ' ' , . ^- . . ., . . ^, . . -- ^.--. ^--. ,-...-

bai

mai

and

logical referf-ncf-.*! see: Collected Works of La Rochefoucauld^ '" ^^f^ sp-ries

of Led Grands Ecrivains de la France, Paris, 1868, l:xcv.

* Biard to Halthazer, letter from Jesuit archives at Rome: R. P.
Aug^uste Carayon S. J., Paris, 1864.
Translation in Brown's Genesis of the United States, 1: 475.

ii;i

■1

': I "■

*';.

MOUNT DESERT 103

An ill wind it was that blew the Grace de DIeu to the Isle of
Wight and a harsh fate that kept her in the harbor of Newport
for nearly three weeks, for from this chance visit there was to
result a sequence of events, replete with tragedy and suffering,
not destined to end, even with the failure of Aladame de Guerche-
\-ilIe's foreign missionary projects.

"On the 1 6th of February," continues Biard, "the first day of
Lent, a favorable northwest wind sprang up, enabled us to leave,
a'^.d accompanied us until we left the channel behind." But some-
thing of which Father Biard made no note was also left behind,
for information with reference to the destination and purpose of
the Grace de Dieu soon reached the authorities in London and
they were not slow tp act.

■' In 1612, Captain Samuel Argall was appointed admiral of
\'irginia and "commissioned to remain in Virginia and to drive
out foreign intruders from the country granted to Englishmen by
the three patents of James I."

Another record reads that he was "dispatched with commission
to displace the French, who had taken the opportunity to settle
themselves within our limits." Thus plans were made by the
English to destroy Saint Sauveur a year before its founders knew
where it was to be located.

The Jesuit Fathers braved the February storms of the North
Atlantic and in the little craft, no larger than some of the fishing
h<3ats that now frequent Southwest Harbor, the dreary days length-
ened until four months passed before a landfall was made; and
then it was to be greeted by a bleak and desolate wilderness. Diffi-
culties soon arose between them and Poutrincourt, the younger,
known as Biencourt, which need not here be described, but which
caused Gilbert du Thet, sent in charge of supplies for the colony,
?ome time later, to report to ^^ladame de Guercheville upon his
rc-turn to France, that impossible conditions existed at the Port
*^oyal mission. This decided the ^larquise to found a mission
lor the Indians at Kedesquit, where the city of Bangor now stands,
saving doubtless been informed by Biard of this location, which
'»e himself had visited in 161 1.

'Brown. First Republic in America. 178.
Brown. Genesis of the United States, 815.

i.l ■. ;

'I :!
ill

}'.r' '

■.^

I04 SPRAGUE'S TOURXAL OF :MAIXE HISTORY

Against the Kedesquit district as a colony site, Champlain ^
advised strongly, since the English had but a short time before
taken French fishing vessels near Mount Desert," and he begged
that the new mission might be established somewhere in the St. Law-
rence region, preferably at Quebec, where energ}^ and money could

be expended to far better
advantage beyond the reach
of the rapacious English.
But Madame de Guerche-
ville would not listen to the
sage advice of Champlain
and on ^larch I2th, 1613,
there cleared from Hon-
fleur, France, for Kedes-
quit, the Jonas, of one
hundred and twenty tons,
a ship purchased from De
j\Ionts by the marquise and
equipped by her with the
aid of subscriptions and
donations from the Queen
Mother, the ^Marquise de
Verneuil, ^I a d a m e de
Sourdis and manv other
ladies of the French court.
Soldiers, sailors, artisans,
colonists, and the two Jesu-
its, Father Jacques Quen-
tin and Lay Brother Gil-
bert du Thet, comprised
the ship's company, while
horses, cattle, agricultural
implements, munitions of war and all sorts of necessary supplies
made up the cargo.

Started for Kedesquit
After two months at sea the Jonas, on ^lay i6th, reached Cape
de la Have in Acadia, where a landing was made, mass celebrated

"Shea's Charlevoix, 1:274.

Champlain'.s Voyajjes, Ed. 1632, 112.
■^Biard's Relations.

^E^^ nENRU.TlL Di-,,

V '— ^ J/.// ./"''''''■'' l-i-nc.ti Jl.'rfv ill !/•■-'}•''

• •■ ' L-tt trU ,^^^/'iilij. _ _

^i^i^ ^?.rv

The Marqui.<?e de "^'erneuil. who was a
famous beauty of the court of Henry IV.
in Madame de Guercheville's time. She
supplied the utensils for the mass which
were used by Father Eiard and his asso-
ciates at Saint Sauveur.

11!

.' 1,1!

l-':^i

I' ij

MOUNT DESERT 105

iind a cross erected, bearing the de Guercheville arms. Possession
of the coast from the St. Lawrence to Florida, with the exception
of Port Royal, was declared in the name of the Marquise de
Guercheville, under letters patent from Louis XIII, ignoring en-
tirely the English claims to a large part of the same territory.
Leaving La Have, a call was made at Port Royal, where Fathers
Biard and Masse joined the ship, which soon cleared, ostensibly
for Kedesquit, a place she was never destined to reach. In the
words of Biard, ''God ordained otherwise." Even the will of
Antoinette de Pons could not prevail against an eastern Elaine fog
and as the Grace de Dieu had been forced by the elements, to seek
shelter in the harbor of Newport, so the Jonas was compelled to
tarr}' in proximity to ]Mount Desert, anxiously awaiting clear
weather that she might proceed to her destination.

For two da}'s and two nights in their pitiful plight, fearful of
l)oing dashed to bits upon forbidding shores, tacking first one way
ihen another when light breezes sprang up, or drifting helplessly
in a slatting calm, the little company remained enveloped in fog.

"Our tribulation," says Biard, ''led us to pray to God to deliver
u> from danger, and send us to som.e place where we might con-
tribute to His glory. He heard us, in His mercy, for on the same
evening we began to discover the stars, and in the morning the fog
had cleared awav."

A fair sight that was that rose before their vision on that !May
morning of long ago. There in all the glory that spring imparts
to hillside and valley, lay the Island of the Desert ^Mountains, ifs
tall pines and pointed firs, mingling with birches, whose lighter
shades made marked contrast with darker evergreen ; while barren
"vimmits, catching the rays of the long hidden sun, gleamed like
hammered brass.^

Arrr'Ed at Bar Harbor *

Captivated by the beauty of the scene before them, what wonder

^nat thoughts of Kedesquit gave place to joyous contemplation of

tile ever changing shadows that played upon the mountain slopes,

rassmg m quick succession, as the brisk northwest wind dissipated

,y^,, "_'•'' peculiar metaHic lustre is well shown by Sarg^ent's ^Mountain on
^ '_.*'*'st of Jordan's pond, wh^-n viewed at some little distance off shore.

I'r-'^'^ the older fishermen, Sargent's is still known by its old name,

'•/a.'j.y Mountain."

*l'afi** K^^" places the first anchoratre of the .Jonas "not far from Schooner
but the lack of a harbor in that vicinity precludes that location as

\\ is J
■ -is \

io6 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

the low-hanging clouds. So inviting was the prospect that all ideas
of continuing the voyage, for the present at least, were abandoned
and the Jonas came to anchor at Bar Harbor. 'AVe returned
thanks to God," wrote Biard, "elevating the Cross, and singing
praises with the holy Sacrifice of the ^lass. We named the place
and Harbor Saint Sauveur."

Hardly had the songs of praise and thanksgiving ceased when
a violent dispute arose between the colonists and sailors, over an
agreement made before the expedition left Honfleur.

The sailors had shipped with the understanding that they were
to remain three months at any port in Acadia that Father Biard
might select, it being implied that Kedesquit would be that port.
The crew now maintained that their time should date from their
arrival at Mount Desert, but to this demand the Jesuit Fathers
refused to submit.

The Clever Indian

The argument was brought to a close only by the appearance
of an Indian signal fire which had been kindled on a hilltop to
attract attention. Upon receiving an answer from the ship a canoe
soon put out from the shore bearing messengers who asked if they
could be of service to those on shipboard. Learning that Father
Biard was of the company the Indians were at once interested
since they had chanced to make his acquaintance two years before
when he lodged with them at Pentagoet while on his trip to the
Penobscot and the Kennebec in 1611. In answer to queries as to
the best route to Kedesquit the Indians made reply: "Why go to
Kedesquit? This is a better place here at Pemetic, where it is so
pleasant and healthy that when the natives are ill anywhere else, l:||
they are brought here to be cured."

But Biard, who was strong in his determination to carry out
the instructions of Father Coton and Madame de Guercheville.
remained deaf to this plea for Pemetic and took no interest in
Mount Desert as a colony site. But the Indians had another argu-
ment which no Jesuit missionarv could resist. "But vou mu.-t

the site of the first landing- of the Jesuits. Bar Harbor is 13 statute mil'"
from Fernald's Point, while Cromwell Harbor is 12. Roughly speakin--.
the distance from Cromwell Harbor to ^fanche-ster's Point is slightly oy* r
three leagues, whilr- to Fernald's Point it is about 3.4 leagues. Allowin-
for Biard's approximations, it seems more than likely that Madame t'*
Guercheville's colonists first landed on the point now occupied by tn--
Kennedy cottage. Bar Harbor.

i-fi/i

IP.

MOUNT DESERT 107

stay," they insisted, "for our Sagamore Asticou ^^ is very ill and
if you do not come wilh us to his wigwam he will die without
Itaptism. He will go to hell and you will be the cause of it. He
wishes to be baptized."

Without further parley and without loss of time, Father Biard,
Lieutenant La Mothe ^^ and Simon, the interpreter, found them-
selves in the canoes of the Indians, whose musclar arms bent
unceasingly to the paddles until the "three leagues'' to Northeast
Harbor were covered and the encampment of Asticou on !Man-
chester's Point came into view.

Hastening to the side of the great chief reputed to be dying,
Biard was chagrined to find that he had been duped by his Indian
guides, for Asticou was in no immediate danger of giving up the !|

ghost. A heavy cold with a touch of rheumatism had been some- ||

what enlarged upon by his faithful subjects and when Biard de- ||

nianded of those who had brought him thither some explanation
of the situation, they adroitly changed the subject by pointing to
Femald's Point directly opposite, with the recommendation that
it be utilized as the site of .the proposed mission.

Decided ox Fernald's Point ^-

This ocular demonstration appealed so strongly to Biard, who
has recorded "that the savages had in reality reasonable grounds
for their eulogies," that upon his return to the Jonas he advocated
warmly the establishment of their mission at the mouth of the
Sound. x\ll thoughts of proceeding to Kedesquit were abandoned
and "it was unanimously agreed that we should remain there and
not seek further, seeing that God Himself seem"ed to intend it, by
the train of happy incidents that had occurred." Shortly after,
the Jonas made the trip around the hills from Bar Harbor to
N'ortheast, the name of Saint Sauveur was transferred to Fernald's

^The name is now given to a summer colony and postoffice at the head
"«^ Northeast Harbor.

-All attempts to connect La Clothe with the family of Sieur Antoine
. 1 . ^''^the Cadillac who received a grant of IMount Desert and adjacent

n di*'?^^*^^^ of Tobias and Comfort are numerous: several of them have,
*^»«tant parts, won distinction in the educational and scientific world.

dM'::

io8 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

^
*

Point and the first French Jesuit mission upon what is now terri-
tory' of the United States was estabHshed. A rustic chapel, the
furnishings for which the Marquise de \'erneuip3 j.^^^ provided,

protected a rude ahar upon
which the Hnen suppHed bv
Madame de Sourdis ^"^ found
place. The several tents do-
nated to the expedition bv
Queen Marie de Medicis dotted
the greensward and afforded
temporary shelter to the colo-
nists while the Jonas, her long
voyage terminated, rode quietly
at anchor, not far from the
shore.

From Manchester's Point,^'
the ancient camping ground of
those Children of the Rising
Sun, the Abenaki ^^ gazed with
friendlv interest across the blue
waters of Somes Sound upon
their new neighbors, who
through their instrumentalitv.

P=^;-^

Fernald's Point, the ^ite of Saint
Sauveur, the first French Jesuit
settlement in North America. 1613.
with the farm building's of Tobias
Fernaid. This as it appeared to
Francis Parkman -nhen he visited
the place with Elijah Hamlin. The
date of this visit is not certain,
but it was before his first book,
the Pioneers of New France, was
issued.

forsook the idea of a Christian mission upon the banks of the
Kenduskeag and elected to labor among the natives of Pemetic.
But amid these beautiful surroundings all did not go well, for,
says Biard : "When we had landed in this place, and planted the
Cross, we began to work, and with the work began our disputes, the
omen and origin of our misfortunes. The cause of these disputes

"Henriette de Balsac d'Entraigrues. ^Marquise de Verneuil. b. 1579, d 1633:
a famous beauty of the French Court, daughter of Marie Touchet.

^*Isabelle Babou de la Eourdaisiere. dau. of Jean de la Bourdaisiere and
his wife Francoise Kobertet. dau. of Florimond Robertet, Seigrneur d'Alluye.
Secretary of State under Louis XII and Francis I. Tsabelle m. Franc<'i =
d'Escoubleau, Marquis de Sourdis. The Cardinal de Sourdis was her ■'^'-'n
and Gabrielle d'Estrees her niece.

^ Named for John ^Manchester, orig^inally from Scarboro, who went to
Machias with the first colonists, 1762, to that region, removed later to
Mount Desert and settled on the point which still bears his name. A son.
John Jr., m. Mary Hadlock. dau. of Samuel Hadlock, for whom upper and
lo\ver Hadlock Ponds wer»- named. The Hadlock farm was just north "|
Manchester's holding's and was part of Asticou's encampment. Samu« i
Hadlock. Jr.. m. Sarah, dau. of John ^Manchester, and removed to Little-
Cranberry Isle, becoming- founders of the Cranberry Isle branch of thf
family.

"A more or less fanciful derivation of the word Abenaki. See R^^'
Eug^ene Vetromile S. J., Me. Hist. Society Coll., 6:203. Also same publi-
cation, Frederick Kidder, 2: 228.

■111

I'- 'hi

MOUNT DESERT 109

was that our captain. La Saussaye, wished to attend to agriculture,
and our other leaders besought him not to occupy the workmen in
that manner, and so delay the erections of dwellings and fortifica-
tions. He would not comply with their request, and from these
disputes arose others, which lasted until the English obliged us to
make peace. ..."

How long these quarrels lasted it is impossible to determine since
Biard's "Relation" contains but few definite dates ; but from the
fact that Argall ^' sent a letter to England, addressed to one
Nicholas Hawes, in June, 1613, in which veiled reference is made
to his hostile expedition to the northward, the result of the inad-
vertent visit of the Grace de Dieu two years before in the harbor
of Newport, it is probable that the English captain was off the
coast of Maine about the middle of July.

Threatened by Spain on the south and by France on the north,
\*irginia seemed likely to be encroached upon and on July 11, 1612,
.'\rgall "was appointed admiral of Virginia and commissioned to
remain in Virginia and to drive out foreign intruders from the
country' granted to Englishmen." ^^

li, !

■i If:!

::,)

■, !l

i! Wi

1 1.

; I'

ill

Destruction of the Mission ;''|

And thus it chanced that Argall while on his way to Port Royal
to execute the orders received from Sir Thomas Dale, marshall of
\'irginia, fell in with an Indian off the Blount Desert shore, who,
mistaking him and his crew for French, by signs, gestures and a
few words told of the nearby settlement.

In a twinkling all was activity on board the Treasurer. Her
fourteen guns were shotted and primed, her course was changed
and her crew of ^5o men eagerly prepared for an attack. The
astonished Indian, realizing too late his fatal error, was loud in
'•is lamentations, while the Treasurer, with the wind fair astern,
^|»ed in the Western Way, past Great Cranberry Isle, and leaving
Greening's Island to starboard, made straight for the doomed settle-
ment on Fernald's Point.

The shrill cries of the seabirds were soon drowned in a cannon-

" Purchase. MacLahose ed.. 19:90. "I returned aprain to my ship," wrote

j^r^'all. "the twelfth of INIay. and hastened forward my businesse left in

"and at my departure: and titted up my ship, and built my fishing- Boate.

•."•I made readie to take the first opportunitie of the wind for my fishing-

"Vaj^^e, of which I beseech God of His mercy to blesse us." Alexander

V^^'u" <^*^rsely remarks: "He was f?oins fishing for Frenchmen." (Genesis

ur.*^ tTnited States. 2:044.)

^rown. First Republic in America, p. 178.

I'll

!; *'!'■■

no SPR.\GUE'S JOL'RXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

ade ^® that rent the hull and tore the rigging of the Jonas, left to

her fate by La Saussaye, who at the first sign of trouble discreetly

took to the woods. La Flory, La Clothe and the Jesuit Gilbert

du Thet with a few* brave fellows succeeded in gaining the deck

of their vessel but they could do little. Even the sails had been

unlaced that they might serve as awnings, so the ship could not

be manoeuvred but lay at the mercy of the attacking party. Du Thet

had loaded and fired the cannon, but in the excitement had neglected

to take aim, so no damage- was inflicted upon the enemy. Soon he

fell shot through the body by a musket ball, while shortly after

La Flory received a wound and Le ^loine of Dieppe and Xeven !}

of Beauvais, "two very promising young companions," were either |i

shot or drowned while trying to escape, and Argall was an easy '

victor in this \er\ uneven conflict. i jll

"The victorious English," says Biard, "came on shore, where
we had our tents and our houses just begrm, and sent out in all
directions in search of our Captain, saying that they wanted to
see our commissions ; that this land belonged to them, wherefor
they had fallen upon us, when they found us here; but that if we
should be able to show that we had acted in good faith, and that we jl |

had come under authority of our sovereign, they would respect • ^' ;l
that, as they wished in no way to imperil the good understanding
between our two kings. The misfortune was that La Saussaye :i||

could not be found, whereupon the shrewd and cunning English- If!

men seized our trunks, broke them open industriously and having ji'

found in them commissions and Royal Patents, seized them; and
putting everything else back in its place, just as they found it, they
nicely locked the boxes again."

On the day following, La Saussaye driven by hunger from his
woods retreat, gave himself up. He was at first treated kindly
by Argall, who asked to see his commissions.

When these important papers could not be produced, for the
very good reason that they were in Argall's pocket, the English ||||
captain stormed and ranted, called the French outlaws and pirate?.

'■ i

. 'ii'i

i;!.

''■,

ll'

"Brief Intellisrance from Virsjinia. Purchase, MacLahose ed.. 19:214. Vl;

states that Arti^all made no use of his cannon, that "he approached so =;'; j

neere to a Ship that lay before their Fort, that he beate them all that
were therein with Musket shot from making- any use of their Ordnance. !

save one of the two Jesuits, who was killed in trivin;? fire to a Peece ..."
This account differs from Biard. There was no fort erected at Saint Sau- ;;

veur and the brief time that intervened between the arrival of the French
at Fernald's Point and Argall's attack, was spent by La Saussaye in
farmingr. i';

MOUNT DESERT iii

tlreatened them and told them they all deserved death. ''And
thereupon," says Biard, **he divided the booty among his soldiers,
consuming the whole afternoon in this business."

Of Saint Sauveur little remains to relate. Lay Brother Gilbert
du Thet who had received his death wound in the futile defense
of the Jonas, expired the next day in the arms of Father Biard
snd was buried at the foot of a large cross which had been erected
on the arrival of the settlers. Nine days later, the bodies of
Le ^loine and Neven having been recovered, they too were interred
near the same spot; all three the first victims of the initial conflict
ujK)n American soil, between French and English, which was to
result in a horrible warfare destined to continue almost unceasingly
until the victorious General Amherst received the formal submis-
sion of the ^larquis de Vaudreuil in the Place d'Armes at Mont-
real, almost a century and a half later.

Of the remaining 45 colonists, thirteen including Father Masse
and La Saussaye were turned adrift in a small boat, well supplied
however with provisions, trusting that some French fishing vessel
would pick them up and convey them to France. This party was
>oon joined by Bailleul, the pilot of the Jonas, 'who, upon the
a[>proach of Argall, had gone to reconnoitre and learning his in-
tentions had taken shelter on Greening's Island or one of the Cran-
t^rry Isles. Off the Nova Scotian coast two vessels were sighted
which rescued them, and after some further suffering and priva-
tion, landed all safely at St. Malo.

Fathers Biard and Quentin together with Captain La Flory,
lieutenant La Clothe and the rest of the company were taken to
> >rgmia in the Jonas, where they all narrowly escaped hanging
*>y order of Sir Thomas Dale. Argall, who had guaranteed their
*''»tety, was brought to a realizing sense of the injustice that his
''•eft of La Saussaye's commission had wrought, confessed his base
^ct, produced the stolen papers and no further talk of the gallows
^•a^ heard.

The Mission but a ^Memory

'♦^ter in the autumn, upon command of Dale to obliterate every

*-icc of the French from IMount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal,

•Argall, forcing Fathers Biard and Quentin to accompany him,

^'Mied Saint Sauveur and completed the destruction begun in July.

»hen his vessels the Treasurer and Jonas, captor and captive.

iil'

" IS';

■I;

. Ill

1 ;,,

'■1

1 ; T

112 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

spread their sails and shaped their course out the Eastern Way
for St. Croix, they left astern at Fernald's Point nothing but a
blackened pile of smouldering embers ; and at the close of that
autumnal day, as the sun set behind the peaks of Western Aloun-
tain, painting the sky a lurid red, from the funeral pyre of Saint
Sauveur there came one last answering flare and ^ladame de
Guercheville's mission was but a memorv\

The Documents in the Case
The two French fishing vessels which picked up Father Masse,
Commandant La Saussaye and the pilot of the Jonas off the coast
of Nova Scotia, arrived at St. Malo, at about the same time, and
there the castaways received a warm reception from the bishop,
governor, magistrates and the people in general. Needless to say,
the story of the English attack aroused bitter resentment and the
recital of the capture of Saint Sauveur, coupled with the tale of
hardship and suffering, which the settlers had been obliged to
undergo, brought public sentiment to a high pitch of indignation,
especially since, both nations were at peace; and it was not long
before King James received a letter -^ from the British ambassador
at Paris, from which the following extract is made. Sir Thomas
Edmondes, the ambassador, writing on October 13, 1613, after
calling attention to English interference with the French whale
fishing at Greenland, "which discontentment is also further aggra-
vated by another advertisement which is come hither that the
English shippes at \'irginia tooke a French shippe, which was
going to make a plantation in those partes, and killed divers of
the men ; but as they here say, used greatest crueltie against cer-
taine Jesuittes which were in said Shippe."

Not many days after the receipt of Edmondes' letter. King James
received a communication from Louis XIII, asking for an ex-
planation of the Saint Sauveur incident. L'nfortunately this letter
of the French king -^ is not on record, but one from Admiral Henri
de Montmorency, which accompanied it, has been preserved and
is as follows :

» Brown, Genesis of the United States, 2:662.

'iBrown. Genesis of the I.'nited States. 2:664. :Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc.
21: 186. This letter was discussed at a meeting- of the ^Nlaine Hist. Soc.
and was first published in the Boston Dally Advertiser of Aug". 31, 1870.

Williamson, Bibliot^raphy of ^Maine, 2: 131.

;' '

f;,ii

(:,

«\

■A

■I il«

i i

' Jl.

MOUNT DESERT 113

H. de Montmorency, xVdmiral of France, to King James :
"Sire:

"I thought it was my duty to accompany the letters which the
king, my master, wrote you with some of my own, in order to have
the honor to offer to your majesty, my very humble service and
to entreat you to be favorable (since as admiral tmder the author-
ity of the king, I have charge of the marine affairs of this king-
dom), that I represent to you the just complaint and the injury
which the French have received from some of your subjects, who
being in an English ship called the 'Treasurer,' whereof Samuel
d'Argail is captain, went to that country of Canada called New
France to the harbor of Pentagoet, where they found a small settle-
ment which was begvm by permission of the king, with our leave,
and at the expense of ]^Iadame la Alarquise de Guercheville, lady
of honor to the queen, through a good and holy zeal to lead the
poor savages of the said country to a civil conversation and to
preach to them the doctrine of Jesus Christ, and for that purpose
a number of Jesuit fathers were there.

"But your said subjects have ruined this plan; they have attacked

the colony; they have slain many men, and among others, two of

the said Jesuits ; and besides, they carried away two others with

[ them into Virginia, (by vrhat people say) ; and have abandoned

i the rest of the people to the mercy of the waters, in a small skiff.

[ We know well enough, Sire, the goodness, and the unusual clem-

I ency with which you are filled, and that you are so far removed

from such inhumanity that you will assuredly do justice in the

[ matter, when you are informed of it. Therefore in the name of

France, and of the private parties interested in these Countries,

I beg your Majesty for three things : —

"One, that you will command the two Jesuit fathers to be re-
turned in safety with the other prisoners ; the other, that restitution
^hall be made for so remarkable a robber}', which cost the said
dame Marquise more than a hundred thousand livres of loss. And
Ihe third, that your Council or the Company of Virginia may be
' <"''>liged to declare and explain as far as where they understood
; t^ be carried, the boundaries and confines of that said country of
^ Jrginia, inasmuch as we thought the difficulty might have come
I ^'n account of the neighborhood of the two colonies. But your
^•">*ijesty knows that for more than 80 vears, the French have been

; 1 i

; El

ifi

1;
|i

i!,!,

■ %

ill'

:i'

II!

!' '1
Hi

114 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY |

'*.
in possession of it, and have given to it the name of New France. '

The hope that your majesty will be . . . how prudently to remedy
this, and find it good, if it please you, that ^lons. de Buisseaux,
ambassador, may be interested more particularly with it, to give
us an answer to it as favorable as the complaint of it is reasonable,
and full of justice.

"Nevertheless, I pray God, Sire, that he may give your majesty
a very long and very happy life. | j

"Your very humble servant, |!

"H. De Moxtmorexcy. I|

"At Fontainebleau, the XXVIII of October, 1613."

Indorsed : To the King of Great Britain : "A letter from the
Admiral of France to his majestic concerning Samuel Argall," etc.

The English Privy Council at once began an investigation of |

the charges of ^lontmorency and dispatched this letter -- to Sir
Thomas Smythe of London, treasurer of the Virginia Company:

"We have latelie received divers Complaints exhibited by the
French Ambassador on the behalfe of certaine Frenchmen of
Rochelle, St. John de Luz, and others, some of them concerninge
outrages committed upon them (as is alleged) on the coast ot ||

Canada by Captain Argall employed for Virginia ... as appear- f :;li

eth by the memorialls presented by the French Ambassador, which |i

we send you here withal.

"Forasmuche as it will be expected that His Majesty should
forthwith give some satisfaction to the said Ambassador, . . .
we have thought good first to require you to acquainte some of
the Councell of Virginia herewithal . . . and to returne us their
several and particular answers . . . with all expedition, that the
Ambassador may receive his answer from his ^Majestie or his
Boord ..." I , ;

To this order in Council the Treasurer and Council of Virginia "^ ^ '^
made reply that no news had been received from Virginia since
the preceding June, the order having been passed in January, but
when news were received they felt sure that they could give the
"Lord Embassador of France" satisfaction.

A letter from Sir Thomas Edmondes -* to King James, written
from Paris on Januar}^ 2, 1614, relative to the numerous interviews

5 I

f- il::
it' P

^ ''i.ii'

<; if!!:

■I'll

«, i

« Brown, Genesis of the United States, 2: fi77. See also Documents relat- |ji:|

inp: to the colonial history of the state of New York, 3: 1. |;| i

=»Brown, Genesis of the United States, 2:679. | ; ^

"Brown, Genesis of the United States. 2:677. l3|

MOUNT DESERT 115

which the British ambassador had held with the French Secretary
of State on the subject of the French at Mount Desert has an
important bearing upon the French official attitude on the question.
Edmondes writes : ^

"Sire:

"... Finding ]\Ionsr. de Villeroy, that tyme, in a better moode,
than when I formerly debated these matters with him, I made it
appear unto him by manie instances, that the interest which they
(the French) pretended to- have in the discoveries which we had
made with great perill and charge (concerning the which he had
before spoken to me much out of square) was contrarie to the
received custome and practise of all nations, wherewith he was so
well satisfied, as he said, that he would no more dispute the matter
with me. ..."

It is of passing interest to note that Edmondes,-^ later in the
year, reports to Ralph Winwood, the English Secretary of State,
that he had an interview with the King and Queen in regard to
the French complaint against his English Majesty's subjects for
what was done at Saint Sauveur, and speaking of Marie de ^ledicis,
Edmondes adds : ''Whereunto she made me no other answers then
that the complaints were great which she received of the spoyles
which were committed upon the French by his ]\Iajesties subjects,
as she was forced to make an extraordinary instance for the re-
dresse of the same." (English State Paper Office.)

Argall's Authority

The "Treasurer," Captain Argall, sailed from Virginia about the
i8th of June, 1614, and arrived in England in July bringing passen-
gers and letters. Among the documents were depositions of the
French in Virginia, while the passengers included Captain Flory
and two other Frenchmen of the Saint Sauveur colony. Soon after
Argall's return, the Council of Virginia sent a reply to a letter
from the Privy Council, certain portions of which refer to Saint
Sauveur.2«

"That it is true that Captain Argall did take a French ship
^vithin the limits of our Colony, who went about to plant, contrary
to the extent and privilege of his ^Majesty's letters patent to us
granted. That he did it by command of the governor of our

ill.

Kii

li-i;

"Brown, Genesis of the United States. 2:757.
"Brown, Genesis of the United States, 2:731.

ii6 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Colony by his commission to him given under the seal of the I

colony, and by virtue of such authority as is to him derived from
his Majesty's great seal of England.

"That whereas, it is said, it was 200 leagues from our plantation,
intimating thereby that it was out of our limits, we say the coast
lying next E. N. E. and W. S. W. many more hundred leagues will
not deliver them without our borders, we have granted unto us iii

from 34 to 45 degrees of north latitude, and from E. to W. from
one sea to another, with a certain clause that if any other nations j|

should get land to the north of 45 degrees, and by any river or if

lake, or by land travel should come to the southwards, to plant |

behind our backs, that it should be lawful for our governor to i|

resist, displant, and take by force any that make such attempt.

''This seems improbable, owing- to the well-known defenseless condition
of the Jonas. It is. however, not surprising- that the English and the
French accounts of Saint Sauveur would vary somewhat in detail.

And we do further avow that the said ship was taken between |i

43 and 44 degrees, which in express limitation is within his Ma- |

jesty's grant and is annexed to the royal crown. And that this is
proved by the several confessions of divers of the French examined
by Sir Thomas Dale and certified accordingly unto us by him.

"And that the said Captain Argall, besides his several commis-
sions for his justification to us showed, hath further produced
imto (us) a testimonial or certificate under the seal of our Colony,
that he hath in his voyages no way exceeded the commission to him
given . . . that upon cross-examination . . . certified the said
ship and other . . . Letters Patents, and that therefore we sup-
pose (he should) be wholly for the fact excusable.

"Concerning the aggravation of circumstances. We (reply)
Argall had not above 60 men in his ship. That the (French) first
shot -'^ at him; besides the ship and her app(urtenances), which
was redelivered at the request of the French A(mbassador), was
not to the value of 200 pounds sterling, as we are (able to) prove
by the several inventories delivered by the F(rench) to the Mar-
shall of Virginia, and together with their (examinations) unto us
certified.

"Secondly, to the imputation of inhumanity used by him (to his)
prisoners, we say it is wholly false. That neither ^Monsieur Saus-
saye nor any other were detained a? prisoners, but that he went
and returned from ship to .shore at pleasure. That Captain Argall
did propound to them three offers :

I PI

^ m
! • ■li

Si:

i .1
i -1

MOUNT DESERT 117

ll!

"i. First, to give them a small pinnace, with sufficient victuals
(to) carry them all to France. :|

"2. Secondly, to give tliem passage from thence to the bank, |

120 leagues from Cape Brittayne, there to meet certayne French
shipping. I

"3. Thirdly, to give Monsieur Saussy their Captain, a shallop, |

and as (many) of his men as he would choose, with sufficient pro- ||

vision to their own wasre, and to carrv the residue (with him) to I

Virginia. (And) that condition was chosen by the Captain, and |

accordingly performed. |

"These offers are proved by the confession of ^Monsieur Saussay, |

his two Jesuits, the blaster, and at least ten other of the company,
which are ready to be shown, with many attestations of great
humanity and . . . courtesy shown to them ...

"And that these our reasonable answers considered, the King of
France is neither in his Hon's (Honours?) nor title anyway injured
by the just defense of our own, and maintainance of those limits }p

and extent of territory given unto us by his Majesty's Letters !|

Patents many years before the French had any footing to the south |

of Canada. . Il

"Neither hath Madame de Guercheville anv reason to expect fe

reparation, having entered without our leave, within our limits and
dominion, by force to plant or trade, contrary to the good corre-
spondence and league of these two most royal Kings. And if any
particular be hereof doubted or replied unto, we will be ready to
give testimony and further answer thereunto."

After receiving the communication just quoted, the Privy Coun-
cil made the following reply -* to the French complaints. This
reply was indorsed: "D(elivered) ye Fr(ench) Amb(assador by)
Mons. Edmo(ndes). 1614. Answer to the French Complayntes."

"Reply to the complaints presented to the King by Sieur Bis-
seaux, resident Ambassador to the King. From the most Christian
King. ;.. 11

"Reply to the fourth complaint concerning Virginia.

"Captain Argol admits that he has taken the French ship in
<^iuestion, within the limits of our Colony on account of this, that
ccmtrary to the privileges granted the said Company by Letters
Patent from the King, it attempted to intrude and establish itself

"Brown. Genesis of the United States. 2:733.

til
m

fii)

* Brown, First Republic in America, p. 219.
*> Shea's Charlevoix, 1:285.

lli

ii8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

by force, and that what he has done in this matter has been done
by virtue of the commission, which had been granted to him under
the seal of the said Company, for that very purpose, which author-
ity is derived from the special powers granted by His Majesty to
said Colony under his Great Seal, and that nevertheless the said
vessel has been returned at the request of the Ambassador. Not-
withstanding which reply, His Alajesty wishing to show the Ambas-
sador the wish he cherishes to give all the contentment and satis-
faction possible, has caused orders to be issued, that the said
Captain Argol shall be produced to account for what he has done,
at any time and whenever the Ambassador shall desire it. And
that Turner, his Lieutenant, shall in like manner be produced as
soon as he can be apprehended."

The Reply to the eighth complaint was touching the ^Marchioness |[

of Guercheville : — ■ lli

"As to Aladame the Marchioness of Guercheville, she has no
reason to complain ; nor to hope for any reparation ; seeing that |j

her ship entered by force the territory of the said Colony to settle :
there, and to trade without their permission to the prejudice of '
our treaties and of the good understanding there is between our [|

kings. |j

Madame de Guercheville's Replies |

It would seem that the claims of ^ladame de Guercheville re- |

ceived a fair consideration in the courts, for on October 21, 1614. ||

she wrote a personal letter -^ to the Secretary of State, Sir Ralph
Win wood : .

"I have learnt the obligation I am under to you, before having
the happiness of knowing you, which makes me doubly thank you,
and entreat a continuation of your courtesy for the reparation of
the great wrong which has been done m.e, and for the recovery of
the Frenchmen who remain in Virginia. I promise that I shall
be infinitely obliged for what shall be returned in so just a resti- §|

tution and even more will ever be your most obliged and affection- t

li'ii
ate to serve you." i|-':

It seems curious that ]\Iadame de Guercheville should have per-
mitted Champlain's advice to go unheeded and that she allowed
her settlement to be established within the limits of disputed terri-
tory. Charlevoix,"'** the Jesuit historian, criticizes her commandant,

liii
1:

i'ii

lli
i: !l!

lil

\\4

i;.i

MOUNT DESERT

119

La Saussaye, severely for not staying at Port La Have, (Lunenburg
county, N. S.), where a landing was made before coming to ]^Iount
Desert. *'He should have gone no further," says Charlevoix, "he
would never have been attacked by the English there, for the English
intended only to carry on the fishery at Blount Desert Island, and
were not in force to get involved in Acadia, where they must have
supposed the French on their guard ; moreover, they did not know
Port de la Have, the entrance of which is easily defended. ^ladame
de Guercheville, on her side, erred in not intrusting her enterprise
to someone already acquainted with the country ; and it is incon-
ceivable how two missionaries, who had already spent two. years

I /,

'^=j-'

sa:-^^^^

^^^j^-^g^.-^--^ ^^^^^^^

:r^

Photogroi)li By Courtesy of W. H. Blacar, Banjfor, Me.
CHAMPLAIX MONUMENT — SEAL HARBOR

I'i

;'i^
i'\\

there, did not suggest all this to La Saussaye, who was disposed,
^nd doubtless had orders to follow their advice."

The excitement which broke out in France when news of the
so-called Argall outrage reached that country, soon subsided when
It became tmderstood that the affair concerned only private indi-
viduals. The Jones was sent back to Madame de Guercheville, the
f^rench prisoners were all released, and although the ^larquise had
«sked for compensation for her losses, she was obliged to content
"trself with the return of the vessel, realizing when it was too late,
the grave error she had made in not listening to Samuel de Cham-
plain. Father Coton is blamed by Champlain, since it was by

I20 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF :MAINE HISTORY

his advice that ^ladame de Guercheville undertook the establish-
ment of her mission. Coton, because of his high official position
in the Society of Jesus, could easily influence the Patroness of the
Jesuits and it is little wonder that his counsels, rather than those
of Champlain, prevailed.

To Charlevoix's comment, John Gilmary Shea adds a note in
which he calls attention to the fact that the English had, to Biard's
knowledge, captured French fishing vessels in the vicinity of Mount
Desert but a few years before, and concludes with a statement in
regard to Fernald's Point as a colony site for a French mission,
that "the choice of the spot for a settlement seems mad."

Even so, it is of more than antiquarian interest that this ancient
Jesuit mission of Saint Sauveur, whose name is perpetuated in the
little mountain rising abruptly on the north and west of Valley |j

Cove, found place upon Blount Desert Island. Shortlived though
it was, this Fernald's Point settlement has left an indelible stamp ||

upon the early annals of the Island of the Desert Mountains, and i

Mount Saint Sauveur, symbolic in its rugged majesty, well serves
as a memorial to those intrepid blackrobed followers of Loyola.
who, forgetful of self, braved ocean's peril and hostile attack to
labor for the greater glory of God among primitive peoples of
primeval tribes.

THE MAINE INDIANS, AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH

THE WHITE SETTLERS

(By Ethel M. Wood.)

(Continued from page 69.)

IV. Early Frexch Relations with the Indians
Turning now from the English to the French and their acquaint-
ance with the aborigines, we find that from their first appearance
here, from the earliest expeditions of Champlain and De ]\Ionts.
the most amicable relations existed between the two races. These
early French settlers used every means in their power to make
allies of the natives, the most potent of which were, without doubt, Jl
trade, intermarriage, and religion. ! il

The French in Canada and the upper part of Maine established It
an extensive fur trade with the Indians which the latter found
more satisfactory than that carried on with the English. The more ■ | j
conscientious French endeavored not to cheat the Indians. There lil

ij
If

''■I!

^Smith's History of Virerinia, etc.; page 213.
Abbott; History of :Haine. p. 337.

THE AIAIXE INDIANS 121 ^

were, of course, some dishonest traders among them, but generally
they gave value for value in so far as they were able, quite the
reverse of the English who seemed to glory in the fact that they
were getting something for almost nothing. For example, Capt. '

John Smith, in his account of his experiences on the Alaine coast,
says, "We got for trifles eleven thousand one hundred martens, m

and as many otters." ^ It seems that as he neared the Penobscot, | p

his "trifles" were not so well received, for the Indians of that region 11

had learned of the liberal prices to be obtained from the French. i|l

The French also secured an advantage over the English in the fact |i

that they furnished the Indians with guns and ammunition, teach- I

ing them their use. The English, fearing to trust the savages, had,
as a matter of precaution, w^ithheld firearms from them, but the
French saw that they could make better allies of them by furnish-
ing them with implements of war.

In establishing friendly relations with the Indians, the French
were greatly aided by their marriage alliances with the various
tribes; very many of the French settlers took Indian wives, and
prospective colonists were even advised to bring no women with
them in their expeditions, in order that they might contract matri-
monial alliances with the natives. Baron Castine is said to have
had five Indian wives, and was a man of great influence in the
Penobscot tribe. The English with their pride of birth had stood
aloof and had kept their blood unsullied from alliance with a savage
people. The French lived among them almost on terms of equality
and therefore were in a position to win their intimate and lasting
regard.

In no way, probably, did the French gain a greater influence
over the aborigines of Elaine than by the dissemination of their
religion among them. To the superstitious Indian nature, Cathol-
icism made a strong appeal. Its elaborate rites and ceremonies
embodied sufficient of that mysticism, which was so essential to
his religious nature. An old chief when asked why the Indians
\^'ere so much more attached to the French than to the English
replied, "Because the French have taught us to pray unto God,
which the English never did." - This is the Indian's condemnation
of the Englishman and he administers a further rebuke in the fol-
lowing terms : "You have returned us evil for good. You put the

li-i;

^■:1

II.

r; .'

i' '•

122 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

flaming cup to our lips ; it filled our veins with poison ; it wasted '

the pride of our strength. Ay, and when the fit was on us, you

took advantage — you made gain of us . . . The earth is for the l

'I
life and range of man. We are now told that the country spread-
ing far from the sea is passed away to you forever, — perhaps for f
nothing — because of the names and seals of our sagamores. They ^.
never turned their children, from their homes to suffer. Their |:
hearts were too full of kindness, their souls too great." ^ The |
French from the first assumed toward them a brotherly attitude Ij
and were honest in their dealings with them. Is it to be wondered I
at, therefore, that their religion should seem a reality to this simple j|
people ?

From the very beginning of the French settlements, Jesuit mis-
sionaries came from France for the purpose of conveying the |
Gospel to the natives. In 1609, Biencourt, the son of Poutrin-
court, the early explorer, embarked to the new world for the pur-
pose of establishing a settlement at Port Royal in Acadia. Through |;j
the efforts of Antoinette de Pons, ^larchioness de Guercheville,
there accompanied him upon this voyage two Jesuit priests. Fathers
Pierre Biard and Enemond Masse. Father Biard thus states the
twofold purpose of their mission, first, "to act as spiritual adviser
to Sieur de Biencourt, and, second, to become acquainted with and
learn the disposition of the native to receive the gospel." ^ In 161 1,
Biard, with Biencourt and party, sailed to the Sheepscot River in
search of food. At night some Indians encamped on the nearby
shore and spent the evening in singing and dancing. The French-
men on deck began to mimic them, doing it so cleverly that the
Indians themselves paused to look and listen. In the morning the
two parties held conversation through the medium of an interpreter,
a captive Indian, whom the French had brought from St. John.
Biencourt was conducted up the river a little distance and then
through Pleasant Cove to their chief, who, they said, would give
them corn. He had none to spare, however, but was very- willing
tc trade in furs. Father Biard, distinguished by his priestly garb,
and because of the fact that he carried no weapons, was treated
with especial courtesy. Through the interpreter, he held a little
religious service in their midst, which seemed to make some im-

« Williamson: Vol. 2. p. 112-113.

«See History of Kennebec County, Maine, Chap. 2. Nash's Indians of the
Kennebec, p. 13.

II
vi
ilj

} hi?

Il
;•;!!

1: "{

:■

THE MAINE INDIANS ' 123

pression upon them. He later wrote that he found them "a teach-
able people who listened with respect and who seemed to be not
far from the kingdom of God." ^

Soon after the return to Port Royal a serious quarrel arose
between the hot-headed Biencourt and his spiritual advisers, with
the attending result that their labors were much interfered with. j.

The ^larchioness de Guercheville, in the meantime, hearing of the ||

''' i
dissension, determined to send out a colony which should not be li

„ . . . . il\

disturbed in its missionary enterprise. With this expedition which ||:

followed two years after, she sent out two more Jesuits, Fathers
Ouentin and Lalemand, and Gilbert du Thet, a lay brother. Stop-
ping at Port Royal for Fathers Biard and ]\Iasse, they continued
their voyage, intending to sail up the river and settle at Kadesquit
or Kenduskeag, the present site of Bangor. Unfavorable weather
drove them from their course and they came ashore at Mount
Desert. They intended, after the storm had abated, to continue
en their way, but the Indians would not listen to such a proposal.
They pointed out the beauties and attractions of the place, and
when these inducements failed, they appealed to the humanity of
the Jesuit fathers by a woeful tale of the illness of their chief and
his need of Christian baptism before his death. This appeal did
indeed touch the hearts of the priests, and even when they found
that the sagamore was suffering only from an attack of rheuma-
tism and was not in a serious condition at all, they decided to make
this their abiding place. A settlement was made on the island and
named St. Sauveur. Owing to the success attending their minis-
trations to a sick child, the missionaries came to be regarded as
almost superhuman beings. .V lasting impression was made upon
the Indians which resulted in many conversions to the Catholic ||

faith. The Jesuits remained until the settlement was destroyed
by Samuel Argall of Virginia and they themselves were taken away
as captives. Later some Capuchin friars took up their abode on
the shores of the Penobscot where thev labored zealouslv for the
conversion of the natives.

Some of the Indians of the Canibas tribe in their journeyings
to and from Canada had come under the influence of the Jesuits \

at the French town of Sillery ^' and had become greatly interested

•ill

!ii;
il

^11

■ ; 1

•See Palfrey's History of New Enjrland: Vol. 4. p. .31.

•Sillery was on th^- site of the modern St. Joseph, situated on the Chau-
ui^re River some miles south of Quebec.

S- 1;

III!

124 SPR-\GUE*S JOURNAL OF :\IAINE HISTORY

in their teaching. They had been converted through their inter-
course with these missionaries and. with the Christian Indians of
that place, and on their return to their home in the fertile valley
of the Kennebec, they endeavored to preach the gospel to their
own people. Finally they sent a request for a missionary to the
civil governor and religious superior of Quebec, and on Aug. 29,
1646, in response to this request Father Gabriel Dreuillettes came
to dwell among them. He built a chapel at Old Point in Norridge-
wock; and in the Abenaki villages he nursed the sick, baptized
the dying, and tliough handicapped by his meagre knowledge of
the language, he gave them as much instruction as he could. From
Norridgewock, the northernmost Abenaki settlement on the Ken-
nebec, he went down the river to the English post at Cushenock
(Augusta) and thence to the mouth of the Kennebec and along
the coast to the Penobscot, where he found several Capuchins |f

under Father Ignace. These received him very kindly. He spent
the winter at an Indian village three miles above the present site of
Augusta, where the natives erected a rude chapel for him. This
station was known as the ^lission of the Assumption on the Ken-
nebec. Father Dreuillettes required three things of his converts :
that they abstain from intoxicating liquors, that they live at peace
with their neighbors, and that they give up their medicine men with
their mysterious charms. This last, the problem of the medicine
men, was the most difficult, but the missionary finally won. In
the spring the red men started out on their great annual hunt and
with them went their missionarx*. The strenuousness of this hunt- jl

ing life was almost beyond his strength but he made no complaint, J

patiently enduring every hardship that he might the better win the 'i;'^

confidence and respect of the Indians. The next year Father |i|

Dreuillettes left them and returned to Canada, but they expressed |;|

so much sorrow at his departure and begged so persistently for ::|

his return that he later spent another winter with them. Again
he appears in 1650 at Plymouth in the capacity of agent of the
Abenakis, soliciting from this province, under whose jurisdiction
they lived, some protection from the hostile Mohawks. He after- j |:

ward continued his work among the Indians until his station was j !|

destroyed by the British in 1674. 'yj

Dreuillettes was followed in 168^ bv two brothers. Fathers Vin- j;
cent and Jacques Bigots who took up the work at Norridgewock. \.\

s if

ii
HI

I!,:

! I

THE MAINE INDIANS ^ 125

By this time the teachings of the former missionary had faded out
and the brothers had to begin with the very simplest of rehgious
truths. They exercised great control over the Indians, and were
particularly active in urging them on against the English. Their
successor was the famous Father Sebastian Rale," a man of much
education and culture. He was sent from Quebec in 1693 to the
Abenaki village where he had an unbroken ministry until his
tragic death in 1724. It would be impossible to measure the sac-
rifice which it required of him to give up the comforts of civiliza-
tion to live among the savages. No luxuries did he have, and all
too few of the ordinary comforts of life.

Father Rale took pains to adorn his church and to provide it
with all the furnishings necessary to the performance of its rites
and ceremonies, thinking that in this way he could more easily
interest the savages in the worship. The squaws vied with one
another in adorning the shrine of the Virgin Alary. Father Rale
even trained a "clerg}-" of forty young men to assist him in the
service. Great multitudes of Indians were wont to come from j '
far and near to attend the church services, and Rale, in a letter |
to his nephew, said : *'You would be edified with the fine order |
they observe and with the piety they evince." ^ In his mission of \
"instructing them and forming them to Christian virtues" ® he
found few idle moments. The mass was celebrated in the early
morning, after which the priest instructed the children and young
people in the catechism. From then until noon he gave himself
up to hearing and answering the questions of his people on any
and every concern of their lives. The afternoons were spent in
visiting the sick and all who were in special need of his minis-
trations. At sunset, evening prayers were held in the church.
Aside from the sermons on the Sabbath and on feast days. Father
Tvale passed "few working days without making them a short ex-
hortation for the purpose of inspiring a horror of the vices toward
which their tendency is strongest, or for strengthening them in the
practice of some virtue." ^^ The evenings were the only time
which the good man had to himself, and then he was busily engaged
m making a dictionary of the Abenaki language, in the hope of
reducing the dialects to writing

(To be continued.)

^The name i? variously spelled Rale. Ralle. Rahle, Rasle and Rasles.

Cummingrs, ^lission of Father Rasles; p. 12.
•CumminpTs, :Mission of Father Rasles; p. 11.
^"Cummingrs; p. 13.

II
li
I'

I. B

lit »

126 SPR.\GUE'S JOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

A HO^^IE RULE FOR IRELAND ^lEETING IX BAXGOR.

MAIXE, IX 1886

On the evening of ^londay, June 7, 1886, the citizens of Bangor
held a mass meeting in the old X^'orumbega hall, to indorse the
Gladstone-Parnell bill for home rule in Ireland, then pending in
the British Parliament.

The report of this meeting in the ^^ hig and Courier says : "It
was one of the grandest demonstrations ever held within its his-
toric walls."

The meeting was called to order by the JMayor, Edward B.
N^alley. Chief Justice John A. Peters presided, with the follow-
ing vice-presidents : Hannibal Hamlin, John Appleton, Samuel H.
Blake, Albert G. Wakefield, Charles Hay ward, William B. Hay-
ford, AX'illiam H. ^IcCrillis, Lewis Barker, George W. Ladd, Joseph
P. Bass, Samuel F. Humphrey, Eben S. Coe, Rev. George W. Field, j;

D. D., Rev. Edward ^IcSweeney of the St. John's Catholic Church,
Rev. IM. C. O'Brien of the St. Clary's Catholic Church, Xathan C.
Ayer, General George \'arney, Llewellyn J. i\Iorse, John Varney,
Charles V. Lord, Greenleaf J. Clark, Dr. Thomas X. Coe. Dr. Isaac
Strickland and Philo A. Strickland. Its secretaries were F. H.
Getchell and E. P. Boutelle. Speeches were made by Franklin A.
Wilson, General Charles Hamlin, Lewis Barker, Daniel F. Davis,
W. H. McCrillis, Patrick H. Gillin, Rev. H. Barnard Carpenter
of Boston, Rev. George W. Field, D. D., Rev. Fathers McSweeney
and O'Brien and Dr. D. A. Robinson. Resolutions strongly favor-
ing home rule for Ireland were passed. ''Joseph P. Bass moved
that a dispatch be cabled to Mr. Gladstone carrying to him the
sentiments of the meeting,'' which was "unanimously carried."
Letters were read from John P. Donworth of Houlton, John B.
Redman, Ellsworth, Governor Robie and James G. Blaine, Augusta,
and Congressman Charles A. Boutelle, who, at the time, was in
Washington, D. C.

So far as we know, Philo xV. Strickland, E. P. Boutelle and
Patrick H. Gillin are the only ones now living whose names ap- ||i|

peared in the report of this meeting. - S|

|:j

MAKIXG HISTORY IX THE MAIXE WOODS— |i

CULTURE FOR THE LUMBERJACK ll

(By the Editor.) i; |

When the writer was a lad and for years thereafter there were j j

no "lumberjacks" in the vast and dense forests of northern !Maine. H

It
1(1

I
ill

... J
1

ill

■\'\\

.Hi

•■#^^

MAKING HISTORY IX :\L\INE WOODS 127

They were all 'Svoodsmen/' whether choppers, swampers, ox or
horse teamsters, river drivers, cooks or cookees. The old-time
woodsman was ever known by his outer garment which invariably
was a bright red woolen shirt. AMien he went into the woods he
carried on his back an old meal bag stuffed with a few supplies
from his home that the good wife thought he might need during
an eight months' sojourn in the heart of the great wilderness fifty
or a hundred miles beyond the head of Aloosehead Lake. These
crews of woodsmen started on foot from Bangor, and walked a
distance of sixty miles to Greenville at the foot of Aloosehead Lake,
where they embarked on the lake by steamboat; usually receiving
reinforcements from the farms in every town and hamlet along
the way.

It should be understood that in those days — fifty to sixty years
ago — there were very few foreign-born Maine woodsmen, except
some from New Brunswick, then called "bluenoses."' The latter
class would work summers in the lumber mills at Bangor and other
points along the Penobscot river, and for the lumber operators in
the woods for the winter, and drive the logs on the rivers and
streams in the springtime. The much larger portion of these woods
crews were, however, pure-blooded sons of Maine, whose fathers
came here from ^Massachusetts and Xew Hampshire, and who had
descended straight from the old Pilgrim and Puritan stock.

Thoreau when he wrote "Maine W^oods" had never heard of
lumberjacks. When Fanny Hardy Eckstorm wrote her charming
tpic story of the "Penobscot Man" as late as 1904, she at least
ignored this appellation.

As the old-time saw mills began to give place to the great pulp
^ind paper industry and Bangor on the Penobscot was no longer
"the largest lumber market in the world," the red shirts gradually
clropped out of the ranks to be filled by a rapidly increasing army
of a distinctly different type of man. They came in droves from
Boston and other seaport cities, ordered by mail from labor agen-
cies. The new crowd was wholly cosmopolitan. They hailed from
t'very nook and corner of the earth and from all the ports of men
in western and eastern Europe. The first view of the lumberjack
^vas beheld when this influx strange to the deep, dark shadows of
the woods of Maine, began. He was first discovered and this name
bestowed upon him by that wizard in the portraiture of Maine
country and backwoods life, Holman Day, not more than a quarter

I'i^

I
4

■Hi

ji
W

of the employer and the employee are wisely adjusted, equalized
and harmonized.

Its latest venture in this social and welfare work among the

It::
i -i

128 SPR.\GUE'S JOURXAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

of a century ago, Theodore Roosevelt or W'oodrow Wilson were
never more successful in the coinage of words than was Day in
this one, for it has since been universally adopted.

One of the largest employers of these lumberjacks, is the Great
Xorthem Paper Company. Its policy of dealing with the public
has from the first been a broad and generous one. This fact is
well illustrated by its having constructed and maintained in this
wilderness practically at its own expense, about 135 miles of good
graveled turnpike roads, and by its acts saying to the public :
"Come on and use these roads for pleasure or business as you may
desire. They are free for all."

There are about seven thousand of this new type of woodsman
working in its Spruce Woods Department.

The passing of the old conditions and the time-worn customs
and methods of the fathers of the Maine lumbering was, several
years ago, perfectly apparent to its manager and his lieutenants.
Gradually and quietly they have revolutionized their entire woods ||

system, upon an entirely new basis, designed to meet the swiftly
changing conditions. A "welfare department," with its moving
pictures, its libraries, victrolas, night schools and reading rooms
for the use of rough-neck swampers, choppers, etc., would today
surely astound the Babbs, the Stricklands, the ^Morrisons or the
John Ross' of the past generation, though they were all great and
wonderful men for their times. And yet as startling as it may
seem, it is exactly what is now being accomplished in the wild
timberland districts, in the counties of Aroostook and Piscataquis.
The plan is amazingly progressive. It is in absolute harmony with
the most advanced thought on the problems of immigration and
labor.

Thus, far removed from the lure and temptations of the crowded
cities, where Maine's wild life exists, where the bear and the moose
have their homes ; where the loon laughs and the beaver builds his
castle; where the pine and the hemlock murmur their weird re-
frains, and the roar of windy blasts from mountain tops, and the
scream of the eagle is heard, new Americans are being made.
They have been started on the road to refinement and good citizen-

j:lf

:.l i

li 1
I I

ship, without noise or fuss. And by the same token, the relations ll li

-"^■m^i^j^^-

MAKIXG HISTORY IX :MAIXE WuODS 129

lumberjacks, is the founding of an illustrated monthly magazine,
entitled "The Xorthern," with Harry B. Coe, late of Portland,
for its editor, who is well known for his experience and ability
as a writer and publisher. Its sole purpose is to furnish its thou-
sands of employees with a publication of their own, devoted wholly
to their own interests and welfare. It announces that it is "A
^lagazine of Contact, Between the ^lanagement and the Men of
the Great Xorthern Paper Co. — Spruce Woods Department." It
is unique. Culture and the woods life of the lumberjacks are
delightfully intermingled in its columns. It is breezy, attractive,
and full of excellent matter, appropriate for its reading constitu-
ency. It will be a bright addition to Elaine literature. The first
number appeared in April, of the present year. In this issue the
editor says : "The Social Service Division of the Spruce Wood
Department of the Great Xorthern Paper Company is the develop-
ment of an idea which had its inception in the active brain of
Manager F. A. Gilbert in his desire to bring to the people of the
Spruce Wood Department more of the pleasures of hfe and to
afford them opportunities for diversion which they could not other-
wise get.

"That is the reason for its existence and its excuse for func-
tioning.

"^Ir. M. S. Hill was appointed superintendent about a year ago,
since which time his plans were developed to their present stage, |:|i
of bringing to the wilderness those pleasures of city life which we
all enjoy having, in entertaining and instructive reading, in music
and in moving pictures.

"Reading is provided through traveling libraries which are rented
from the State through the office of the State Librarian, these
libraries being placed at the company's headquarters at Pittston,
Seboomook, Grant Farm, Rice Farm, Dyer Brook and Monticello. ||
A librarian is in charge and books can be had at any time. From
these headquarters places, the books, under certain necessary re-
strictions, can be used by the men in the outlying camps and oper-
ations of their several natures.

"Besides the libraries, current event and fiction reading is oifered
through weekly and monthly magazines, forty of which go each
issue to these headquarters places and during the woods operation
season to the principal depot camps as v/ell, and from those places.

if I
ill

i|(

I' !
[Si

' v'l

III

I30 SPRAGLE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

after being read, they are forwarded to the smaller camps located

farther back in the woods. [1

"Victrolas have been placed at the same places and sets of records
arranged in programs of about twenty-five selections each, and the
aim has been to make them sufficiently varied to cater to all tastes.
so that there is included a variety from the latest fox trot to the
big Red Seal records of grand opera by the greatest singers. These
concert programs are sent in rotation to these several places to give
them a new set of records at stated intervals."

S li':

; I''

t I'

Iji

III

1 \\

I';

\ v.

;|!i.

,ii.i;

(, I,;

CAPTAIN STEPHEN SMITH, WHO LIVED IN MACHIAS,
MAINE, IN REVOLUTIONARY TIMES

(By Mark A. Barwise.)

John Smith came to Barnstable, ]\Iassachusetts, from England, ]|

about 1630, was betrothed to Susanna Hinckley, daughter of
Samuel Hinckley and brother of Thomas Hinckley, afterward gov-
ernor, in 1642, and married in 1643. I" 1663 he succeeded Rev.
William Sargent as pastor of the Barnstable church. Subsequently
he went to Long Island and New Jersey and in 1675 removed to
Sandwich and in 1676 became pastor of the Sandwich church,
continuing as such until 16S8, when his pastorate was terminated
at his own request, he being 74 years of age. The record of his
death is obscure as to the year but the probability is it occurred
October 2, 1710, at the extreme age of 96 years. Ijl

Stephen Smith was a descendant in the fourth generation of
John and Susanna (Hinckley) Smith and the son of Samuel and fi

Bethia Smith. He was born in Sandwich, Massachusetts, and [[ili

married in 1762, Deborah, daughter of Johnathan and Patience III

Ellis, of Plymouth. In 1772 Stephen Smith removed from Sand- |i|

wich to Machias, in the District of ^Maine, where, but nine years
before, a settlement had been made. In 1776 he was appointed
Truck-master to the Indians, by the Provincial Congress. The
duties of this office were to supply the Indians with provisions, Ji

and to keep them from taking an active part against the Colonists j j

in the Revolutionary A\'ar. The next year he was spoken of as
Captain Smith, of the militia, and he was associated with Col.
Allan, Col. Eddy and Maj. Stillman, in the defense of the settle-
ments in Eastern !Maine. He showed himself, in the numerous

-■1:1

Mil

i: H:

HON. JAMES PHIXNEY BAXTER 131

Great men of renown have lived before thee,

And thy life has drank anew

From the fountain head of knowledge

From the sweetest, pure and true ;

Now thy soul will e'er be feasting

In that better land above

Where no sorrow, pain or anguish

Enters the sacred realm of love.

Victoria Aurora Magxusson.
Librarian, Baxter Memorial Library, Gorham, Maine.
June 2, 1921.

skirmishes, to be a good commander, and one whom the Indians
respected and obeyed. That he was a generous man and one who
contributed to the support of the church, is shown by the fact that,
in the subscription, ''that the Rev. James Lyon tarry here this pres-
ent year (1778) and preach the Gospel among us," Stephen Smith
is recorded as giving ''four thousand boards, or £12," which is
the largest subscription on the list. Perhaps it may be inferred
that he owned a saw mill from the above.

Four of the ancestors of Capt. Stephen Smith, on his mother's
side, came over in the ^laytlower, viz : John Tilley and his wife
Elizabeth, their daughter Elizabeth Tilley and John Howland.
John Howland married Elizabeth Tilley soon after their arrival
at Plymouth. Hope Howland, daughter of John and Elizabeth, ||
and Elder John Chipman were married in 1646, and their grand- ||
daughter, Bethia, daughter of Hon. John Chipman, married Samuel |
Smith and was the mother of Stephen Smith.

Captain Smith died in ^lachias, September 29, 1806. _ .

HON. JAMES PHIXXEY BAXTER

In Memoriam ;|

In memory of one whose life has been a benediction, ■{!

We gaze upon thy silent face, |

In reverence to one who was truly great, li

Reflecting upon thy long life of usefulness; |j

As Poet, Historian and Philanthropist ji

Thv name will e'er be remembered I

Throughout the State, in every age. !|

;:i'

«?■>

132 SPRAGUE'S TOURXAL OF ^lAINE HISTORY

i- ■;;

»- -»- ^-

FORT HALIFAX AS COMPLETED IX 1755

Drawn by C. Marshall Stewart. Senior Illustrator in
the Division of Publications, Department of Ag-ricul-
ture, Washington, D. C, great-great-grandson of
. Phineas Stewart, one of the carpenters employed in
its erection, from records filed in the Library of
Congress,

FORT HALIFAX, 1754

(By Arthur AV. Stewart.)

In the early part of 1754 Governor Shirley gave orders "For
the building of Fort Halifax on an eminence near a fork of land
at Taconick Falls, and that a strong blockhouse be built on the
same fork of land * * * and also that a road be cut through
the woods on the mainland between Fort Hah fax and the store-
house at Cushnock."

This location was at the confluence of Kennebec and Sebasticook
rivers, and probably was chosen as it was the only known way of
communication between the X^orridgewock and Penobscot Indians,
and was the route travelled by the Penobscots in their journeyings
to Quebec, and also because it was on the northern boundary of
the Plymouth Company's grant, which document says : "It lyith
within, or between, and extendeth itself from ye utmost limits of
Comaseconty which joineth ye river Kennebeck towards the west-
ern ocean, and a place, ye falls of X'equamkick, and ye space of

'f!

Mil-

3 ', I

l,li:

FORT HALIFAX, 1754 133

fifteen English miles on either side of said river, and all of ye said
river Kennebeck that Iveth within said limits."

Captain William Lithgow, who commanded Fort Halifax, stated,
"Xequamke Falls are five or six miles below Ticonic Falls."

Five hundred soldiers were detailed for guard duty during the
building of the fort. Governor Shirley gave the command of the
troops and mechanics of the expedition to Captain John Winslow,
Avho was made General of the Province. He was a great-grand-
son of Edward Winslow who came over in the IMayflower, and
commanded a trading expedition to the Kennebec one hundred and
sixty years before.

General Winslow's plan of the fort was as follows : In the center
a blockhouse of two stories, twenty feet square on the ground and
the second story twenty-seven feet square. Around this and front-
ing each of its corners were four one-story buildings to be used
as barracks ; these buildings were enclosed by palisades built of
hewed timber and forming a square of one hundred and twenty
feet, and the whole enclosed by eight himdred feet of palisades
placed in the form of a star.

This plan, however, was changed, at the suggestion of Captain
Lithgow, who succeeded General Winslow, September 2, 1754.
Captain Lithgow moved the four one-story buildings used as bar-
racks and joined them in a line south of the blockhouse built by
\\'inslow, which formed the northeast corner of the fort. In the
opposite or southwest corner was another blockhouse built by
Captain Lithgow, and of similar formation and dimensions as the
other.

In the northwest corner he erected a two-story building forty
feet by eighty feet, uhich was used as officers' quarters, storehouse
and armory. South of the barracks was an entrance coNered by
a small house to be used by the guard. The whole was surrounded
by a palisade joining the blockhouses in such a way that the occu-
pants could command a view of all sides of the fort.

A small redoubt was also built by Winslow on the top of the
hill back of the fort and similarly enclosed ; this was equipped with
a swivel and two cannon. Captain Lithgow built a second block-
house on the hill to command a view of the falls where consider-
able fishing was done, and where a fishing party was attacked by
the Indians.

'.I

1:1}

■I

;lv

*:*

134 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY

The cannon and ironwork for the arming of Fort HaUfax were
carried up the river on two gundalows, or scows, which drew about
tSvo feet of water, and were towed on their journey by the assist-
ance of the soldiers who guarded them.

The workmen employed in building the fort were Gershom Flaggy
of Boston, who acted as foreman. He was a housewright and
glazier, and was employed on Fort Richmond on the Kennebec,
and Fort Pownall on the Penobscot. He was a member of the
Plymouth Company, and was the ancestor of the Flaggs, Bridges,
Norths, and Fullers, of Augusta; James Cocks, who was a captain
in the Revolutionary army. He married a sister of Gershom Flagg
and settled in Hallo well in 1762, where he became prominent in
town affairs; Phineas Stewart, the great-grandfather of the writer
of this sketch, who was born in Rowley, Massachusetts, in 1732,
and was a soldier in the Crown Point Expedition, in 1756. He
removed to Howardstown, which is now a part of Skowhegan,
Maine, in 1776; Stephen Gulliver, who settled in the vicinity of
Waterville ; Henry Hascoll, Thomas Clemons, Benjamin Easty,
Jonathan Gibbs, Ralph Hemmingway, Edmund Savage, Nathaniel
Sullivan and Uriah Tucker as carpenters ; John Edwards, William
Parks and Robert Williams as masons ; Abram W'yman as team-
ster, and Jonathan Howland as cook.

The compensation received by these men, when compared with
the artisans' wages of the present, seems rather meager. The fore-
man received six shillings and eight pence, and the journeyman
carpenters four shillings per day; the masons received sixty-six
shillings and eight pence per month ; the teamster two shillings and
two pence, and the cook one shilling per day.

The fort was not completed until 1775, and as we glance at the
blockhouse built by General Winslow which is all that is left of
Fort Halifax, few realize that it is less than one-tenth the size of
the original, which was the strongest and most extensive fortress
in the state in the seventeenth century.

iij

; t
111

IVl

iV^-.,'.,f: S'

'-3

PEJEPSCOT

135

UNOFFICIAL POSTAL REGULATIONS IN THE

MAINE \\'OODS

(Contributed by "William F. Atwood, Jr., of Bansror.)

Fifty years ago the hotel, store
and buildings at Chesuncook
Lake were owned by the late
John H. Eveleth of Greenville.
During the summer and the
autumn hunting seasons, many
tourists had camps and lodges
on the shores of the lake and
at other points in the vicinity.
The late Leonard Hilton of
^g: Kingsbury was for several years
subsequent to 1869, manager at
Chesuncook for Mr. Eveleth.

These tourists desired their
mail carried b}' canoe and horse-
back riders from the Chesun-
cook postoffice to their respec-
tive abiding places.
Mr. Hilton conceived of a unique plan which he called a "tourist
dispatch," by which he sold stamps to the campers, the receipts
from the sales being used to pay these private mail carriers.
The above cut represents these stamps. -

il^IIH^PO IMtf^M^

PEJEPSCOT

All alone and unmolested,

Dwelt a tribe of the Anasagunticooks,

By the Androscoggin River,

Dwelt this tribe of the Pejepscots.

Up and down the mighty river
In canoes they paddled daily;
Through the forests roamed for hunting
All young braves of the tribe so dusky.

Then the white man came among them,
Built his cabin near their lodges,
By the Androscoggin River,
River of the mighty waters.

136 SPRAGUE'S TOURXAL OF :MAIXE HISTORY

Time went on, one day at evening
By the Androscoggin River,
Sat a hunter with his peace pipe,
Of the tribe of the Pejepscots.

Long he sat there thinking, dreaming
Of the people come among them,
Of the many pale-faced people
Who had settled there among them.

Then the smoke from out the peace pipe
Curled and wreathed and wandered skyward,
Till at last this dusky dreamer
Saw therein a mighty vision.

Saw beside that mighty river
Flickers of the lights and firesides,
That no longer came from camp-fires.
But from homes pale-faces builded.

Then he saw beside the river '

Mighty wheels by water turning;
Heard the roar of bridled water
^_ As it tumbled down the courses.

Then he rose, this dark-hued hunter.
Paddled back to tribe and kindred.
Told them of his dream and vision,
As the western sun was setting.

Years have gone, as have the red men.
From among the pale-faced people.
And we see no longer visions.
Visions, as he saw at sunset.

Mighty wheels are there in motion,
Run by water where he paddled ;
Logs are fallen by the river.
Where he sat and smoked the peace pipe.

He no longer sits there dreaming,
But the kindly, pale-faced people,
Ever mindful of the tribe so dusky.
Call the land for the Pejepscots.

Nei^IvIE Ricker, Winthrop, Me.

lis :
jlii

i' i'

■^i!m7.^

A "SMOCK MARRIAGE" IX :^IAINE IN 1772 137
A "SMOCK ^lARRIAGE" IX MAIXE IX 1772

(By Sam E- Conner.)

Under the old laws if, upon marriage, a woman came to her
husband without any of this world's goods, clothes or money, he
was not liable for her debts. The records of the State show that
at least one smock marriage occurred in Alaine, so called because
the bride wore only a smock when she took the nuptial vow.

It was also the law that persons desiring to enter the state of
matrimony, but who lived in a community where there was neither
a minister nor magistrate, could by appearing before witnesses,
reading to each other the marriage ceremony and signing a mar-
riage agreement, become lawfully wedded. The smock marriage
to which reference is made took place in the Knox county town
of Friendship in 1772 and the old record on the town's books was
as follows :

"Certificate — This may certify all whom it may concern that
W. Elwell of ^leduncook hath been duly published to Hannah
Thomas of Meduncook. Si'd, Sedate Wadsworth, Clerk, Medun-
cook, April ye i8th, 1772.

"Meduncook, ^lay 12th, 1772. Whereas the Subscribers, Wm.
Elwell & Hannah Thomas, being lawfully published «Sc desirous
of entering into the holy state of ^larriage & being confined in a
place where there is neither a minister or magistrate, do by these
presents & in the presence of Almighty God & before these wit-
nesses that may sign this instrument, engage & do take each other
as man & wife & do promise to behave to each other in a tenderly
^ affectionate manner as man & wife, according to the laws of
God & man, according to the best of our capacities & as tho we
were married by a magistrate or minister. In witness whereof,
we have hereunto set our hands.

"WiUiam Elwell.

"Hannah Thomas, her X mark.

"Signed in the presence of we the subscribers, & that the man
took her as it were naked & gave her clothes to put on. — Wm. S.
^*rost, Samuel Condon, Cornelius Morton, Mary Condon, her X
mark, Otis Pinkham, Hannah Pinkham, :Mercy W. Larry, her X
mark.

111

138 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

of Armistice Day, 1920, by unveiling a boulder to mark the site
of the town. The Edward J. Poulliot Post of the American Legion
and the members of the D. A. R., led by the Fay and Scott Band,
marched to the lot, which is now owned by J. Willis Crosby, the
members of Rebecca W'eston Chapter marching up the hillside and
forming a semicircle back of the tablet. After the music and
invocation, Mrs. J. Willis Crosby, Regent of the Chapter, delivered
the following address :

"This year of 1920 is a notable one. The tercentenary anni-
versary of the landing of the Pilgrims on our shores is being cele-
brated throughout New England. This year also marks the cen-
tennial of the independence of our beloved State of Maine. So it
seems most fitting that we observe at this time some historic facts
of our own town of Dexter.

"Because of our many patriotic sons who offered their services

i. i

"N. B. — Wm. Elwell & Hannah Thomas took the common prayer
book after they had signed the above instrument & read the church
ceremony of marriage to each other in a serious manner before
the witnesses to the above instrument before me — Wm. S. Frost.

"The aforesaid AMlliam Elwell & Hannah Thomas were married
in the above manner, ^lay 12th, 1772 — their first child, a daughter, tl^

named Hannah, was born June ye 21st, 1772; their second, a son, lil

named Elias, born April ye 5th, 1776." |||

There is one other authentic smock marriage on record where j|

the bride appeared unclothed during the ceremony. This took place flj

' ■ i
in England in 1797. While there probably were others, the general |

record shows that in all such marriages the bride stood concealed,
€xcept for her hand and face behind a curtain, or else in an adjoin-
ing room, with her hand extended through and holding that of the |
bridegroom. Later, it appears, that it was the custom for the
bride to appear clothed only in a chemise and then with a smock,
which was a baglike arrangement of cotton cloth. |'|

REBECCA WESTON CHAPTER

(From D. A. R. :Magazine, :May, 1921.) ji

Rebecca Weston Chapter (Dexter, ]Me.) aided in the celebration

'I'll

REBECCA WESTOX CHAPTER 139

^ti

to their country in the Civil War, later in the Spanish-American
War, and more recently the World War, it seems eminently fitting-
that we, the Daughters of tlie American Revolution, should unite
with the boys of the American Legion in the observance of Armis-
tice Day.

"We are to unveil a tablet marking the site of the first dwelling
in Dexter, and there is a bit of most interesting history connected .
with it. In 1794, James Bridge, of Augusta, purchased from the
Commonwealth of ^lassachusetts the present township of Dexter.
Ho soon sold it to Charles A^aughn, who was acting for a company
in Massachusetts. \'aughn was tmable to meet the conditions in-
volved in the purchase of this land, and Dexter passed through
several hands before Andrew Cragie, of Cambridge, ^lass., pur-
chased and induced settlements upon it.

"During the year 1800, Cragie sent Samuel Elkins from Corn-
ville to locate a suitable site for a mill. He chose the outlet of
the body of water which was later named Lake Wassookeag, and jji

began at once to hew timber for the structure. The mill proved
an attraction, for the same year Ebenezer Small and John Tuckler
came here to secure locations for future homes. ^Iv. Small made
a clearing, put up a log cabin, and raised a crop of corn. The
next spring he returned to Xew Hampshire for his wife. There
was no road further than Harmony, so with necessary household
goods loaded on a handsled and with Mrs. Small seated on top,
they continued their journey. There was not even a footpath to
guide them through the forest, and it was with great difficulty that
they found their way, by means of blazed trees, and at last reached
their destination.

"The hardships endured by these early settlers seem almost in-
credible. At one time food was so scarce that people travelled
torty miles, on horseback, to Xorridgewock, and bought corn for
$2 per bushel, and a certain young- man went to Athens to work
in a hay field for a peck of corn a day.

"The contrast between those early days and the present is great.
Today the town of Dexter is beautiful, with its picturesque scenery
of hill and dale, lake and stream, wooded hills, shady streets, its
niany churches and educational institutions, varied business enter-
prises, and fine residences, with their well-kept lawns and shrub-
t'Cry, and fine farms, of which we are justly proud. And here in

I40 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

the shadow of these venerable and stately elms, we, the members
of Rebecca Weston Chapter, Daughters of the American Revo-
lution, take pleasure in unveiling this boulder with inscribed tablet,
marking the site of the first dwelling in Dexter, and we dedicate
it to the memory of Mr. and 'Sirs. Small, who so bravely faced the
dangers and hardships of pioneer life."

(Mrs.) Annie M. Briry, Historian.

V ^

' -■*J'- '1 ■ '1» ' '--, .f '•oil .MMi^' I '- '

*^''- — n^ err'*"

■ li

CHESUNCOOK SCHOOL HOUSE

The State of ]\Iaine cares for and educates many children whose
homes are scattered along the borders of its 14,000 to 15,000
square miles of forestry and upon 146 islands along its seacoast.

This is known as "The Unorganized Territory School System
of Maine." It is unique and differs from any other scheme of
school teaching in the country that we are aware of. All the
children under this system receive educational privileges, both
elementary and secondary. There are now in the unorganized
townships from 40 to 60 schools, each school having from 2 to 50
scholars.

The above is a picture of one of these schoolhouses located at
Chesuncook Dam in Piscataquis County.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 141

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to con- Conducted by Augustus O.
tributions from all teachers and Thomas, State Superintendent of
pupils. Schools, x\ugusta. Me.

THE CASTINE COXFEREXCE

Under the laws of the State of ^klaine the state superintendent
of public schools is authorized to direct and call a conference for
superintendents of schools for one week. This conference has
met for a dozen vears at Castine on the Penobscot Bay and has
become an institution in the educational affairs of the state. It
is the plan of the state superintendent of schools to discuss with
his co-workers intimately the vital problems of school management
and school administration. It is customary also to invite to ad-
dress the conference distinguished and eminent educators and
others who have a message to deliver.

So much importance is attached to this conference and to the
week's study of educational affairs in the state and to the develop-
ment of a program for school improvement that the state author-
izes the payment of the traveling expenses of the superintendents
who attend. In fact all superintendents are directed by law to
attend unless excused by the state superintendent of schools.

Unusual interest attached to the program of the Castine Con-
ference, July II to 15, 1921. It was a great pleasure to meet again
our old friend John H. Finley of the Xew York Times, formerly
Commissioner of Education of Xew York and President of the
Lniversity of Xew York. Dr. Finley had recently returned from
several months abroad, during which time he studied intimately
European affairs. Dr. Finley has a wonderful touch with world
affairs and the most intimate relation v/ith educational situations.
His talk on the situation in Europe was intensely interesting, while
"IS educational lecture was provocative of thought of the most
progressive type. Dr. Finley was accompanied by ^Irs. Finley
and our great regret is that they could not have stayed longer.

^^r. MacGregor Jenkins of the Atlantic ]\Ionthly proved to be
all that his friends said of him when he was selected for two
addresses. His lecture, "The Reading Public," was an intimate

I'll

142 SPR-\GUES JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

IVi

discussion of ourselves, while his "Fellow Travelers" intensified
the same theme. The ripe experience of Mr. Jenkins as a pub- \

lisher and molder of thought authenticated what he said and made ! i

it extremely interesting. 1 1

Dr. \\\ Carson Ryan, Jr., of the Xew York Evening Post was fl

present during the whole of the week and came into close touch
with the superintendents and their programs. His lecture on
Thursday was of an extremely high order. It showed a complete
understanding of modern educational movements and a progres-
sive attitude toward standardizing ideals. Dr. Ryan was formerly
connected with the Bureau of Education at Washington. He takes
up his post as head of the Department of Education at Swarth-
more College this autumn. He will continue his relations with
the Xevv' York Post. The Post was one of the first great daily
newspapers to recognize the necessity of advertising the best in
education, and secured Dr. Ryan because of his knowledge of
educational affairs and his intimate touch with leading educators. I

Mrs. Katherine Cook of the Bureau of Education at Washing-
ton brought a message from the federal government. The pro-
gram was crowded, which made it impossible to allot a full period
to her address. Our regret is that she could not have spent a
longer time at the conference. The states need a closer touch
with the people in the federal bureau of education who are largely
our official unifying agents.

Senator John Francis Sprague, one of our own Elaine men, gave
a delightful and instructive lecture on ''Some Famous Men and I

Women of ^Maine." Senator Sprague is the owner and editor of
Sprague's Journal of Maine History. He sees almost more clearly
than anyone else in ]\Iaine the necessity of conserving the wealth
of historical material of the Dirigo State for the edification and
profit of future citizens. He is deeply in sympathy with our move-
ment to teach the children of the schools the lessons of history and
the price our forefathers paid for present-time civilization and the
opportunities afforded them. The Senator spent the whole of the
week at Castine, which gave him something of an idea of the
struggle of the IMaine superintendents to improve themselves in
the art of managing schools and improving the teaching staff.

Dr. Phillip Davis, v/ho exemplifies staunch Americanism, elec-
trified the conference with his rich phrasing and fluent description

->,i«f.

MAINE HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS 143

of the foreign in America. Dr. Davis came up somewhere in
Russia. He left that country at the age of about fourteen and
landed somewhere in America. While he claims Boston and Mas-
sachusetts as his home, he is mostly of America and all for
Americans. As a worker he is one of the foremost Americans
of foreign birth and in sympathy with American ideals he may be
classed with Jacob Riis and ^lary Antin.

Miss Emma Serl of Kansas City, ^lo., was popular with the con-
ference. Her philosophy of method was highly appreciated. Her
quiet, dignified, but positive manner of address not only interested
but carried conviction. She opened up the technical situation as
applied to education and emphasized the fact that teaching is a
technical and skilled profession.

The chief criticism of the conference may be found in the fact
that the program was possibly too much crowded, and that there
was not enough time to discuss our own intimate problems, but
it is very difficult to arrange an even balance between the inspira-
tional, instructive lectures and the round tables. At times those
we engage fail to appear, and at other times everyone appears
who is named on the program. There seems to be no way to know
definitely how much time will be left for our conferences. On
the whole the gathering was an enjoyable occasion, an inspiration
and a high light with which to begin the new year.

LOCAL HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS

There is a mistaken notion among the teachers in regard to
carrying on the project work in local history. Some think the
plan was simply for the centennial year, while in reality it should
continue for all time. The books which have been made by the
schools and pupils are splendid specimens of the history project.
Teachers are understanding better than ever how to proceed, how
to develop interest in local history on the part of their pupils.
Two books of unusual merit are just received. •

One of these books is from South Bristol, by Laura M. Bridges.
It is dedicated to the progressive citizens who are making the
town the best town. This dedication is significant and has a tend-
^"cy to develop local boosters. The book contains short historical
sketches and descriptions of the town, together with a brief account

1 1
-1,1
. Ill

144 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

of its development as a summer resort. The map of South Bristol
is ver>- difficult to draw, as anyone will readily see by reference
to the map, and ^liss Bridges has done a fine piece of work. The
book is tastefully and efi:ectively illustrated.

The other book is by Anna Hodgkins and is a history of New-
castle. It is beautifully written and effectively illustrated. It
gives many interesting and valuable paragraphs in regard to the
early history of Newcastle. Some of the pictures would be an
inspiration to an artist. They show how very beautiful may be
our lands adjoining the sea. There are two pictures in particular
which art could not portray, one is the view along the Damaris-
cotta and the other the Ox Bow in the Sheepscot River. This
ox bow bend in the Sheepscot River is like unto the great ox bows
in the alluvial plains of the ^lississippi, but even more picturesque.
I hope the teachers will continue the local history project with
increased efficiency and interest on the part of the children. I am
pleased to set up again the outline of study which may be found
in "One Hundred Years of Statehood and One Hundred Leading
Facts of ]\Iaine," which I wrote last vear :

Outline of Study for the Town

1. When organized.

2. When settled.

3. Changes in boundaries.

4. Make map of state and town, showing rivers, highways, rail-

ways, trolley lines, boat lines, etc.

5. List public officials and names, offices held, also important

dates.

6. Historic places, if any, within the town; old landmarks should

be located on map and written up, also photographed.

7. Important events which have taken place in the town listed

chronologically and brief narratives written.

8. Brief account of the development of education, high schools

and academies. Events which distinguish the schools in
any way and mark their advancement.

9. Persons who were born in the town and have achieved dis-

tinction.
10. Collect pictures of persons, places and buildings.

; 1 11
i

■i.K i ■■

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 145

11. Names of persons and first events; settlers, families, births,

death, marriage, school, church, Sunday school, priests
and ministers, teachers, store, bank, post office, railroad,
boat or trolley, etc.

12. Wherever possible secure old newspapers, letters and diaries.

13. Write up whatever facts are collected in narrative form, put-

ting in names, dates, etc., illustrate when advisable by
maps and pictures.

14. Do not forget to take a forward look at the opportunities

there are for young people in Elaine and what the state
under the coming generation is to become. Have more
advanced pupils list items which if observed will make •

Maine a greater state. I

15. At the close of the narrative or photograph add a note telling ;

how you got your material or information, from whom, j

etc. !

The books in which this original investigation is recorded may 1

be made of ordinary paper, covered with wrapping paper nicely •
ironed out and tied or pinned together. The books ma}- be made
up by individuals, or it may be a school enterprise with all of the
children contributing. Teachers who desire copies of the booklet
"One Hundred Years of Statehood and One Hundred Leading
Facts of Maine," may secure the same by addressing the state
superintendent of schools at Augusta.

1:1

SPRAGUE'S JOURNx\L OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post ofRce, Dover, Maine, by
John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher.

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including" an index
and all special issues, S2.00. Single copies of current and pre\'ious vol-
umes, 50 cents. Bound volumes, S2.50 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

MELVIN S^IITH HOLWAY

The city of Augusta, and the State of Elaine, lost one of its very
test citizens when Alelvin Smith Holway died at his home in that
■city, May 21, 192 1. He was a good man in every sense of the
word and a splendid type of the noblest citizenry of our State.
He was born ^lay 26, 1861, in Augusta, eldest son of Oscar and
Olive A. (Fowler) Holway. He fitted for college in the Augusta
■schools, entered Bowdoin College in his 17th year, graduating witii
lienors in 1882. He graduated from the Harvard Law School in
1884, studied law for a time in the office of \V. L. Putnam at
Portland and was admitted to the Kennebec Bar in 1885 and has
•since that time practised law in Augusta.

He had been city solicitor and served in both branches of the
city government and had been a member of the school board. He
Avas not only an able lawyer but an able and successful business
-man as well.

He was president of the Oscar Holway Company, of which his
father was the founder; a director in the Old Town Woolen Mills;
president of one of the woolen mills at Guilford; one of the oldest
•directors of the First National Bank, of Augusta, and a director

EDITORIALS 147

of the Fuller-Holway Company. He was a leader in the Y. !M.
C. A.; a trustee of the Lithgow PubHc Library; a deacon of the
Congregational Church; overseer of Bowdoin College, and was a
member of the ^lasonic bodies.

His long-time friend, Arthur G. Staples, had a most beautiful
appreciation of him in the Lewiston Journal. From this we take
the following excerpts :

*'It would be difficult to eulogize the life and character of ^Ir.
Holway. The plain truth is sufficient. There seemed no fault
in him. He was gentle, patient, sacrificial, generous, thoughtful,
learned, full of laughter and of joy. Never obtruding; yet plain
enough when it came to any issue of right or wrong, was his
religious life. He was one of those of whom Paul spoke, 'stead-
fast, immovable, abounding in the work of the Lord.' He had
absolutely not one showy attainment.

**He was not a forceful or aggressive public speaker. He was
not a good story teller. He talked but little except in the company
of a few. But he had bed-rock character. I never knew anv such
absolutely time-defying, deep-laid, bed-rock foundations of man-
hood in a man of my age and association as he had. ...

"He was never a stoic. He was somewhat of an epicurean. He
loved the good things, but so temperately, so sensibly, so reservedly,
that his society was an education. He knew how to get the best
out of books. He knew how to write wonderfully and should have
been a great essayist and authority on literature rather than a
lawyer. He had the qualifications for such work as that of Wil-
liam Lyon Phelps. ...

"I have been personal in this writing; because I wished to be.
I want to lay my wreath on the grave of the best of men. His
nome-town newspaper contained tributes from others who have
known Mr. Holway. I saw a brother attorney of Mr. Holway's
Sunday at the sea-shore hurrying home as though it were his own
brother. I too have lost one — a brother of the sunny days, a
brother of the old Fraternity; a brother of the hedge-rows, of
friendly roads, of adventures in contentment — when earth was
young and when there were no clouds anywhere in the blue.

* ihat this should happen on the eve of the greatest of reunions,
^t commencement-time, gives it a touch of extra bitterness. But
'I we shall imitate his life; follow his word, so gently and so sweetly

♦vV

■^•^*f^

148 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF IMAIXE HISTORY

said so many times of yore — we shall make the best of it. For I
am very sure that ^Ir. Holway's Hfe is an exceeding great lesson
r»nd that his beneficent influence must go on through many years,
and that he has made the best of a life of tremendous value to
society, a scholar, a gentleman, a soldier of the cross."

Mr. Holway was also deeply interested in the history of the
State of ]\Iaine, and had from the first been a subscriber to and
an enthusiastic supporter of the Journal.

TO SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND TEACHERS

The editor desires to call especial attention to the "Alaine His-
tory in the Schools" department in the Journal, ably and interest-
ingly edited by Dr. Thomas, the State Superintendent of Public
Schools. We gladly give the schools this space. It is designed
as a medium for an interchange of views by superintendents and
teachers relative to the teaching of local history. It can be made
just as interesting and as valuable to the schools of Maine as you
yourselves may make it. Its success is up to you. We are in
hearty accord with the move and believe it will be useful and
successful.

THE SPIRIT OF A:\IERICAN INDEPENDENCE FRO^I
FOREIGN NATIONS WHICH ANOIATED OUR FORE-
FATHERS

Letter of Hex. Sa:ml. Adams to Same. Freeman, Esqr., 1777

My dear Sir:

I have had the Pleasure of receiving several letters from you,
and I thank you for the Intelligence therein communicated to me.
I beg you to continue your favors, although it may not be in my
Power to balance the Account.

Our Affairs are now in a very critical Situation. There is strong
Reason however to promise ourselves a favorable Issue. Men of
virtue throughout Europe heartily wish well for our Cause. They
look upon it as indeed it is the Cause of mankind. Liberty seems
to be driven from every other Part of the Globe. The Prospect
of our affording for its Friends an x\sylum in this new World,
giving them universal joy. France & Spain are in Reality, though
not yet openly yielding us Aid. XeverthelcsSy it is my opinion
that it would be more for the future Safety, as well as the Honor

i I:

EDITORIALS 149

of the united States of America if they could establish their Liberty
and Independence, zvitJi as little foreign Aid as possible. If we can
struggle thro our Difficulties alone and establish ourselves, we
shall value our Liberties as dearly bought the more, and be less
obliged, and consequently the more independent on others. Much
depends on the Efforts of this year. Let us therefore lay aside the
consideration of every Subject which may tend to a Disunion.
The Reasons of the late Conduct of our General officers at Tycon-
daroga must endure a strict Scrutiny. Congress have ordered an
Inquir}', and for this Purpose Genl. Schuyler & St. Clair are or-
dered to Head Quarters. Gates immediately takes the Command
of the Northern Army.

He gains the Esteem of the Soldiers, and his Success in restoring
the Army there the last year, from a state of Confusion & Sickness
to Health and good order affords a flattering Prospect. In my
opinion he is an honest and able officer. Bad as our Affairs in
that Quarter appear to be, they are not ruinous. Reinforcements
of regular Troops are already gone, & I hope the brave X. England
niclitia will joyn in sufficient Numbers to damp the Spirits of
Rurgoyn. One grand Effort now may put an end to the Conflict.
I am

Your affectionate Friend

Samuei^ Adams.
To Samuel Freeman,

Postmaster at Falmouth, ^le. . '

THE MAINE WRITERS' RESEARCH CLUB
The Alaine Writers' Research Club, now five years old, held its
spring meeting at the Y. W. C. A. rooms, Lewiston, Saturday,
^lay 21, 192 1, with eighteen present, including nearly all the Lew-
>>ton and Auburn members. Luncheon was served at 1.30. Those
-•^eated at the attractively arranged tables in the Y. W. C. A. dining
room were: Mabel G. Hall, Hallowell ; Jessica J. Haskell, Hallo-
^y^'H ; Rose D. Nealley, Lewiston ; Anna L. Dingley, Auburn ; Mrs.
<-.corge F. French, Portland; Florence W^augh Danforth, Skow-
'•cgan; Sarah B. Field Seymour, Auburn; Ella ^latthews Bangs,
f'ortland; Mary Louise Stetson, Auburn; Mabel S. Merrill, Lew-
'"^ton; Annie Lawrence Pratt, x\uburn.; Ethel C. Pierce, Lewiston;
Alice Frost Lord, Lewiston; Theda C. Dingley, Auburn; Mrs.

ISO SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

A. L. Talbot, Lewiston; Frances Wright Turner, South Paris;
Mrs. E. C. Carll, Augusta ; Emmie Bailey Whitney, Lewiston.

The meeting was called to order by the president, Jessica J.
Haskell, and as this was the bi-annual election of officers, a nom-
inating committee was appointed by her, consisting of Mrs. Carll,
Mrs. French and ^liss Dingley. They reported the following, who
were unanimously elected : Pres., Mrs. Florence W. Danforth,
Skowhegan ; vice-pres., !Miss Ella ^I. Bangs, Portland; sec.-treas.,
Theda C. Dingley, Auburn ; board of review, Mrs. E. C. Carll,
Mrs. George F. French, ]\Irs. Emmie Whitney, IMiss Jessica Has-
kell, Mrs. S. L. White of Houlton.

In the absence of the secretary-treasurer, ]\Iiss Louise H. Coburn,
owing to illness, only a partial report was given. The club now
has on hand in the treasury $742.61. Miss Dingley reported on
the arrangements and progress toward the publication of a com-
panion book to "^vlaine, ^ly State," which the club proposes to
get out, as their next undertaking of importance. The first of the
stories have already been received by the committee which is the
same as served in the publication of the former book. Mrs. Boyd
Bartlett of Castine and ]\Iiss Dingley was chosen to present the
matter of the publication of the book to the school superintendents
at their annual meeting in Castine this summer.

The possible publication in book form of the Fairfield letters,
which are running in the Lewiston Journal magazine and in which
the club is deeply interested, was discussed and it was voted to
assist as much as possible in bringing out the book.

A letter was read from ^Irs. Eva L. Bean of Biddeford, report-
ing the critical illness at Trull hospital of Cora Bickford, the fir<t
president of the club. It was voted to send Miss Bickford a gift,
with flowers and a letter of sympathy.

The afternoon's entertainment was furnished by Miss Mabel L.
Merrill, who read a delightful little story, "Mary, Queen of Cus-
tards," of which she is the author.

At the invitation of Mrs. Beulah Sylvester Oxton, the summer
meeting will be held in Thomaston.

Farmington, in its early history, was closely identified with
Hallowell ; in fact that town was the source from which it derivea
most of its supplies, says the Franklin Journal. The first explor-

EDITORIALS i^i

ing party came to Farmington from Topsham in 1776, proceeding
up the Kennebec in canoes as far as Hallowell, which at that time
contained three or four houses and some hsh-stores. From that
place they proceeded by land over a bad road for a short distance
and for the remainder of the way through a wilderness by aid of
the compass. Early in 1777 another party came from the vicinity
of Hallowell and finally with the first company formed an associ-
ation in Hallowell, Dec. 17, 1777, known as The Proprietors of a
township on Sandy River, later known as Reuben Colburn and his
.\5s0ciates. ^Meetings of this Association were generally held at
.'\mos Pollard's, in that part of Hallowell now Augusta. After
some delay a title was obtained to the tract of land and the town-
ship was laid out, and the first meeting of Colburn and his Asso-
ciates was held at Sandy River on the 15th of October, 1783.
.\mong the early settlers were Jeriah Blake, who came from that
part of Hallowell which is now Augusta, as did Enoch Craig,
Robert Kannady, Calvin Edson and Gerret Burns. ^Ir. Craig in
the winter of 1789 went to Hallowell with Dorothy Starling, his
intended wife, for the purpose of getting married, there being no
f'crson living nearer, qualified to solemnize marriages. ]Mr. Kan-
nady was also married in Hallowell. Supply Belcher came to
I'armington from Hallowell in 1791 and with him John Church,
\*<i\h of whom figured largely in the early history of Farmington.
Kzekiel Porter and Gershom Collier were the first to settle on what
v>as afterwards known as Porter Hill. They, too, came from
Hallowell. During those early days most of the business was done
\ by the exchange of articles, corn and grain and neat stock being
il-e staple commodities. Considerable quantities of grain were
I iiauled to Hallowell, the nearest market, and this trade continued
[ lor many years. The first county road was laid out from Hallo-
l \vcll to Farmington, through Chesterville, and the mail was first
I "wrought to Farmington from Hallowell about 1793 by Zaccheus
I ^layhew. The mail was carried on horseback until 1829 when a
two-horse team was employed. Thus Hallowell was really an im-
I^>rtant element in the settlement and development of the good old
town of Farmington. — Lewiston Journal.

i he Bangor Historical Society is indebted to Prof. William Otis
' » ''iwtelle of Haverford, Pa,, for an exceedingly valuable collection

■-» '•.. ,-

152 SPFL\GUE*S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

of old-time Bangor prints attractively framed, and they are dis-
played in the historical room of the Bangor public library. The
titles of these historic and exceedingly valuable prints are as fol-
lows : Views of Bangor in 1837; ]^Iercantile Row with Bangor
House in Distance, 1834; City Hall, 1853; Court House, 1853;
Theological Seminary, 1853; Lovers* Leap, 1853; Dwinel House. \
1856; Custom House, Bangor House and Church; Old Town Saw- 1
mills, 1884; Indian Island, Old Town, 1854; View of Bangor in \
1859; Bangor Electric Railway Cars, 1889, and Kent-Cutting l
Mansion.

Liston P. Evans, editor of the Piscataquis Observer, in his
report of the meeting of the :\Iaine Press Association at Bangor,
Sept. 17-18, 1920, says:

It is an interesting fact to me that five men who were at the
banquet were natives of Piscataquis county or went from there.
They were : ..

Charles F. Flynt of the Kennebec Journal, who was born in
Abbot; Roland T. Patten of the Independent-Reporter, Skow-
hegan, who was born in Monson or at least went from that town ;
Francis !M. Joseph, a leading W'aterville job printer, who went
from ^lonson ; John F. Sprague, publisher of Sprague's Journal
of Elaine History, who was born in Sangerville ; and the writer,
who was born in Brownville.

The Journal acknowledges its thanks to Hon. Job H. ^lontgom-
ery of Camden, Elaine, for his historical address at the centennial
celebration of the town of Penobscot in Hancock County, Sep-
tember 14, 1887, and published this year at Camden, Alaine, by
the Knox Publishing Company. It is an interesting and valuable
addition to the history of Maine towns.

Though not generally known by the present generation, says the
Lewiston Journal, soldiers once guarded the Kennebec court hou-^^
during a murder trial. Nine prisoners were tried for the kilHus'
of Paul Chadwick of Windsor in 1809, the tragic incident growini:
out of controversies over the settlement and boundary lines of the
township lands. The service of the militia cost $11,025. "^^^^
commissary department of one company of 50 men in service i"

days included three barrels of pork, 17J gallons of molasses, -"^

EDITORIALS 153

pounds of chocolate, 22^ bushels of potatoes, 800 pounds of ship
bread, 1462 pounds of beef and 59 gallons of rum. But, despite
:.ll this, the nine prisoners walked out of the court room free men,
at the close of the trial.

The Rockland Gazette is publishing a most valuable historical
>ketch of the Waldo Patent from the pen of Dr. George L. Crock-
ett of Rockland, entitled "Romance of the Waldo Patent." It
contains much important data never before published, which Dr.
Crockett has rescued from oblivion in his research work regarding
this subject.

The Journal hopes to be able to publish it in whole or in part
in the near future.

We recently published in the Journal, (vol. 8, p. 196), a "History
of the Blaine ^lansion," by Xorman L. Bassett of Augusta.

This was an interesting and valuable article and its historical
worth was recognized by the Americana of Xew York, one of the
leading historical periodicals of the country, in its last issue of its
current volume, taken from and properly credited to the Journal.

In the Americana's literary notes, in the same number, we find
tlie following:

*'In Sprague's Journal of ^^laine History, a quarterly magazine
Jiow in its ninth year, published at Doxer, Elaine, the editor, ^Iv.
John Francis Sprague, is not only producing a work gratifying to
the present-day reader, but one which will have ever increasing
value as the years pass by. In the last two numbers are papers of
T'^table interest : 'Indian Treaties in Elaine,' a subject having a
hearing upon the hunting rights of Indians in that State as adjudi-
<-"«'»ted in its Supreme Court some few years ago ; a 'History of the
I'laine Mansion' in Augusta, with mention of visits there by Presi-
dents Grant and Roosevelt; an address on 'The State of Elaine,'
hy Hon. Clarence Hale, a Justice of the United States District
^^Jurt, before the Elaine Society of Xew York; besides a long
h^t of graves of Revolutionary soldiers in the Kennebec region;
^nd much other important matter."

in Thomas A. Edison's famous 146 questions which have at-
tracted so much attention is: "Who is called the 'father of rail-

154 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

roads' in the United States?" The answer is "John Stevens, 1749-
1838, of Hoboken, X. J." - -

Had it occurred to ^Ir. Edison to ask, who was the father of
the international railways in America, the answer would have come
very near being: John Alfred Poor, of Portland, ^Maine. He was
born in x\ndover, ]\Iaine, then known as East Andover, January 8.
1S08. He died in Portland in 187 1. He was a pioneer in the agi-
tation for international and transcontinental system of railroads.
He was the chief promoter of the first one built upon American
soil, the old Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, and now the
Grand Trunk system.

You Can't Go Wrong

In Boosting Maine Strong

The first real action in the state-wide industrial development for
Maine was started by The Lincoln Worsted Company, where a fine
brick factory is now being erected, and you can not only make a
sound, profitable investment, but, help boom Elaine by purchasing at
this time for what vou can afford of the S^r accumulative, preferred
stock, of THE LINCOLN WORSTED COMPANY, and receive what
generally goes to bankers, — a fifty per cent, of bonus, in common
stock. Par value of both classes of stock SIO.OO per share.

For further particulars address THE LINCOLN WORSTED
COMPANY, LINCOLN, MAINE, L. J. Co burn. Vice President.

Coin and Stamp Collectors

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

Prices I Pay — of every L'. S. Coin
•worth over face — 13 cts.

WANTED
Rare Coins, Stamps and Curios

What are your wants? Perhaps
I can supply them

Stamp Catalogrues and other Philatelic and Numismatic
literature at publishers' prices

W. B. GOULD

292 Hammond St. Bangor, Maine

TTT-

MAINE INLAND SCENERY

i^^
^i'.-^

■■■- ^--jr, ■ 1 ■■'«

FROM W. B. KENDALL'S COLLECTION OF MAINE AGRICULTURAL

ETCHINGS

CONTENTS

Nature Worshipers 157

Maine Histoiy in the Schools of Maine 160

Franklin Pierce and the State of Maine 165

The Maine Indians 170

Graves of Revolutionary Soldiers 175

Mon-ill Family Reunion 180

Lines on the Morrill Family Reunion 183

Chronicles of the Family of John Morrill 184

In Memoriam 191

Good Will Home Association 196

Maine History in the Schools 198

Editorial , . . 203

F C' YEflRS^he Insurance Manof Somerset Co.

^^^ ^^^ Never a Failure — \ever a La>v Suit — AVhat more do you Tfant?

%^ %J (Member Soc. Col. Wars; Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G., G, A. R.)
CHARLES FOLSOM-JONES. Skowhegan MAINE

*^'e have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

^'^l^^^^^^!^^^9^fF'^~-'^'^^^^f^l^^?''?F^^^^^^^^^^^?79^^^^S^^!^^

"■■■>^^

ji^:

^r -;

■X

,r^

•v^-

£-

._^

■;'^

JAMES PHIXXEY BAXTER
1831—1921

Maine's most noted historian and author, and the leading- authority on
Maine colonial history. Editor and compiler of the "Baxter ^lanuscripts."
For sketch of the life of Mr. Baxter see the Journal, vol. 9, p. 78.

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

Vol. IX October, Xovember, December, 192 i No. 4

NATURE WORSHIPERS MAY FIND IT ALL IN THE

STATE OF MAINE

- (By the Editor)

These are diverse viezi's of great and inspired zcorshipers of
nature. The Creator fashioned and generously bestoz<.'ed upon that
portion of His earth zvJiich is, now the State of Maine, wonderful
and gorgeous gifts. Here is big nature, silent, relaxing, restful
and inspiring: Hence all humans who adore nature and "worship
at her shrine, may here find complete satisfaction and happiness,
and have their hearts filled "with thrills of joy.

\e children of the mountain, sing of your craggy peaks,

^our valleys, forest laden, your clififs where Echo speaks;

And ye, who by the prairies your childhood's joys have seen,

^ing of your waving grasses, your velvet miles of green:

But when my memory wanders down to the dear old home,

I hear, amid my dreaming, the seething of the foam,

The wet wind through the pine trees, the sobbing crash and roar,

The mighty surge and thunder of the surf along the shore.

I see upon the sand-dunes the beach-grass sway and swing,

I see the whirling sea-birds sweep by on graceful wing,

i see the silver breakers leap high on shoal and bar,

And hear the bell-buoy tolling his lonely note afar.

The green salt-meadows fling me their salty, sweet perfume,

1 hear through miles of dimness the watchful fog-horn boom ;

Once more, beneath the blackness of night's great rooftree high,

*he wild geese chant their marches athwart the arching sky.

158 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

The dear old Cape ! I love it ! I love its hills of sand,
The sea-wind singing o'er it, the seaweed on its strand ;
The bright blue ocean 'round it, the clear blue sky o'erhead;
The fishing boats, the dripping nets, the white sails filled and

spread ; —
For each heart has its picture, and each its own home song,
The sights and sounds that move it when Youth's fair memories

throng ; - - -

And when, down dreamland pathways, a boy, I stroll once more,
I hear the mighty music of the surf along the shore.

Joe Lincoln (Joseph Crosby Lincoln)

in National Magazine.

MAINE COAST-LINE SCENE NEAR CAI»E ELIZ-\BETJ1

For the sea is murderous, cruel, and catlike in its treacherous
habits, and all shore men know it. It tempts one out upon its sur-
face, toys with you for an hour most pleasantly to yourself ; then
suddenly and fiercely tosses you up, and you, coming down beneath
an overturned boat, — why, the "beautiful sea" has enriched its vast
death-chamber with another corpse !

Two yachtsmen, after storm, — out of whose clutch their yacht
had been wrenched as by the hand of God, — were strolling on a

NATURE WORSHIPERS 159

beach one morning, with the dear old pines on the one hand and
the dread billows still rolling hungrily on the other, when, clamber-
ing around a point of slippery rocks, they suddenly saw, half
embedded in the sand, two white faces, both young, lying side by
side. A man's and woman's face, both young, lying so closely that
the pale cheeks almost touched. Doubtless they had, when warm
with life, touched each other lovingly a thousand times, for surely
these two lying thus on a foreign beach, a thousand leagues from
home, were lovers, death-mated. They were young emigrants
seeking by faith another and a better country. God grant they
found it ! * * * * *

But the woods, the dear, frank, innocent woods. God bless
them ! They kill no one. At their sweet roots no lovers, sleeping,
die. Along their green edges no man and maiden lie side by side,
killed by their treachery. Once in a hundred years, perhaps one
man, and he by accident, is killed by the falling of a tree — some
poor, dead tree that could not stand one instant longer, nor help
from falling just then and there. Ay, the dear woods that kill no
one, tempt no one, but rather warn you to keep out of their depths,
near their bright margins, where the sun shines, flowers bloom,
and open spaces are ; the woods that cool you so with their untaxed
restfulness ; that never moan of nights because they have killed
any one, but rather because any one, for any cause, must be killed,
the world over. Yes, yes. St. John was right. There will be "no
sea there !"

W. H. H. IMuRRAY in
"Lake Champlain and Its Shores."

Nothing so fair, so pure, and at the same time so large, as a lake,
l>erchance, lies on the surface of the earth. Sky water. It needs
no fence. Nations come and go without defiling it. It is a mirror
which no stone can crack, whose quicksilver will never wear ofif,
whose gilding Nature continually repairs ; no storms, no dust, can
dim its surface ever fresh; — a mirror in which all impurity pre-
?^ented to it sinks, swept and dusted by the sun's hazy brush. — this
the light dust-cloth — which retains no breath that is breathed on
>t. but sends its own to float as clouds high above its surface, and
^ reflected in its bosom still.

Henry D. Thoreau in

"Walden Pond."

i6o SPR-\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Maine is a mosaic of bright spots in life, inlaid with more gen-
uine, worth-while, health-giving pleasure places tlian any other
State in the Union, and framed between the most picturesque moun-
tain range in eastern America and a seacoast, in beauty and utility,
unequaled in any country in the world.

Walter Emerson in preface to

"The Latch-string."

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS OF MAINE

Evidence Is Increasing That the People of Maine Want It

The editor of the Journal read a paper before the history depart-
ment of the Maine Teachers' Association in Portland, Maine,
October 2^ , 1921, entitled, ''Should Elaine History Be Taught in
the Public Schools?"

The fact that all of the daily and a large number of the weekly
newspapers of the state gave this effort at an argument in favor
of tlie proposition, such generous publicity, is convincing proof
that the people of Elaine are heartily behind the movement to have
the history of Elaine a part of the general course of study in the
schools of Elaine ; that they desire that their children should have
knowledge of the history of their own state, as well as, quoting
from that great American, Walt Whitman — "the small theater of
the antique or the aimless sleepwalking of the middle ages."

The paper herein referred to was published in full in the Lewis-
ton Journal.

From Congressman Hersey

Washington, D. C, October 31, 1921.
John F. Sprague,
Dover, Maine.

Dear John :

Perm.it me to extend to you my warmest congratulations upon
your very practical and valuable address before the teachers' con-
vention at Portland on teaching the history of Maine in the schools.

Ever}' boy and girl should understand the leading events of the

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS i6i

history of the state. Also they should be familiar with the lives
of the men who have made tlie state. I hope your modesty will
not hinder you from making this address a part of the next issue of
your valuable Journal.

Sincerely yours,

Ira G. ,Hersey.

(Editorial Kennebec Journal, October 28, 1921)

"Should Maine History Be Taught in the Public Schools?" was
the subject of the able address given by John F. Sprague at the
Maine Teachers' Convention in Portland, yesterday. As might
be expected, the editor of Sprague's Journal of Alaine History
made a convincing argument and one of absorbing interest as well.

It is to be supposed that the grandchildren of Adam and Eve
asked questions about their grandparents, that being in accord
with natural desire, but for many thousands of years the accuracy
of historical research may be questioned and it is known that tradi-
tion became a warp to be hlled in with the variegated coloring
supplied by the imagination. Later more attention was paid to
the fact and less to the hction, and historical research "kept pace
with the expansion of every phase of human enlightenment."

Now if history is to be taught in our schools — and no one will
seriously oppose that — it follows, or should, as a matter of course,
that attention should be given to the study of Elaine's history. The
histor)' of our state may not be comprehended without recourse
to the history of certain other parts of the world, history that had
a very important part in shaping our own along with the world's
affairs. Mr. Sprague very aptly shows that the impulses which
had to do with this part of the land during its formative period
had their origin in old world conditions at a time when they were
undergoing far-reaching changes. How may a child acquire knowd-
Hge of Maine history and escape some valuable conception of
European affairs when : ''The very roots of the history of Maine
hegin in the splendid dream of the French nation, a new France
in the new world"?

Then, viewed from another angle, the speaker rightly concludes :
"First teach the boy and girl to know and love their own town,
county and state and you have gone a long way toward teaching

i62 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

them to know and love their own town, county and state and you
have gone a long way toward teaching them to know and love their
country." And that is the way we would have our youth travel.

(Editorial Bangor Commercial, October 29, 1921)

John F. Sprague of Dover, in a valuable address given Thurs-
day at the convention of teachers in Portland, made a strong argu-
ment for more extended teaching of Maine history in the public
schools. It is nothing new for Mr. Sprague to offer vigorous
remarks along this line as he has frequently done so in his historical
publication.

The Commercial is thoroughly in accord with the views of ^Ir.
Sprague as has more than once been expressed in these columns.
We do not wish to give the impression that Elaine history is not
taught in Maine schools but with very few exceptions we believe
that it is not sufficiently taught, that the attention paid to our own
rich history is far too meagre.

Our early history is a large part of the early history of New
England. As a part of Massachusetts our Elaine soldiers took a
very prominent role in our early wars and in the Revolution,
although it has been the custom to give the credit therefor largely
to Massachusetts. A knowledge of the history of our state is not
only a vital part of the education of our people but it remains a
constant source of pleasure and interest to those possessing it.
We believe with ^Ir. Sprague that this is a matter demanding more
extensively the attention of our educators although we are glad
to note that in recent years more and more effort is being made in
many of the schools to give the pupils a good ground work of Elaine
history.

As our early days become more and more distant it is increasingly
difficult to collect historical data and ^Ir. Sprague in his journal
of history and the efforts of the Maine Historical Society and local
organizations such as the Bangor Historical Society are doing a
splendid work that will be ai)preciated by future generations- of
Maine people.

(Editorial Portland Herald, October 28. 1921)

Addressing the Department of History at the Maine Teachers*
Convention yesterday, John Francis Sprague, editor of Sprague's

*g|^^<v>7^,:;:;^^;•;;

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 163

Journal of Maine History, made an earnest and eloquent appeal
for the teaching of the history of Elaine to the pupils of Maine,
pointing out that it was equally essential, if not more essential,
that they become thoroughly acquainted with the lives and char-
acters and accomplishments of the pioneers of Maine and the his-
torical events that transpired on Elaine soil, as it is to be taught
the doings and hopes and aspirations of ancient warriors and
statesmen of centuries ago.

He referred to the popular campaign for the teaching of Ameri-
canism and democracy and declared his firm belief that in teaching
the history of the state and the locaUty in which the pupil resides
is a vital and necessary first step, for without love of city and town
and state, how can a child expect to develop a love of country.

Referring to the statement of Dr. Leonard P. Ayres of the Rus-
sell Sage Foundation that only twelve per cent, of the children
who enter the public school remain until they are sixteen years
of age and that S^ per cent, of the children are studying Latin,
French and other languages other than English, which less than
five per cent, will ever use, he quoted the lines of Pope :

" 'Tis education forms the common mind :
Just as the twig is bent,
The tree's inclined."

And said :

"And right here the point that I would make, the seriousness
of which impresses me deeply is that the 88 per cent. — or whatever
it may be, of children who do not long remain in the schools, many
of whom do not even graduate from the high school or the acad-
emy, should be taught the fundamental principles of democracy;
that in the graded schools these twigs should at least be bent towards
the patriotism of democracy and that interesting them in the history
of the highway over which they daily travel, of the pioneers of
their own town, of the things with which they are familiar is a
first and long step in its accomplishment."

This point was further emphasized when he said he would have
the pupil "as much interested in the thrilling story of Arnold's
expedition through ^^laine. as in the question of whether or not
the Spartans betrayed their allies. \\'ould have him know some-
thing of what a deed of land means when it says that a farm 'lies

i64 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

north of the Waldo Patent/ as well as to know all about Demos-
thenes' speech on the embassy."

Editor Sprague has called attention to an important feature of
the educational system, one that should be given careful considera-
tion on the part of educators and parents alike.

(Editorial Evening- Express, Portland, October 29, 1921)

There should be no necessity of a Maine man's appearing before
a group of ]\Iaine teachers and arguing for tlie teaching of Elaine
history in Maine schools. That broad and extensive instructions
regarding this state and its past should be given the boys and girls
is so self evident a proposition as to admit of no denial. That
there has been a lack in this regard is no doubt due in part to the
fact that the curricula of our schools have been so crowded with
subjects, one striving with another for a place tlierein, that there
has been a tendency to overlook matters tliat have not been espe-
cially urged by individuals interested.

In a paper read by him at Thursday's session of the ]Maine Teach-
ers' Association, John F. Sprague of Dover presents with unanswer-
able logic and in the pleasing style which always characterizes his
writings, the case of }^Iaine history.

In this paper ^Ir. Sprague not only demonstrates why ]\Iaine
pupils should be instructed in Elaine history, but he gives in brief
outHne the story of our past and tells how it was linked with the
great events which stand as the mile posts to mark the advance of
civilization and the development of popular government.

Maine history is so indissolubly and so conspicuously linked
with world history is one of the reasons ^Ir. Sprague gives for
urging the paying of greater attention to the subject in our schools.

Another and fully as important a reason that is given by him
for a more extended study of our state is that such a study engen-
ders patriotism and creates good citizenship.

Patriotism is defined as love of and devotion to one's country,
and it is axiomatic that the more our children know of our past
and the more they find to admire in it, the greater will be their love
for it.

In ^Ir. Sprague's opinion two false ideas relative to the impor-
tance of knowing Maine history are more or less prevalent amon

FRANKLIN PIERCE 165

Maine people. One is tliat as !Maine early came under the political
jurisdiction of ^lassachusetts it has no distinct place in early Ameri-
can history. The other is that if we have a history it is not of
interest or value to any but lovers of an3-thing that is antique and
venerable.

Both these are false premises, as ^Ir. Sprague conclusively
shows. From the days of \\'aymouth, as he says, down to the
Governors of the present day ''Maine has had a continuous record
of potential events in the history of democracy in the world," and
these records have an important bearing on the problems that now
confront us. '

It is a satisfaction to learn, as the Dover historian states near
the conclusion of his deeply interesting paper, that the state super-
intendent, Dr. Thomas, and his assistants are now making the study
of Elaine history an important feature in the regular course of
study in the schools of !Maine.

(Editorial Piscataquis Observer, November 3, 1921)

John F. Sprague delivered an address before the department of
history at the IMaine Teachers' Convention in Portland last week
which received the hearty commendation of those who heard it
and of the daily papers, many of which spoke of it at considerable
length editorially.

The subject was the teaching of Elaine History In the public
schools, a matter which ^Ir. Sprague has consistently advocated
for years in his Journal of ^Malne History, and he made a strong
argument for it.

All who are In harmony with the spirit of the foregoing should
<lo everything possible to sustain Dr. Thomas In his efforts to have
the schools of Elaine teach the youth of Maine the story of the
past and the present of their own native state.

FRANKLIN PIERCE AND THE STATE OF MAINE

(By Charles E. Waterman)

Franklin Pierce, fourteenth President of the United States, was
3 product of New Hampshire, but he came Into personal contact
^^>th the people of the State of IMalne on two occasions during his
'Jietime. or, to be more exact, he came Into contact with the people

i66 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

of Elaine on one occasion and nearly came in contact with them

on another.

In 1820, when sixteen years of age, Pierce entered Bowdoin
college, and, after the customary four years course, graduated.
The next year after he entered this college came Nathaniel Haw-
thorne, and, although belonging to different classes, the two young
men became warm friends. This friendship lasted through life.
When Pierce ran for the Presidency in 1852, Hawthorne wrote
a biography of his friend for the campaign. In payment for this
work Hawthorne was appointed surveyor of customs for the port
of Salem. While holding this position, Hawthorne, in ransacking
the lumber in the basement of the custom house, came upon a faded
letter embroidered on cloth which so stimulated his imagination
that he wrote that classic of American fiction, "The Scarlet Letter.""
In this biography of Pierce and that part of it devoted to his
college life can be found two statements which are interesting to
and connected with Elaine people. The first is that his class chum
was Zenas Caldwell, and the second that "during one of his winter
vacations Pierce taught a country school."

These two statements can be taken together. Zenas Caldwell
was the son of William and Nancy (W^oodward) Caldwell and
born in the town of Hebron, afterward Oxford, in that part known
as East Oxford, and being the friend of Pierce secured the school
in his neighborhood, locally known as District Number Six, a dis-
trict located near the birthplace of the writer and therefore of
interest to him, for his friend. Not much has come down regarding
his pedagogy, and the fact of his teaching this school might have
been forgotten had he not attained the Presidency and therefore
put a distinguishing mark on this schoolhouse. He had one pupil,
however, that was destined for state-wide recognition at least, —
John Jasiel Perry, who became a lawyer, editor, major-general of
militia and was member of Congress during the term of Pierce s
encumbency at the \\ hite House.

It might be recorded here that Caldwell came to an early death.
He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1824 and was immediately
elected principal of Yarmouth Academy. He died in 1826 while
holding the position.

Pierce was a brilliant and active man. Of his attainments as a
student, Hawthorne says :

FRANKLIN PIERCE 167

During the early part of his college course, it may be.
doubted whether Pierce was distinguished for scholarship.
But for the last two years he appeared to grow more
intent on the business in hand, and, without losing any of
his vivacious qualities as a companion, was evidently re-
solved to gain an honorable elevation in his class. His
habits of attention and obedience to college discipline were
of the strictest character ; he rose progressively in scholar-
ship and took a highly credible degree.

Leaving college he studied law, then entered political life, in
which he rapidly advanced. On the north side of the pedestal
supporting his statue on the capitol grounds in Concord can be
seen the following in regard to his political life:

Member Xew Hampshire Legislature at 2^ and Speaker at 2^

Congressman at 2g
United States Senator at J2 and Resigned at j/
Later in Life DecVvied the Office of Attorney General of the United
States; that of Secretary of War; tJie United States Senator-
ship and Goz'ernorsJiip of Xew Hampshire
President of the Xew Hampshire Constitutional Convention

President of the United States
. Died at Concord October 8, iS6q '

This inscription concerns the history of New Hampshire particu-
larly. Where he expected to come into personal touch with the
people of [Maine for the second time was in Mexican War service.

\\ hen President Polk called for volunteers, two regiments were
assigned as New England's quota. One of these regiments was
to be raised in ^lassachusetts and the other in the remaining states,
two companies to each.

Pierce had been brought in a militan,^ atmosphere. His father,
(general Benjamin Pierce, had been a Revolutionary soldier, serving
seven years in that war. There was a military company attached
to Bowdoin College during the four years he lived in Brunswick
and Pierce was one of the officers. He was a southern sympathizer,
and, therefore greatly interested in the Mexican war. He intended
to take part and was early slated as one of Polk's generals. In

i68 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

1847 there were not many trained soldiers, therefore a poHtical
general was a necessity as well as a privilege. Pierce was not
unmindful of dramatic effect, and perhaps had the morale of his
troops in view through force of example. Although sure of his
general's star, he enlisted as a private in a company raised in Con-
cord, but on the passage of the bill to increase the size of the army
was appointed colonel of the New England regiment, which after-
wards became the Ninth United States Infantry; and before reach-
ing Mexico received a commission as brigadier general.

This regiment was a pet scheme with General Pierce, in which
was associated Truman Bishop Ransom. Colonel Ransom, at the
opening of the war, was president of Norwich (Vermont) Uni-
versity, an institution founded by a \\>st Pointer, Captain /\lden
Patridge, and which has always maintained a military character.
In all, up to the opening of the world war, 517 of its graduates
had been in the United States military service. Six of these
reached the rank of major-general and eight that of brigadier-
general. It has also produced three rear admirals, the most noted
of whom was George Dewey, victor at ^lanila Bay. Over 700 of
its graduates served in the world war.

Inasmuch as this regiment was to have had two companies from
Maine, it interested the writer to quite an extent. Upon inquiry
at the Maine Adjutant General's office, however, no record of such
organizations could be found. An application to the Adjutant Gen-
eral's office in Washington brought no better results. General H.
P. McCann, who held the office at that time, wrote :

It does not appear from the official records on hie in the A\'ar
Department that any company belonging to the Ninth Regiment
United States Infantry, of which Franklin Pierce was colonel,
was raised in the State of Maine.

It seems therefore, no units of Elaine troops were raised for
this regiment. There are several reasons that may be assigned
for this default. Maine was not favorably inclined toward the
war. It was considered a plan to increase slave territory. Then
the regiment was assembled and mustered into service at Fort
Adams, Providence, Rhode Island, where Maine could see and
hear little of the bustle of preparation. Nevertheless, it sounded
somewhat singular that no mention of the regiment appeared in
the documents of the time, or of the organization of troops for

FIL\NKLIN PIERCE 169

the war. Albert Greenlaw, when adjutant general of Maine, found
records of the raising of two companies for the Mexican war, not
in his office but in that of Secretary of State. These companies
were raised in the town and vicinity of Sanford, more especially
in Shapleigh. The roll discovered is in the form of a single com-
pany, but according to Edwin Emery's history of Sanford, the
men were organized into two companies, the officers of the Sanford
company were ]Moses Goodwin, captain, with Charles E. Webb
and Samuel S. Thing, lieutenants. The captain of the Shapleigh
company was \\'illiam Emery. These companies were organized
and mustered, then disbanded, costing the state the sum of $167.00
and, it might be added, Captain Goodwin a banquet for the men.
These men were raised for the First Regiment of Maine \^olun-
teers, but that was early in the war and before the quota had been
agreed upon. The roll, which has never been printed, follows with
the exception of age and occupation of the members.

WE, whose names are hereunto affixed, do severally consent,
and by our signature hereunto made, do agree to be enrolled into
the Company to be raised by Closes Goodwin, Jr., of Shapleigh, a
citizen of the State of Maine, acting under the authority of the
Governor thereof, which Company is to form a component part
of the "First Regiment of ]\Iaine A^olunteers," which Regiment is,
when called for, to be mustered into the service of the United
States, and placed at the disposal of the President, under authority
of an act providing for the prosecution of the War declared in
said Act to exist between the Republic of Mexico and the United
States. And we do further hereby covenant and agree, to be holden
by this enrolment, and well and faithfully to serve as members of
said Company, according to the time for which we shall be mus-
tered into the service of the United States.

Enrolled from Shapleigh June 25, 1846, Moses Goodwin, Jr.,
Alexander H. Prime; June 26, 1846, Samuel Gewish, Franklin
Hubbard, William Hammet, Ichabod Abbot, George Abbot, Benja-
min Gowan, Orsamery Jellison, George F. Wentworth ; June 2^,
1846, Simon Huntress, Albea Norton, James M. Trafton, William
^Iuchnovv; June 29, 1846, William X Hussey his mark, Moses
Littlefield; July 2, 1846, Hazenk X Xason his mark, John H. Brag-
^on, Solomon Littlefield; July 11, 1846, Thomas B. Seavey; July

I70 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

l6, 1846, Stephen Damon; July 17, 1846, Daniel ^I. Challier ; Julv
24, 1846, Elisha Wentvvorth ; July 2"/, 1846, David B. Smith ; August
6, 1846, Reuben Horn.

From Sanford June 25, 1846, Samuel Lord, Asa Low, Charles
E. Weld, Samuel S. Thing, Samuel B. Emery, John Day, Albert
Day, James M. Burbank, Jason Hamilton, Jordan D. Frost, James
E. Wilson, Samuel ^I. Frost, Otis Y. Chandler, George Kinney,
Joseph N. Wilkinson, William H. Wiggin; June 26, 1846, Dennis
Hatch, Richard Lunny, Orrin Day, John S. Carter, Caleb S. Emerv,
Edward Ricker, Luthur W. Paul ; June 27, 1846, James P. Nut-
ting; June 29, 1846, Joseph Jellison, Reuben G. \\'entworth ; June
30, 1846, John T. Hickbonol ; July 2, 1846, Nehemiah A\>lch ; July

16, 1846, William H. Lord ; July 18, 1846, Isaac Reed, Samuel L.
Pillsbury, Joshua Littlefield, William E. Pillsbury, Daniel Zebulon ;
July 20, 1846, Joseph \\^elch signed to take A. P. Hubberd's place ;
July 23, 1846, Leander Garey, George W. Witham; July 25, 1846,
D? M?; August 6, 1846, Joseph Welch.

From Saco August 20, 1846, William Emery, 3d.

From \\'aterboro July 8, 1846, Horace A. Pinkham, Ivory Thing.

From x\cton July 9, 1846, Daniel Nason, Simon W. Brackett.
Aaron Goodwin, Jr., Ivory Goodwin; July 15, 1846, Charles H.
Rowell ; July 18, 1846, Calvin Sanborn ; August 5, 1846, Noah
Marsh.

From Lebanon July 14, 1846, John Ricker, Jr., Frederick A.
Wood, Joseph Stacpole ; July 16, 1846, Nathaniel W. Keay ; July

17, 1846, Latan? X Penn his mark; August 6, 1846, Nathaniel
Wentvvorth.

From Alfred July 20, 1846, P. H. Burnham, Stillman B. Allen.

THE MAINE INDL\NS AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH

THE WHITE SETTLERS

(By Ethel M. Wood)

(Continued from page 125)

V. King Philip's War

The Indians and English in Maine were generally at peace with
each other until 1675, a year of general unrest in New England.
At this time the towns and plantations in Maine numbered thirteen,

THE IMAIXE INDIANS 171

Kittery, York, Wells, Cape Porpoise, Saco, Scarborough, Falmouth,
Pejepscot, Sagadahoc, Sheepscot, Damariscotta, Pemaquid, and
Monhegan. The Indians were much fewer in number than when
the white man first came in contact with them, for a dreadful
plague had decimated their ranks. This disease, believed to be
either small-pox or yellow fever, was contracted from the English,
and it ravaged the whole region from Massachusetts as far east
as the A\'awenock tribe in Maine, in some cases extinguishing whole
tribes. The bleaching bones of the dead were found by the set-
tlers. As has been said, the two races lived in comparative friend-
liness for many years. They even shared each others' hospitality,
but still the Indians felt that the English cared only for their furs,
and consequently they learned to put more trust in the French,
who manifested some interest in the natives for their own sake.

King Philip's War broke out in the Plymouth colony in June
1675, and in a few weeks Maine was astir. Captains Lake, Pette-
shall, and W'iswell were appointed "a committee of safety for the
eastern parts."^ They met to decide upon a course of action, and
finally sent a party up the river for the purpose of disarming the
natives. Meeting a party of five Androscoggins and seven Kenne-
becs, thev made them surrender their arms. In the course of the
proceeding, Sowen, a Kennebec, struck at one Hosea ^lallet and
would have killed him had not ^Mallet's friends restrained the sav-
age. Sowen's companions begged that his life be spared, and ran-
somed him with forty beaver skins. An agreement of peace was
then made with ^lahotiwomet, the principal sagamore of the Ken-
nebecs, who, by the way, was called by the English by the romantic
title of Robinhood. The entire tribe was assembled the next day
and a dance held in honor of the peace. From the Alerrimac to
Pemaquid, there was a visible agitation among the natives, and a
change In their attitude toward the English settlers which boded
iH. The first overt act of hostility committed by the Indians
occurred on the fifth of September when the house of Thomas
Purchas at Brunswick was sacked. While no one was Injured,
the family was threatened with further disaster. On September
12 occurred the first Indian massacre In Maine. The victims were
I nomas Wakely and his family of eight persons at Falmouth. The
youngest daughter, Elizabeth, aged eleven, was taken captive, but

» Hubbard's Indian Wars; p. 301.

172 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

after nine months she was restored to the English through the
mstrumentaUty of Sqaundo, chief of the Sacos. In the three months
following this first massacre, seventy-two white persons were killed
between Casco and the Piscataqua, largely by the Sacos and Andro-
scoggins.

Scarborough was a town which suffered much in this and subse-
quent Indian wars. In and about this town lived members of the
Saco tribe, the fiercest of all the Alaine Indians. The inhabitants
and natives were bound by what was called a "treaty of amity and
tribute," - which required that each person should pay annually the
nominal tribute of one peck of corn to Madockawando, sagamore
of Penobscot and Bashaba of the Indian tribes. It was fortunate
that heretofore the Indians had made no trouble for the settlers,
for Scarborough would have been in a particularly dangerous sit-
uation in the event of an attack, since it was far removed from
any available aid. King Philip had tried in vain to induce the Sacos
to join him, but they probably would never have done so except for
a certain unfortunate occurrence which happened about this time.
The wife of Squando was one day crossing the Saco in a canoe
with her baby. Some British sailors nearby thought this a good
opportunity to test the truth of the common belief that an Indian
child swims as naturally as a young puppy or duck. Accordingly,
as she was about to land, they approached the canoe, and, in a half-
joking manner, overturned it, throwing the occupants into the
water. The little one sank to the bottom, and the mother barely
saved it from drowning. The child died soon after, and naturally
the angry Squando attributed the sad event to the recent ducking
which the child had received. He was now determined to join
in the attack against the English settlers. He was a man of genius
and ability and consequently had much influence with other tribes.
Now stirred with grief over the death of his child and filled with a
lasting hatred of the English, he called the neighboring Indians
to councils and war dances, and soon induced them to join him in
making war upon the English.

The first attack made upon any citizen of Scarborough was on
September 20 at the house of Robert Nichols at Blue Point near
Dunstan. The two old people, Mr. and Mrs. Nichols, were alone;

«See Me. Hist. Soc. Coll. Series 1, Vol. 3. p. 102.

^,.

THE IMAINE INDIANS 173

they were killed and the house burned. Another attack was made
in October, this time upon Alger's garrison house, situated at some
distance north of the settlement at Dunstan. The garrison house
and twenty-seven dwelling houses were burned to tlie ground, and
the homeless families left to suffer. Other attacks were made
during the year. During the winter there was a cessation of hos-
tilities, but on the thirteenth of ^lay a three days' siege of the Black
Point garrison in the southeastern part of the Town of Scarbor-
ough was begun. As a result of tlie siege only three men were
killed and one taken captive by the Indians. The leader of the
band, Mugg, a Penobscot chieftain, was killed, and his death caused
much relief among the settlers, who had long regarded him as a
veritable scourge. In the meantime the garrison was reinforced,
and in the next engagement, compelled the foe to withdraw after
sustaining a severe loss of men.

On September 24 Newichawannock (now South Berwick) was
attacked by a band of Indians under the leadership of Andrew
of the Sacos and Hopehood* of the Kennebecs. One of the name-
less heroines of the war figured in this encounter. Among the
dwellings attacked by the savages was that of John Tozler, in which
fifteen women and children were alone and unprotected. A terrible
fate would undoubtedly have been theirs, had it not been for the
noble heroism of a young girl of eighteen, who made the door fast
and held it by main strength while her friends escaped by a back
way. Finally the door was beaten down, and the savages enraged
at being thus outwitted showered blow after blow upon the poor
S^irl ; then, leaving her for dead, pursued the fugitives. The brave
t;Irl afterward revived, and lived to a good old age.

The traders at Sagadahoc upon the Kennebec were trying to
^^eep the war from their midst, and Abraham Shurte, an honest,
Kind-hearted magistrate of Pemaquid, was employed as a peace-
niaker. He invited some of the sagamores to Pemaquid and there
^hey told him their grievances, that is, how certain of their number
had been taken captive and sold into slavery, and how, through
^ne fact that the English had withheld firearms and ammunition,
^hey had suffered from lack of food during the winter and some
•lad actually died of starvation. Mr. Shurte promised them justice

Hopehood was the son of the chief Robinhood referred to on pai^e 30.

174 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

if they would remain at peace. Later he issued an invitation to
the sachems of all the tribes to meet him in council at Teconnet."
Shurte sailed in his own boat to Sagadahoc at the mouth of tlie
Kennebec, where he took on board Capt. Sylvanus Davis, whom
the committee had appointed to accompany him. A large number
of Indians awaited them at Teconnet, including chiefs from the
Kennebecs, Penobscots, and Androscoggins. Squando of the Sacos
did not appear. Tarumkin of the Androscoggins spoke eloquently
in favor of peace and the other chiefs readily agreed with him,
but no general treaty could be made in the absence of Squando.
The Indians pleaded for guns that they might kill necessary game
for tliemselves, but the English, fearing lest they might give or
sell their gims to the Sacos, refused their request. Hunger and
famine now stared them in the face. Driven to desperation and
despair because of the refusal to grant them arms and ammunition,
they became angry and abruptly terminated the council by their
sudden departure.

The warriors of King Philip were circulating tales of warlike
deeds, exciting revengeful thoughts in the breasts of the Maine
tribes. The first war party was formed of certain of the Kennebecs
in alliance with the Androscoggins. On August 13, 1676, they "
plundered the trading fort of Richard Hammond at the outlet of
Merrymeeting Bay, where three were killed and sixteen taken
captive. A brave young woman fled in the night to Sheepscot and
warned the settlers there of the impending danger. From there
they went to Clark and Lake's post on Arrowsic Island. Only
a few escaped from the fort ; Capt. Lake of the committee was
among those who perished, and Capt. Davis was wounded. There
was a general devastation along the coast from Piscataqua to Pema-
quid, but during the winter the Indians were obliged to go to the
English for food and there was a temporar}* peace.

(To be continued.)
•Teconnet was near the site of the present town of Winslow.

Winthrop Agricultural Society, 1820

President, Samuel A\^ood.
Vice-President, Nemeiah Pierce.
Corresponding Secretary, Deacon Joseph Metcalf.
Treasurer, Alexander Belcher.

S'^-

IX^

GR.\VES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS 175

GRAVES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS IN THE
KENNEBEC REGION— INSCRIPTIONS COPIED IN 1921

(By Mrs. Mabel Goodwin Hall, Hallowell, Maine)

(Continued from page 2'j')

Paul Lancaster — Lieut. Died Feb. 18, 1814, aged 79. Buried at
E. Winthrop. Enlisted from Ipswich. Served as ensign and
lieutenant.

Daniel Lane — Capt., is buried at Leeds, the grave being marked
with gov't stone. He was ist Lieut, in Capt. John Lane's Co.,
in seacoast defense, probably stationed at Cape x\nn. Was de-
tained as prisoner at Dartmoor prison nearly 2 years.

James Lawrence — Died July 3, 181 1, aged 66. He is buried at
Evergreen Cemetery, ^Ionmouth-A\'ayne. He came to AX'ayne
from Sandwich, ]\Iass., in 1786. He enlisted from Sandwich as
private in Capt. Ward Swift's (2d Sandwich) Co. of militia.

Stephen Longfellow — Died Xov. 3, 1S24, aged j^, and is buried at
Hallowell. He enlisted July 13, 1778, from Ballstown Planta-
tion, as private in Capt. John Blunt's Co., Maj. William Lith-
gow's detachment of militia, service i mo. 15 days, defending
the frontiers of Lincoln Co.

James Lord — Born in Ipswich, 1737, died Feb. 13, 1830, and is
buried in the Grant Neighborhood, Litchfield. He served 3 yrs.
in the old French war and 4.I- yrs. in the Revolution. Held
Lieut. 's commission and commanded the company which led the
way to Bunker Hill on the morning of the battle.

John Lovejoy — Died Jan. 11, 1S31, aged 80. He is buried at Fayette
beside his wife ^lartha, who died Xov. 2, 1847, aged 93. "He
served in the Revolutionary war faithfully and with honor." Is
on rolls from Amherst, X. H.

Xathl. Lovering — Died Dec. 30, 1842, aged yj , and is buried at E.
Winthrop. He served in the ]\Iass. militia. Is on the pension
rolls of 1835 and 1840.

Andrew ]Mace — Died Apr. 6, 1845, aged 88, and is buried at E.
Readfield. Pensioned Feb. 15, 1806, for life; amount of annual
pension, $144.00. He served as private and sergeant in Mass.
militia.

Ebenezer Mayo — Died Apr. 29, 1814, aged 57, Is buried at Hallo-
well. He served as private and sergeant, enlisting, from Eastham,
Mass.

jfc' _,'■♦' >:.;^; ,''

MRMHiHi

176 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF ]MAIXE HISTORY

William ^lorse — Born, IMethuen, Mass., July 22, 1762; died Apr.
17, 1844 y buried at Hallowell. , He served as private in Capt.
John Peabody's Co., Col. Ebenezer Francis's Regt.

John Mower — Died Feb. 4, 1854, aged 94 yrs. 10 mos. He is buried
at Greene. He served as private in Capt. Xicholson Broughton's
Co., Col. Glover's Regt. Pensioner in 1835 and 1840.

Thomas Xeal — Died Sept. 20, 1835, aged 83 ; is buried at E. Read-
field. Served in the Revolutionary war; is on the 1835 pension
rolls.

Samuel Norcross — Died Dec. 2, 1800, aged 75 ; is buried at Hallo-
well. Served as private in Capt. John Blunt's Co., Col. Samuel
McCobb's Regt. Service, 3 mos., Penobscot expedition.

Nathan Xorris — Formerly of A\'areham, ]\Iass., died July 13. 1825,
aged 75 ; is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, ^lonmouth-W'ayne.
He served as private in Capt. John Gibbs' Co., Col. Ebenezer
Sprout's (4th Plymouth Co.) Regt.

Elisha Nye — Capt. ; born in Sandwich, ]\Iass., Apr. 22, 1745 ; died
May 12, 1833 ; buried at Hallowell, having a gov't stone. Served
as Lieut, in Capt. John Grannis' Co.; commissioned Jan. i, 1776;
also captain, entered service Jan. 4, 1776.

Hugh W. Owen — Died Jan. 16, 1846, aged yy, and is buried at
Wales. He served as private in Capt. John Read's Co., Col.
James Hunter's corps, raised for defense of eastern Massachu-
setts; enlisted Apr. 12, 1782; service 7 mos. 9 days. Pensioner
1835 and 1840. •'

Dr. Benjamin Page — Died Oct. 28, 1824, aged yS. He is buried
at Hallowell. Served as physician in the N. H. line.

David Paul — Died Aug. 25, 1850, aged 89, and is buried at Bar-
ker's Mills, Lewiston. 1835 Bounty list gives residence Lewiston,
enlisted from New Gloucester.

Obadiah Pettingill — Born in Brockton, Feb. 9, 1761 ; died Mar. 29,
1846; buried at L'nion Cemetery, Leeds. He served in Capt.
Joseph Cole's Co., Col. Robinson's Regt., service 5 mos. 25 days.

William Pettingill — Born in Bridgewater, Mass., 1759; died Nov,
16, 1846 ; buried at L'nion Cemetery, Leeds. He served in Capt.
Cole's Co., Col. Robinson's Regt.

Isaac Pilsbury — Born in Amesbury, T762; died ^lay 4, 181J., aged
52; buried at Hallowell. He served in Capt. Gray's 3rd Co.

GR.\VES OF REVOLUTIOXARY SOLDIERS 177

Benjamin Pratt — Died Sept. 16, 1825, aged 68, and is buried at

Greene. He was a private in Mass, militia. On pension rolls

of 1835.
Abraham Pray — Born in Berwick, Sept. 20, 1753; died Jan. 20,

1840; is buried at Hallowell. Sergeant in Capt. Samuel Darby's

Co., Col. James Scammon's Regt. (30th).

John Rice — Born in Bristol, Eng. ; died May 29, 1835, aged 76.
Buried on Litchfield road, Hallowell. He was a soldier of the
Revolution, receiving a pension 1835, private in Alass. militia.

Bradley Richards — Capt.; died June 12, 1821, aged 71; buried at
Hallowell. Private in Capt. Thomas Cogswell's Co. Ensign.
Lieut, in Col. Loammi Balden's 38th Regt.

Matthias Ridley — Born in Saco, Feb. 4, 1749, died Alay 13, 1837,
and is buried \\'ayne-Strickland's Ferry, beside wife, Dorcas. He
was a corporal in Capt. Jeremiah Hill's Co., Col. James Scam-
mon's Regt.

Luther Robbins — Died Sept. 15, 1840, aged 83. Burled at Greene.
Private and Quartermaster in !Mass. ^lilitia. Rec'd pension in

1833-

John Rogers — Born in 1758, died Apr. 18, 1824. Buried at Litch-
field Plains. Revolutionary pensioner.

Abraham Shaw — Capt.; died Apr. 8, 1813, aged 55. Is buried at
Winthrop. Born in Middleborough, ^lass., Aug. 10, 1857. He
marched on the alarm of Apr. 19, 1775, with Capt. Isaac Wood's,
Col. Theophilus Cotton's Regt. Went to A\'inthrop in 1797.

Elisha Shaw — Died Aug. 6, 1839, aged 8r, and is buried at L'nion
Cemetery, Leeds. He served in the ^lass. state troops as sergeant
and ensign. Revolutionary pensioner, 1835.

John Skinner — Born Dec. 27, 1749; died ^lar. 16, 1844; buried at
Barker's Mills, Lewiston. Served in the Continental Army,
engaged for town of Cape Elizabeth, joined Capt. Smith's Co.,
Col. Patterson's Regt., term 3 years. Pensioner in 1835 and
1840.

^latthias Smith — Died June 20, 1812, aged ^2> Y^^- Is buried at
Readfield. He was born in Rehobeth, Mass., Aug. 30. 1759.
Served as private in Capt. John Blunt's Co., Col. Samuel !Mc-
Cobb's Regt., from June 28 to Sept. 2S, 1779.

178 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Saniuel Smith — Died Oct. 10, 181 1. Buried at Hallowell. Served
as private in Capt. Sherman's Co., Col. Gerrish's Regt.

Adin Stanley — Born in Attleborough, ^Mass., 1761 ; died Nov. 20,
1850; buried near Stanley's, \\'inthrop. He served 3 years in
the Rev. army. Was engaged in the battles of Springfield and
Rhode Island. A\'ent to Winthrop about 1785. Pensioner in
1835 and 1840.

Solomon Stanley — Born in Attleborough, !Mass., ^lay 13, 1740.
Died ]Mar. 9, 18 19. Buried at Winthrop. Private in Capt. Jabez
Ellis' Co. of ^Minute ^Icn who marched from Attleborough, Apr.
19, 1775 ; also as ensign in Capt. Caleb Richardson's Co., Col.
Timothy Walker's Regt., Oct. 6, 1775.

Daniel Stevens — Born in Brentwood, N. H. ; died Alar. 24, 1796;
buried at Hallowell. Served as sergeant in Capt. Ezekiel Ladd's
Co., Col. Timothy Bedel's Regt. ; also Capt. Benjamin A\^hitcomb's
Co. of Rangers, N. H. line.

Joseph Stevens — Born in Billerica, Oct. 17, 1720; died Oct. 4, 1791 ;
buried at \\'inthrop. \\'as allowed 12s. for military service by
the town, Jan. 15, 1777.

Enoch Strout — Deacon; died Apr. i, 1832, aged 71; buried at
Wales. He was formerly from Limington, Ale. Served as pri-
vate in Capt. Joshua Jordan's Co., Col. Jonathan Alitchell's Regt.

Thomas Taylor — Died Feb. 18, 1825, aged 89 ; buried at Barker's
Mills, Lewiston. He enlisted from Dracut, as private in Capt.
Stephen Russell's Co. of militia. He fought at Lexington and
Saratoga. . -■

Jeremiah Towle — Born 1753; died Dec. 6, 1835, aged -jy \ buried
near No. Monmouth. He fought at Trenton, Monmouth, A\'hite
Plains and Stillwater, was with \\'ashington at Valley Forge
and was present at the execution of Alajor Andre. He was
wounded, 1777.

Noah Towne — Died Mar. 10, 1841, aged 84 yrs. 11 mos. Buried
at Litchfield. Served as private in N. H. line. Pensioner in 1835
and 1840.

GR.\VES OF REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS 179

Aaron True — Died Apr. 3, 1837, aged 79 yrs. 7 mos. ; buried at
So. Litchfield. Served as private in Capt. Stephen Jenkins' Co.,
Col. Jacob Gerrish's Regt. Service i mo. 2 days. Pensioner
in 1835.

John Wadsworth — Born in Stoughton, ^lass., Xov. 11, 1762. Died
Apr. 18, 1834; buried at East Winthrop. Served as private and
musician in Capt. Gulliver's Co., Col. Henry Jackson's Regt.,
for six months from June, 1778; also enlisted April, 1780, for
nine months, in Capt. Daniel Lunt's Co., Col. Benj. Tupper's
Regt. Pensioner in 1835.

Braddock Weeks — Died Oct. 11, 181 1, aged 50; buried in Ever-
green Cemetery, ^Ionmouth-A\'ayne, beside his wife, Bethiah. He
served in the Rev. war, enlisting from Falmouth. Betliiah Wrecks
rec'd pension, 1840.

James \\'eeks — Died ^lar. 10, 1843, aged 82 yrs. Buried at ^Ion-
mouth. Served as private in }^Iass. militia. Pensioner in 1835.

Benjamin White — Died Dec. 18, 1833, aged 'j'j. Buried at Chelsea.
Enlisted from Hallowell, service 3 mos. Penobscot expedition.

Jonathan \\'hiting — Born in Wrentham, ^lass,, May 25, 1726. Died
Oct. II, 1807. Buried near Stanley's, Winthrop. Served as ist
Lieut, in Capt. Timothy Foster's Co., 2d Lincoln Co. Regt. of
Mass. militia.

John Wilcox — Born Apr. 26, 1759; died Mar. 10, 1844; buried at
Monmouth. He enlisted from Tiverton, R. I. Pensioner in 1835
and 1840. :

Dr. John Wingate — Died July 25, 18 19, aged 76. Buried at Hallo-
well. . Served as surgeon in the Revolutionary war, enlisting from
Hallowell.

Joshua \\'ingate — Born in Amesbury, ]Mass., Mar. 4, 1747; died
Oct. II, 1844; buried at Hallowell. Served as ensign in Capt.
Matthias Hoyt's Co. of ]\Iinute ^len, which marched on the
alarm of Apr. 19, 1775, service 9 days.

John Witherell — Born 1758; died June 12, 1854; buried at ]Mon-
mouth Ridge. He was private and serg. in the Mass. militia,
serving as quartermaster during the war.

Samuel Wood — Sept. 10, 1759-Sept. 10, 1848; buried at Stanley's,
Winthrop. He enlisted from ^Middleborough as private. His
company marched to Bristol, R. L., service 73 days.

i8o SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF :MAINE HISTORY

MORRILL FAMILY REUNION AT NORTH BERWICK,

MAINE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1921

The first ]\Iorrill family reunion, which was held at the old
ancestral estate at North Berwick, Elaine, on September 3, 192 1,
was very successful.

The morning was given over to the inspection of the numerOtis
historical places on the estate. This was under the personal direc-
tion of the hostess, Mrs. Harriette (Randell) ^lorrill, and the vari-
ous places pointed out and the story told, as only she can tell them.

Starting from the house along the shore of Bauneg Beg Lake,
the first object of interest is the old pot hole of the Indians, now
little more than a slight depression in the earth. It is beneath the
great pines, on a slight bluff near the lake. Here, around this camp-
fire stood the wigwams of the Indians who were snowed in while
on their way to Canada after a raid on Kittery, and here was born
the child of their white captive, Katherine Allen. Food was so
scarce the whole party nearly starved to death, and the cries of the
white infant, starving slowly, so annoyed the savages that the
mother was forced to gather faggots and after lighting them lay
on her living infant, she being too weak with hunger to offer resist-
ance.

Later she was enabled to elude the ^'igilance of her captors long
enough to discover in the ashes a single hip bone of the child. This
she carried for weeks in her dress until it was discovered by a
squaw, who destroyed it because it made "squaw heap laugh,"
meaning it gave her pleasure.

From Breezy Point one follows the shore along a fine road
beneath the beautiful pines, until near the Elaine road, when we
came into the old Indian trail from Kittery to Canada. One-half
minute along this ancient highway brings one to the Winthrop
Morrill homestead, which is still in very good repair, thanks to
"Dan and Hattie." Here is also the first schoolhouse in these parts.
Across the street in the great barn is stored the "wonderful one-
horse shay'* and its companion, a well preserved top buggy, which
was the cause of certain jealous neighbors dubbing the owner "the
aristocrat of Bauneg Beg."

Beside this barn lies the old cemetery with its four generations

MORRILL FAMILY REUNION i8i

of owners and their wives, lying side by side in a row. At their
feet, in the second row, are their children and so on.

The ''old homestead" is rich in traditions and antiques. A spin-
ning wheel, flax wheel, child's dress, andirons, ancient lantern,
foot warmer, and bread toaster are only a few of the many things "
preserved by the present owners. Here is to be seen one of the
first melodeans made, which is pumped, not by foot power, but by
hand, as it sits on any convenient chair or table.

Through the courtesy of our host the writer had tlie pleasure of
visiting the "Tidy lot," which lot belonged to the John Tidy who
married Hannah, daughter of John (i) Morrill. Adjoining it is
.the lot of Peaselee, ancestor of two governors.

Many other interesting spots are here, but must be left for future v..
use; truly it was worth a long day's journey just to spend a morn-
ing in the company of the owners of this place. It is doubtful
whether there is another estate just like it in America.

At noon a bountiful dinner was served in the Grange hall by
the local descendants of the ^Morrill family, to which over lOO
persons did ample justice. After dinner several group photos were
taken, when the guests adjourned to the hall to enjoy the following
program :

"Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow," all standing;
one moment of Quaker (silent) prayer. A brief outline of tlie
early history of the family was given by Hon. Melville P. Morrill
of Natick, Mass. ^Ir. Morrill, who is 85 years of age and did not
expect to be called upon, held the close attention of every one pres-
ent and proved that he is thoroughly versed in his ancestry. Al-
though he has traveled extensively in his lifetime, and is not now
a resident of this state, he still keeps his faith in the natives of
Maine. Said he :

*T am proud of the fact that I wsre born in the State of Maine;
no better people live in the L'nited States. I have met them in
all parts of the west, and Elaine people have done more to start
the western states right than any other eastern state ; and the Mor-
als have certainly done their part wherever they have been
located."

Mr. Morrill has been a !Mason for sixty years, having held all
the offices in the higher bodies. Some years ago, the Grand Lodge

i82 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

of Massachusetts presented him with a "Henry Price Jewel," a rare
honor.

"The Litchfield Branch, by One of Them," was read by the
author, L. B. Morrill of Lewiston, who presided at the meeting.
Song, **'Auld Lang Syne," by audience; "Historical Glimpses of
Bauneg Beg," from the pen of Harriet R. Morrill, was read bv
Mrs. Rosa IMorrill Brown of Newton Highlands, Mass. Poem by
W. H. Totem of Seattle, \\'ashington, read by ^liss Grace Hussev
of South Berwick. Mrs. Delia ]\Iorrill Greenfield presided at the
piano.

The discussion which followed was led bv Senator Mathew C.
Morrill of Gray, Elaine, and Hon. M. P. ^lorrill of Natick, Mass^

The following officers were elected : President, L. B. Morrill of
Lewiston ; vice president, William H. Austin of North Berwick ;
secretary, Mrs. Delia Greenfield, Rochester, N. H. ; historian, ]^Irs.
Ethel ^lorrill McCollister, ]\Iexico; treasurer. Nelson C. B. Mor-
rill, Rochester, N. H.

The oldest person present was Ephriam ^lorrill of South Law-
rence, Mass., age 86 years. The list of guests follows : Lewis
Morrill, age 80 years, of Providence, R. I. ; the following were
from North Berwick : ]Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Austin, ]\Irs. Bessy
Emma Morrill, A'ivian E. Morrill, age 5 years, Charles O. Morrill,
Elizabeth Morrill Ricker, Katherine ^I. Ricker, age 5 years, A\'in-
throp Ricker, age 4 years, E. Raymond ^^lorrill, L. M. Sherburne,
Ida M. Sherburne, Sumner C. ]\Iorrill, Grace J. Morrill, Katie A.
Morrill, Charles W. Abbott ; those from South Berwick were Nellie
M. Hussey, Miss Grace Hussey; from Wiscasset, ^Ir. Clifford P.
Dow, Mrs. Blanche Dow Fowle, ^Nlrs. Emma Alorrill Dow, Mrs.
Earle Dow, Philip G. Dow, age 2 years one month, Charles H.
Dow, age 2 years; from \\>st Cumberland, Mrs. H. H. Morrill,
Mr. Edwin C. Morrill, Mrs. Emma M. :\rorrill, Mr. Fred H. :Mor-
rill, Miss Inez I. Morrill, ^Irs. ^lary C. Brackett ; from Falmouth,
Mrs. Ada ^lorrill W'inslow, Mr. Ernest \\'. W'inslow, Charles E.
W'inslow, age 5 years, Miss Lena B. W'inslow; from Portland, Mr.
Walter E. Morrill, Mrs. W. J. Hunton, Mrs. ^Morrill Hamlin ; from
Lewiston, IMrs. Sadie f^[orrill) Morrill, Mr. L. B. Morrill; from
Norway, Maine, Mr. and Mrs. Frank P. Morrill ; from Grav, Hon.
and Mrs. M. C. Morrill ; from East Dover, Mrs. Lena Dow, ^liss

MORRILL FAMILY REUNION 183

Eleanor Dow ; from Cornish, Florence L. Alorrill, Annie L. ]\Ior-
rill, Fred L. ^lorrill ; from W'aterville, ^Irs. A\\ P. Stewart ; from
Mexico, ^Ir. and Airs. Charles H. Davey, Miss Maude E. Davey,
Mrs. Everett AIcGee, Mrs. Blanche Al\'\vard, Evelyn G. Alyward,
age 8 months, iMiss Laura AI. Alorrill, Airs. Ethel Alorrill AIcCol-
lister, Mrs. E. E. AlcCollister, Alaster Andrew L. Bandon AIcCol-
lister; from Berlin, N. H., Air. and Airs. Peter Anderson: from
Rochester, N. H., Airs. George E. Greenfield, Air. Nelson E. B.
Alorrill, Airs. Alary Kelley Alorrill, Airs. George E. Greenfield;
from Union, N. H., Airs. Ethel Alorrill, Airs. G. \\\ Alorrill ;
from Dover, N. H., Clyde R. Alorrill ; from Newton, Alass.. Airs.
Rosa Alorrill Brown ; from Natick, Alass., Aliss Julia L. Alorrill ;
from West Somerville, Alass., Air. Frank L. Alorrill, Florence O.
Alorrill, age 8 years ; from Haverhill, Alass., Airs. Florence N.
Osgood ; from Lawrence, Alass., Air. John H. Wilkinson, Airs,
Lillian Wilkinson ; from Alansfield, Alass., Airs. Will Freeman,
Air. Will Freeman, Aliss Nettie Freeman, Robert A. Freeman,
age 9 years ; from East Deerfield, Alass., Air. Flarvey A. Alorrill,
Grace A. Alorrill; from Alliston, Alass., Ethel Al Shumway; from
Alarblehead, Alass., Airs. S. B. Dingley; from Somerville, Alass.,
Mr. and Airs. Fred W. Alorrill ; from Lawrence, Alass., Airs. John
H. Wilkinson ; from Bauneg Beg, Ale., Airs. Harriette Randell
Alorrill, Airs. Daniel P. Alorrill ; from Alechanic Falls, Airs. E. A.
AlcCollister, house guest of E. E. AlcCollister.

LINES ON THE MORRILL FAMILY REUNION, NORTH
BERWICK, MAINE, SEPTEMBER 3, 1921

By William D. Totten of Seattle, "Washing-ton. Great-grandson of Enoch
Morrill, Who Was Born in Cornish. :Maine. February 6, 1769

Visions of beauty sweetly come

Of scenes near old Atlantic's shore,
With thoughts of our ancestral home,

Whose memories sacred we adore.

As pilgrims meet at sacred shrines,

Their holy saints to contemplate.
Meet we where stand the ancient pines.

Brave souls of old to venerate.

i84 SPR.\GUE'S JOURXAI. OF MAINE HISTORY

God-fearing pioneers were they.

From creeds of bigotr}' apart;
Content to labor day by day.

Sisters and brothers, hand and heart.

Morrills in name, and Hying true

'To moral rules, their course to guide, —
Gladly their story \ye reyiew
With patriotic joy and pride.

One soul inspiring purpose runs

Through our deyotion to our sires, —

To nobly liye as \yorthy sons
And keep aliye loyes altar fires.

Let us assemble eyery year

As kinsmen near Atlantic's shore,

And honor them \yith hearts sincere,
Whose memories sacred we adore.

(By Mrs. Ethel [Morrill] McCoHister)

CHRONICLES OF THE FAMILY OF JOHN MORRILL OF

KITTERY, MAINE, 1640-1920

Very few of the early settlers of the territory now known as the
State of ]\Iaine can boast a longer list of distinguished descendants
than that of John ^Morrill of Kittery. Not only in !Maine but in
many other states as well, are these names household words, for
they were pioneers in manufacturing, political, religious and educa-
tional pursuits.

Almost nothing has been published about them collectiyely, due
in part, perhaps, to the fact that each one has been so busy pushing
for\yard in strange unblazened trails that there was no time to con-
template the past. Moreoyer, the Quakers were neyer giyen to
"shouting their deeds from the housetops." It has been said that
the Quakers were such good citizens that they often counted for
far more during the Reyolution for offices they performed for the
government, than if they had fought in the ranks.

CHRONICLES OF THE MORRILL FAMILY 185

-In writing the history of tlie ^lorrill family one could not easily
separate it from the history of beautiful Bauneg Beg, which has
been truly said to resemble in many characteristics the lake of
Killarney, celebrated in song and story the world over, for the
history of Bauneg Beg is the history of the family, who were the
tirst white settlers upon its shores, coming when the Indians alone
listened to the music of the waters, or searched for the plentiful
fish and game which then abounded.

Beneath the same great timber pines which cast their shadow
over the red man, today walk the descendants in the eighth genera-

/^•^

m^^^

X v'

~-,^': ■»■ ^~

•»>-!iK-».a.^'~_..

^^^.~^-

A Glimpse of Dauneg^ Beg Lake from Breezy Point

tion, going about the business of log sawing at the ancient mill,
or the numerous errands of the home nestling almost in the shadow
of the old homestead built many, many years ago. Many descend-
ants come each year from far off cities to rest and recuperate from
their labors.

The first white owner was Ferdinando Gorges, who explored the
coast of what is now a part of Elaine in 1635-6; in 1639 he was
granted a charter of a great tract which he called Xew Somershire.

It included Kittery Commons, so-called, which extended from
the Salmon Falls River on the south to Bauneg Beg hills on the
north. There in what is now Kittery Township, in the following
year, 1640, was born the first American of our line — John Morrill.

i86 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

The name had been very popular in the days when persons were
named for famihar objects such as fish, hand, etc. It is derived
from Latin meaning "yellow hair" and was popular in Italy, France,
Holland and the British Isles.

England claimed two Morrill families with coat-of-arms. Al-
though the founder of this family in America was a wealthy Eng-
lishman, it is not known to the writer whether he was related to
either of the titled families.

This John was a brickmason. In 1686 he was licensed to "con-
duct" a ferry and house of "entertainment." His wife, Sarah,

-s\ <^!S?«.,--?yF^.

First School House at Bauneg Beg^ Lake — An Old-Time Chaise

was a daughter of Nicholas Hodgson, who was in Hingham, Mass.,
as early as 1635, and was killed by Indians in Wells, Maine, 1704.
Her mother was a supposed daughter of John W'incoll.

In 1674 John ^lorrill's father-in-law gave him a deed of Birch
Point in what is now South Berwick. In 1676 he exchanged this
for land at Cool Harbor f Eliot), still in the family. Between
1658-1703 he was granted 3,100 acres by King George, which in-
cluded Bauneg Beg lake. He was a Quaker as were many of his
descendants, as we shall see. A great-great-grandson, John (5)
had seven children, all of whom died unmarried. This John (5)
was born in Eliot, October 17, 1797, lived on the homestead there
and died in 1881 ; his wife Sarah (Jenkins) having died in 1868.

CHRONICLES OF THE MORRILL FAMILY 187

An admirer of Andrew Jackson, for whom he named a son born
in 1843,

John (i) had six children. The oldest, John, born 1668, was
a blacksmith. He had the homestead at Kittery. Ordered by tlie
military officers in session at York, August 25, 1720, to erect a
garrison of refuge near the ferry for the benefit of "ye inhabitants
and families from William Frys' to John Morrill, son of Nicholas,
inclusively." Sarah (2) married George Huntress in 1701. Edah
(2) married Jonathan Nason in 1702. Hannah married John Tidy
same year. John (2) married Hannah Dixon, lived at North Ber-
wick, was prominent in town affairs, being a large land and slave

^:^

.??"it:

■I

■A:J

t-\

^•'•'■^■■'■JSj^*-^ ''•...

%C'i^'M'

:2/

'^'^■j^-.

The House 'Winthrop INIorrill Built in 1763 at
Bauneg Beg Lake, North Berwick

owner. One slave was willed to his wife with the provision that
she be freed at her death. Some of our most prominent lines
sprang from his sons, particularly Jedediah (3), Peter (3), and
Peaselee (3). The others were John (3), Thomas (3), Richard
(3), and Stephen (3).

Abraham (2), son of John (i), married Phoebe Heard but died
soon after without issue. Elizabeth, the youngest of John's (i)
family, married Thomas Hobbs in 1721. She lived in Boston.
Jedediah (3), son of John (2), held 2,000 acres of the King
eorge grant. W'as prominent in town affairs. To his son Win-
throp he gave the tract of land at Bauneg Beg, Peter's share nearer

i88 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

what is now North Berwick village, and Josiah tlie homestead.
He was one of those versatile pioneer spirits who could "turn a
hand" to any kind of work; in addition to carrying on his great
farm and the mill at Bauneg Beg, he was a blacksmith and was
one of the first in Elaine to practice medicine. A Quaker in religion.
The first three mills built were burned by the Indians. The first
dwelling was a log cabin, soon followed by a small frame house.
In 1769, when W'inthrop (4) came there witli his bride, Susannah
(Lewis), who rode on horseback through the forest from York,
he built the fine colonial mansion which still stands, and the present
mill. The Indians, having learned that he was a ''William Penn
man," never molested him. This mill is now run by his great-
grandson, Daniel ^lorrill.

His daughter, Anna, was the first white child born at Bauneg
Beg. Last summer her great grandson, ^Ir. A. A. Thompson of
Chattanooga, Tennessee, visited Bauneg Beg. During his visit he
was presented with a chair which had been a gift to Anna from
her mother. Originally there was a set of six of these old "1700"
.Windsor chairs. Anna ^lorrill before her death divided these
chairs between her daughters.

Winthrop in his old age was cared for by his grandson, Nathan
Morrill.

Nathan was the father of the present owner of the estate, ^Ir.
Daniel Morrill. He was cared for in his turn by his son, and
Daniel's wife has a number of stories which grandpa told her, one
of which she passed on for this article. It was told to Nathan by
his grandfather, Winthrop.

An Indian bra\ e with his wife and papoose asked at Jedediah's
house for shelter from an approaching storm. The baby was
strapped to a board as was their custom. Bidden to enter, they
stood the board and baby against the outside of the house. "Bring
baby in, it rains," said Mr. Jedediah. The brave replied, "^le
toughen baby." When ready to resume their journey they found
the papoose "toughened" indeed. The water from the eaves falling
on his head ran into his mouth and drowned the child. They stoical-
ly carried it down by the river and buried it, continuing their jour-
ney as though nothing had happened out of the ordinary.

Doors were never locked in these times and it was an every-dav
occurrence for Winthrop and his wife to awake In the night and

CHRONICLES OF THE MORRILL FAMILY 189

lie quietly in their great four-poster bed in the kitchen, and watch
the Indians who had stolen quietly in and were warming them-
selves by the fireplace, talking softly in their gutteral, their swarthy
faces lighted by the blaze of the great logs. \Mien warm and rested
they carefully covered the fire with ashes as they found it, and
resumed their journey, never disturbing tliis Quaker family, who
had no fear of them.

Nathan very closely resembled in features Andrew Jackson,
whose staunch admirer he was, being as they used to express it, "a.
Jackson man." To his son Daniel's wife, Harriette (Randell), all
seekers of our lineage owe a great debt of gratitude. For forty
years she has been an able and untiring assistant to one and all.
Her prolific pen often working far into the night to record the
many interesting niorsels of family history which she so well knew
how to make interesting, even to the most casual reader.

This couple are the last of their line, having lost all their chil-
dren many years ago. But ^Irs. ^Morrill's great mother love would
not be starved ; several girls have been fed, clothed and educated
by her and worthy boys helped to start in life. At present she has
three, the youngest not yet of school age.

Jedediah, Jr., son of Jedediah, settled in the town which was
afterward named for him, "Alorrill," in Knox County, near Bel-
fast, Maine. Two others, Josiah and Peace married Meader, set-
tled in the eastern part of the state. One of his granddaughters
was a famous Quaker minister of Seabrook, New Hampshire.
This lady, Mrs. Elizabeth Morrill Folsom, was the dearest friend
of J. G. Whittier's mother. On her death the poet wrote the lines
of

The Friend's Burial

"My thoughts are all in yonder town,

Where, wept by many tears.
Today my mother's friend lays down

The burden of her years.

Oh, not for her the florist's art,

The mocking weeds of woe ;
Dear memories in each mourner's heart

Like heaven's white lilies blow.

,^'

I90 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAI. OF MAINE HISTORY

How reverent in our midst she stood

Or knelt in grateful praise !
What grace of Christian womanhood,

Was in her household ways.

For still her holy living meant

No duty left undone;
The heavenly and human blent

Their kindred loves in one.

An inborn charm of graciousness,

Made sweet her smile and tone.
And glorified her farmwife's dress,

With beautv^ not its own."

Many pictures of this lady and others, sisters, cousins and other
relatives are still preserved by North Berwick descendants. The
quaint and prim Quaker head-dress, white folds at neck and shawl,
make very aristocratic photos.

John (2), son of John (i), had a son, Stephen, who married
Elizabeth Winslow of Falmouth. Peter (3) had a daughter killed
and scalped by the Indians. As the story is told, she and an older
brotlier had been sent into the forest to get a hemlock broom. She
happened upon some lurking savages, who were waiting for dark-
ness to attack the settlement. She screamed and the savages caught
and scalped her to prevent the spread of the alarm. She expired
on her father's doorstep.

When the Indians learned that they had killed a Quaker maiden
they were filled with regret ; on their return march north they
stopped at a small lake, some three miles away and carved her pic-
ture on a great tree.

This lake was then named "Picture Lake" and is still so called.
The tree was often visited and the story is still told beneath its
boughs by the old inhabitants to the children of today "in her
memory'."

Peter's (3) son, David, was the ancestor of ex-Congressman
Daniel Jackson ^Morrill of Johnstown, Pa. Daniel J. was born
at N. B. Aug. 8, 1821, served in Congress 1867-71. Interested in
steel mills, his mills had at one time the largest daily output in

IN me:mory of 191

America. Was the first to use Bessemer steel for railroad, created
the great Cambria Iron Works. At the time of the Johnstown
disaster, a cousin, Thomas ^lorrill, chemist of the Cambria Iron
W'orks, lived near him. A\'hen Thomas' house was swept aw^ay
he and his wife jumped, being lashed together. Both were expert
swimmers, so they progressed favorably till a floating house held
them under till nearly drowned, but it finally passed on. At last
they caught a line and were drawn into the attic window of Daniel
Jackson's great mansion. Clothing was made by cutting holes in
blankets with a pair of discarded scissors found in an old desk in
the attic. Here they remained for three days till a rescuing party
reached them.

(To be continued)

IN MExMORY OF

Dr. George A. Phillips

Dr. George A. Phillips died at his home in Bar Harbor October
21, 1921. He was born in Orland, Ale., April 18, 1854. He grad-
uated from the University of New York (now Cornell Aledical
College) in 1882 and had practiced medicine ever since in Han-
cock County, first at Ellsworth and since 1901 at Bar Harbor. He
was a leading physician in that part of Maine and a public man
of note throughout the state.

He was a member of the Legislature 1919-20 and 1921-22. He
was a gentleman of culture, a student of wide range and familiar
with the best literature. He was deeply interested in two subjects
that have always interested the writer, Maine's colonial history
and the preservation of wild life in our state. He had a host of
friends all over Maine, who will regret his departure from this
life.

Samuel M. Giles

Samuel M. Giles, for many years a prominent and well-known
resident of Sangerville, Me., was born in Vienna, Me., February
6, 1832, died at Camp Etna, June 21, 1921. Until about 11 years
ago his home for about 40 years had been in Sangerville.

His occupation in life had generally been that of farming, lum-
bering, etc. He was a man of staunch and upright character,

192 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

always supporting measures in his town which were progressive
and for the pubHc good. He was " in every sense of the word a
good citizen ; a true and loyal friend and never wavered in his
support of the principles which he believed in and adhered to.

He was, at the time of his deatli, one of the oldest members of
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in Piscataquis County. In
this great fraternal order he had always taken a deep interest, had
been a very active member and held prominent offices in the sub-
ordinate and grand lodge.

Politically he was a Republican and in religion he was a mem-
ber of tlie Universalist church, but many years ago he made a study
of what is now known as ''modern Spiritualism" and embraced
its philosophy and became a firm believer in the truth of its phe-
nomena. He was an officer in and a leading member of the Maine
State Spiritualist Association.

His funeral occurred at Odd Fellows' Hall in Guilford, June
22. The services were conducted by Good Cheer Lodge, I. O. O.
F., and Golden Link Rebekah Lodge.

The following poem was penned by one of his friends and pub-
lished in a recent number of the ''Banner of Life" of Boston:

~~" "My good old friend. All hail to thee

Since thou hast entered eternity,
Where angel friends hold communion sweet,
With all thy dear ones there to greet.

We would have kept thee longer still.
Within our sphere thy place to fill,
But by that wise and wondrous power.
The summons came to that bright bower

Where no more pain will come to thee.
Where your soul is now unfettered free,
So we must not mourn but carry on,
The work you so nobly tried to perform.

Always ready with heart and hand.
To lend thv aid to a fellow man,
To work unceasingly for the right,
Thy presence still will bring us light.

>,ft- v •,-.'•

if ■:■ ■>

IN MEMORY OF 193

Your blessings we shall still receive.
For your interest in us we believe,
Still holds good, from that fairer shore,
And to Camp Etna you come once more.

To blend your love and fill your place,
*Tho we mav not see vour form or face,
*Tho your familiar figure is hidden from view.
You, yet are there the living you.

And I believe with many more.
The old Camp will grow as ne'er before,
For with strong forces for the right,
Etna will hold aloft the Banner of Light.

So all hail to thee, my elder brother,

Let us all live for one another ; >

If out of the temple of flesh and clay, - . •

Or encased therein, let us work while 'tis day.

Unity, Me., August 4, 192 1. C. B. Crosby."

Frederick H. Costeelo

Frederick H. Costello, the well-known author who has been
for the past 30 years manager of R. G. Dunn & Go's, local agency,
died Tuesday, August 2, 1921, at the age of 69 years, 10 months and
8 days. He leaves beside his widow, one son, Harold Costello, who
now lives in Terra Bella, Calif.

The funeral will be held from the home Friday afternoon at 2
o'clock and the burial will be in Mt. Hope cemetery.

Mr. Costello lived in Bangor for the past 35 years, during
which time he was connected with the local Dunn Agency. For
the past 5 years of his service he was a reporter and for the past
30 years has officiated as the manager of the local branch.

He was always a profound student of history and wrote a num-
^T of books, mostly boys' stories built around valuable historical
data, which he spent most of his leisure time in collecting. During
"is lifetime he collected an excellent historical library and was an
authority on matters of historical and political Interest.

;vBfS!|

194 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Frederick H. Costello was born in Bangor, September 4, 185 1.
He was educated in the public schools of tlie city and by private
tutors. In his early twenties he journeyed west to California,
where he became principal of a private school in that state, a posi-
tion he held for several years.

In early life he was unwell a great deal of the time, but in Cali-
fornia he recovered his health by being out of doors a great deal
and by doing g}-mnastic work. In 18S6 he came east and became
associated with the R. G. Dunn Co., at their Bangor agency. For
the first 5 years he was a reporter and then he became manager.

In 1903 he married ]\Irs. !Mabel E. Hennessey of Bangor and they
have lived since tlien at 15 Poplar Street.

On account of ill health ^Ir. Costello was obliged to give up
his work at the R. G. Dunn office last fall and I^Irs. Costello has
carried on the work for him. His poor health was brought on
largely by overvvork, his friends think, as he was accustomed to
work hard at his office days and to study for his own pleasure late
at night.

Among, his published works are the following books : The Two
on Galley Island, ^Master Ardick, Buccaneer, Under the Rattle-
snake Flag, On Fighting Decks in 1812, A Tar of the Old School,
and Nelson's Yankee Boy, Sure Dart, Morgan's Youngest Rifle-
man and The Girl with Two Selves.

Mr. Costello's books for boys met with a ready sale and re-
ceived very favorable notices from the critics as they deserved,
for they were the product of a man who had fine control of Eng-
lish arid who made a profound study of his facts. He always wrote
very interestingly and displayed an historical knowledge that was
only explained by his constant study and his love of the work, to
which he devoted most of the time not given to his office duties. •
Mr. Costello was especially well versed in the history of the
Revolutionar>' War and in matters of the sea and his maritime tales
displayed the knowledge of a sailor.

He was also much interested in politics and kept in constant
touch with governmental affairs, the Bangor newspapers often
being enriched by communications from him on current news,
these always showing a thoughtful mind and wide study.

Mr. Costello was a thorough gentleman, courteous, kindly and

,■:*'<
■'**•■'

■■*•:

"'.-4?

OXFORD AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY 195

affable, one of the best of husbands and fathers and a neighbor
who was universally esteemed and respected.

Hon. Edwin M. Johnson

The death of Hon. Edwin ]\I. Johnson, long one of the most
prominent business men and political leaders of eastern Piscataquis,
occurred suddenly at his home in Brownville, Me., on Tuesday,
October 11, 1921, in his 77th year. He was born in Orono, the
son of Moses S. and Betsey (Snow) Johnson, attended school in
that town and East Maine Conference Seminary and Westbrook
Seminary. The most of his life was spent in tliis town and he
had extensive business interests here and in other parts of the state.

He took an active interest in town, county and state affairs. For
six years he was chairman of the board of selectmen. He was
state assessor from 1909 to 191 5, represented the county in the
state senate in the session of 1899- 1900 and was always high in
the counsels of the Republican party. He is survived by his wife
and one son, Edwin S. Johnson of Brownville.

Oxford Agricultural Society

Incorporated February 24th, 1814.
Annual meeting, ist Tuesday in January.

President, Seth ^lorse.
Secretary, Caleb Prentiss.
Treasurer, William Reed.

Trustees, Daniel Stowell, Elias Stowell, William C. Whitney, Abner
Rawson, Wm. Barrows, Seth Morse, Joel Robinson.

Committee of Correspondence, Cyrus Hamlin, Benjamin Chandler,
Alanson Mellen, Samuel F. Brown, Thomas Clark.

John Chandler of Monmouth was Sheriff of Kennebec County
in 1809. Fitt Dillingham and Samuel Weston were Deputy Sheriffs
at Augusta, John Hazeltine at Gardiner, and Daniel Evans and
Jesse Robinson at Hallowell.

-.■^■.

196 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

GOOD WILL HOiME ASSOCIATION

REV. GEORGE W. HINCKLEY

The writer In a public address
once described the school and its
founder at the Good \M11 Home
Association at Hinckley, Maine,
as follows :

"A school unique in some
ways and great in every way,
founded and presided over by
one whose capacity for training
and building real manhood has
become so well understood and
so highly appreciated that his
talents in this direction are
recognized as those of a genius,
is situated on the westerly banks
of one of the beautiful and most
historic rivers on the North At-
lantic coast."

In the year 1889 the Reverend George W. Hinckley of Guilford,
Connecticut, with no capital but a great vision, abundance of cour-
age, a belief in Providence and possessing all of the human elements
which make a noble and cheerful optimist, began this great work.
He has acquired an enviable and well deserved reputation as a great
and successful teacher of youth, one who can take crude and raw
material of boyhood and make it into good and successful man-
hood. He has accomplished this and established this now famous
and almost wonderful Institution without noise, fuss or organized
publicity. ^lodest and unassuming, he has never been, and by tem-
perament could not be, a seeker for front page or gallery applause.
Hundreds of children in Maine unfortunately circumstanced
have owed an inestimable debt to this institution. Its value to our
state cannot be measured.

The Independent Reporter of Skowhegan in its issue of July 21,
1921, published an interview with Mr. Hinckley, in which he gave
a brief and interesting review of his work. In this among other
things he said :

GOOD WILL HOME ASSOCL\TION 197

**In May, 1889, I purchased one hundred and twenty-five acres
of land, situated in the town of Fairfield, Somerset County, Elaine.
This farm was paid for with two thousand dollars which had been
contributed by sympathetic people, in sums ranging from five cents
to two hundred dollars; the contributions had come from all parts
of the country. This first purchase was an important step in a
plan which I had cherished from boyhood — a plan to form a philan-
thropic and educational institution for needy and imperilled, but
deserving boys. It was a more extensive and comprehensive plan
than it was wise to discuss in those days of small beginnings, there
seemed to be no reason for attracting ridicule by telling of dreams
of great things for God and humanity when only dimes and nickels
were available, and when at best, the project was in its primeval
stage. My dream was based on faith in God's power ; upon the
belief that the country is the best place for boyhood and develop-
ment of character ; upon the conviction that to make philanthropy
effective in young life, a change of environment is often necessary;
upon the theory that in laying foundations for future citizenship
there is no substitute for family life, and that an old-time New
England family often consisted of fifteen children, but not often
of a larger number ; upon the persuasion that in the development
of character, neither a home nor a school nor industry nor discipline
nor religious training is in itself sufficient, but that all are needed.

I believe that anything worth doing is worth doing well ; that
nothing worth doing can be accomplished in any other way than
by long continued persistent effort ; that when philanthropic people
fully understand the plan and its possibilities, they would rally to
Its support and development, and that I would be allowed to see
to some extent, the plan mature and fructify."

It may not be in the ordinary use of the term a "state institu-
tion," yet all good citizens of Maine must be proud of the fact that
this great and worthy institution is within our state and each should
deem it a pleasurable duty to render it material aid as well as sym-
pathy and praise.

Postmasters in Maine in 1843

Auburn, S. H. Pickard ; Ellsworth, Joseph A. Wood; Calais,
WilHam Goodwin; Augusta, Richard S. Perkins.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to con- Conducted by Augustus O.
tributions from all teachers and Thomas, State Superintendent of
pupils. I Schools, Augusta, Me.

FURTHER SUGGESTIONS RELATIVE TO LOCAL

HISTORY IN SCHOOLS

From ("One Hundred Years of Statehood and One Hundred

Leading Facts of Maine")

Maine History from the Sources

Almost every town in the State of Maine offers an opportunity
for pupils to gather from the sources many facts of history. In
South Berwick stands the old Hamilton house which figured in
the life and interests of John Paul Jones. In the town of Kittery
is the Sir William Pepperell mansion, the Sparhawk mansion, now
occupied by Hon. Horace 3*Iitchell. In Winslow is old Fort Hali-
fax ; at Fort Kent the old blojckhouse still stands. There are battle-
fields, old buildings, Indian trails, war trails and trails of the
pioneers in all sections of the state, the home of Longfellow, the
Oaks about which he wrote. Trophies of Peary's Arctic explora-
tions are to be found in the museum at Bowdoin College. There
is endless variety of interesting materials for study first-hand.

How to Conduct the Study

The work should be well planned by the teacher before it is under-
taken. Pupils should be instructed to make a map of the town,
to find out from whatever means possible where the first settlement
was made and when. Find the names of the early settlers; are
there any descendants of the earliest inhabitants now Hving in the
town? Children should get from the oldest settlers the stories of
the early days — tradition handed down from the preceding genera-
tion; photographs and descriptions of old buildings and historic
places should be made. . .

The children in the history classes may be detailed to specific
features of the local history; some may gather any information

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 199

relative to the town of the present day. Children should be in-
structed in collecting data to reject unreliable information, to dis-
tinguish between first-class evidences and unreliable data. When
the data are gathered the pupil should make a brief, carefully writ-
ten narrative covering his project.

^Ir. Sprague, publisher of the Journal, also submits to this depart-
ment the following "suggestions for the study of Maine local his-
tory" and an offer of awards as follows :

1 The name of your county?

2 From whence was its name derived ?

3 Date of its organization?

4 Give the number and names of the plantations, towns or cities
in your county.

5 How does a town differ in its organization' from a plantation?

6 Dift'erence between a plantation and an unorganized wild land
township?

7 How do the children in unorganized townships obtain an edu-
cation?

8 The name of your own town?

9 The date of its first settlement ?

10 Give names of some of its pioneers or first settlers.

11 Date of its organization?

12 Give names of the town officers — selectmen, overseers of the
poor, assessors, clerk, treasurer, school committee, road com-
missioner, etc.

13 How are these officers chosen and qualified?

14 State the powers and duties of such officers.

15 Give number of votes by political parties cast at the last three
state elections in your town or city; same at the last Presiden-
tial election. ' " ' ' •

10 If you reside in a city give date of its organization, its officers
and their powers and duties.

17 Differentiate between the town and city form of government?

lo Give reasons for or against the study of Maine history in Maine
schools.

'9 What men or women of state or national fame have been na-
tives of your town or city?

200 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

20 Give any other data about your town that your teacher may
regard as of historical interest.

The Journal will present to the scholar waiting, under the direc-
tion of his or her teacher, the best composition answering the above
questions, two bound volumes (7-8) of Sprague's Journal of Maine
History, and to the scholars writing the next three highest ones,
each a year's subscription to the Journal. Awards for the same to
be made by the State Department of Public Schools.

The work of gathering and preserving the historical data and
sources of information of today for the use and benefit of the people
of tomorrow is not only a pleasant and enjoyable task but is of
vast importance as well. The following excerpt from a paper by
Prof. Alvord, of the University. of Illinois, read at the Seventh
Annual Conference of the American Historical Societies at Indian-
apolis, December 2S, 1910, and published in the Annual Report of
the American Historical Association for the year 1910 — (Wash-
ington, 1912) p. 251, is an interesting and concise presentation of
this thought.

"In the middle of the seventeenth century — about the first third
of the seventeenth century — there lived in London a bookseller by
the name of Thompson, who was regarded by his neighbors as a
crank, because he gathered everything that was printed or written
— that floated in the atmosphere in his particular neighborhood —
the floatsam and jetsam of life in London. It consisted of printed
newsletters; it consisted of invitations to dinners; it consisted of
notes between one gentleman and another ; it consisted of programs
of vaudeville shows in Yauxhall Gardens and elsewhere — every-
thing that was a record of the times. He had a vision of posterity
and gathered it all; but he did not know how to classify and use
it; he simply gathered. He wrote on each one the time and the
conditions under which he had collected it. Thev were tied up
and piled in piles, and after his death somebody bou.e^ht the col-
lection and presented it to the British Museum, and it lay there
until IMacaulay found it and used it. He saw in this collection a
vision of life during the civil-war period of England, and with the
assistance of his imagination he pictured for us, from this collection
of odds and ends, the life of that period.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 201

"So I say that any historical society, no matter how broad or
narrow its scope, should gather material, for someone has said,
'The literary rubbish of one generation is the priceless treasure
of the next/ The members of the historical societies should have
a vision of posterity. What is interesting to you that has come
down from the past ? Some old colonial newspaper ; some playbill
when the English were occupying Philadelphia and having a gay
time ; something that keeps you in touch with the old days ? That
all interests you today and helps you to rebuild the past, and so what
we are gathering today will be considered treasures by the next
generation. We should have a vision of posterity, and that is the
basis on which an historical society should be conducted."

And the above will apply with equal force to schools and school
libraries as well as to historical societies, for the aims of each are
the same.

Questionnaires Sent to Pupils

True C. Morrill
Superintendent of Schools, Bangor, Maine

QUHSTIOXXAIRK COXCERXIXG THE GeOGRAPTIV OF YoUR ToWX

Dear Pupils :

The eighth grade boys and girls of Bangor, Maine, are anxious
to receive information from you concerning the following points.
Kindly write your answers to the following outline in interesting
story form, so they will be of interest to boys and girls of your own
age.

\\ hat was the town's population at the last census ?

How many schools has it together with their enrollment'

Brief description.

Locate your town as to its nearness to some prominent physical
feature of the state, e. g. upper Kennebec Valley. Lake Webber
noted for, etc.

Kinds of soil and for what best adapted?

To what river system are the lakes and streams in your section
tributary? How many lakes and ponds have you?

202 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

What are the important historical facts concerning the settlement
of }'X)ur town ?

What historical places or events are marked by monuments or
tablets? If none, is anything being done to encourage such work?

Has anyone of national fame been born in your town or lived
there as a permanent resident? For what noted?

Means of transportation and communication.

. What is your chief trading center? W^hy?

What nationalities are prominent?

What are the chief products and industries of your town? ^

Names of different settlements in your town and the principal
industry of each.

What are the town's resources for maintaining its present size
and future growth? . "^

About how much taxable property is owned by summer residents ?

Chief attractions and resources that attract capital and summer
visitors.

Kindly include anything of special interest with respect to your
town or omit any of the above points that do not apply. Picture
post cards or samples of products as paper, cloth, etc., will be grate-
fully received.

We want to know about your town.

A new organization was perfected in connection with the recent
Maine Teachers' Association convention when an association was
formed to be known as the Association of Secondary School
Principals of Elaine. The following officers were elected: Presi-
dent, William E. ^\'ing, principal of the Deering High School;
vice-president, William B. Jack, principal of the Portland Higb
School; secretary-treasurer, Clarence P. Quimby, principal of the
Cony High School. The three members of the executive com-
mittee are Prln. L. E. ^Moulton of the Edward Little High, Clarence
E. Proctor of the Bangor High, and Principal Woodbury of Thorn-
ton Academy.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover, Maine, by
John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher.

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, S2.00. Single copies of current and previous vol-
umes, 50 cents. Bound volumes, $2.50 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

A NEW MAINE BOOK

"Somerset County in the World War" is the title of one of the
most important Elaine books recently issued, its author being Flor-
ence Waugh Dan forth of Skowhegan, Ale. ]\Irs. Danforth is well
known in the literary circles of ?^Iaine.

This is a book of 330 pages, finely illustrated, and is a complete
history of Company E of the National Guard of ]^Iaine. She has
set an example that other patriotic people ought to follow in every
county in the state. The history of these brave men who crossed
the ocean to defend America in the darkest days of the world war
should be compiled and preserved for future generations now when
the data and all the facts are easily accessible.

Maine has had a glorious record in all of the American wars for
defense. It begins in 1745 at the siege of Louisburg, when the
name of Sir William Phips of Kittery Point, Ale., was inscribed
on the roll of Anglo-Saxon heroes and knighted by England for
his valor, and it is a part of the history of the wars of the revolu-
tion, 1812, the Spanish war and the world war.

D. H. Knowlton & Company, publishers at Farmington, Me.,

are now publishing a series of little paper covered books called

i^xcelsior Classics." One of their latest issues is an exceedingly

interesting and scientific history of Maine Gem-Stones by Charles

A. Waterman, a well-known Maine newspaper writer and author.

$■

204 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

It is a valuable Elaine brochure on a subject of much importance
that but few ]Maine people have extensive knowledge of.

HONORABLE D. A. ROBINSON

. Bangor, ]Me., October 25, 1921.
Editor Sprague's Journal :

I was much interested in your account of the Home Rule meeting
in your last issue of the Journal ; but I want to say for your infor-
mation that, in the language of Daniel \\'ebster, *'I aint dead yet/"

Sincerely yours,

D. A. RoBixsox.

The above letter from Dr. D. A. Robinson of Bangor, Me., re-
veals the committing of a blunder. Probably the most self -aggra-
vating mistake known to humans is the one that the maker of can-
not blame onto anyone but himself, where it is not the result directly
or indirectly of any other person's carelessness, absentmindedness
or stupidity. . ~-

Frequently an ingenious and resourceful mind, will, in such
cases, light upon some co-laborer who can easily be made "the
goat." Not so in this matter. This is a fact, though a sad one.
For many years we have known Dr. Robinson as a leader in the
business, professional, social, intellectual, religious and political
life of the city of Bangor ; when this particular blunder was made
we knew all this, had known it for more than a quarter of a century
and knew that he was then alive and enjoying the same eminent
place in the citizenship of Bangor now as then.

We are exceedingly sorry that this occurred but we have no
copyist in our office, there is no one in the print shop that prepares
the Journal for publication, no proof-reader, no one that can be
blamed except

The Editor.

LETTER FROM DR. GEORGE L. CROCKETT,

ROCKLAND, MAINE

Rockland, ^le., July 2nd, 192 1.
Dear Sprague :

Gen. Samuel A\'aldo died at what is now Brewer, Maine. His

'Wf-

EDITORIALS 205

Ixxiy was first buried at Fort Point (Fort Pownal), then exhumed
and taken to Boston.

In 1768 his heirs and family had a council at Boston, at which
tliey made an indenture to divide the land of the A\*aldo tract among
themselves.

I never knew this until last Sunday, when I found the original
indenture dated at Boston 1768 and recorded at Suffolk County.
This family agreement passed into the hands of the famous Samuel
Adams and now is in my office.

In the near future I shall give the public a copy of the original.
It clears up many names and locations.

In 1793 the heirs of old Samuel Waldo, who died at Brewer,
1759, gave full power of attorney to Gen. Henry Knox to become
owner, manager, etc., of the Waldo Patent. This same year Knox
had Monvel explore the Waldo Patent. I base my limits of the
Patent on the Journal of Monvel, the original that I gave Harold
Sewall.

I have no deed of Knox County earlier than 17 10.

I hope to get up to see you this summer for a good chat. ^Irs.
Crockett will go with me. The Angel of Cushing is very ill. Have
not heard from Sam for some time.

Good luck, etc.,

Dr. Crockett.

OTIS O. ROBERTS

Dexter will have the honor of sending the only Maine man, as
lar as known, to be the nation's guest on Armistice Day and to
• >c one of the nation's official mourners at the burial of the unknown .
American soldier.

The invitation has been extended to Otis O. Roberts of this
town, late sergeant in Co. H, Sixth Maine \'olunteers, and wearer
of the Congressional Medal of Honor for valor in the field, to come
to \\ ashington for Armistice Day, all expenses paid by the nation.
^Ir. Roberts has accepted the invitation which came from Adjutant
General P. C. Harris.

It IS understood that similar invitations have been extended to all
holders of the Congressional Medal of Honor in the countrv. Mr.

2o6 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Roberts has the distinction of being one of thirty odd soldiers in
the Civil war to receive the highest decoration awarded in- this
country for valor on the battlefield.

He was the son of Christina (Ryerson) and Amos Roberts and
was born in the town of Sangerville, 3*Ie., on ]\Iarch 20, 1842. Mr.
Roberts won the medal for bravery at Rappahannock Station, Vir-
ginia, on November 7, 1863, when, single handed, he captured a
Confederate flag, which, a few days later, accompanied by an honor
guard he took to A\'ashington and delivered to the Secretary of
War. The awarding of the Congressional Medal of Honor soon
followed. A year later at the Cedar Creek engagement in the She-
nandoah \'alley he suffered wounds which resulted in the amputa-
tion of a foot.

Only a few days before ]\Ir. Roberts was to depart he was in-
formed that the order inviting him to attend had been rescinded.
A cog had apparently slipped in the military machine at Washing-
ton. This machine is generally supposed to be bound together
largely by red-tape, so it is possible a piece of it had broken.

Anyhow, Otis O. Roberts was for a brief time a rather disap-
pointed old hero.

The Reverend Father C. T. Maney learning of his predicament,
immediately moved about among his neighbors and told them the
story. This resulted in his raising in a few hours a sufficient sum
of money to pay all of the expenses of the trip.

Thus through the eft'orts of Father Maney and many other loyal
citizens of Dexter, the journey was made.

Honorable John C. Stewart, a prominent lawyer of York Village,
Maine, has recently edited and compiled one of the most important
Maine items of historical value that we know of. It is entitled
"Biographical Sketches of Natives of Elaine Who Have Served
in the Congress of the United States," and has contributed it to
the Journal for publication. We shall publish it serially beginniniz
the first part in the January-February-AIarch number of vol 10.
which will be the next issue of the Journal. We look forward to
this being greatly appreciated by our readers.

^■v-.

EDITORIALS 207

Honorable George C. Wing, Jr., has written for the Journal an
historical and descriptive sketch of ]Mount Katahdin, which will
be a valuable addition to the literature upon this subject. ]\Iuch
has been said about it in the press, in magazines and on the forum,
but so far as we are aware this is the only accurate historical paper
ever prepared. ^Ir. Wing's research extends from the earliest
writers, Greenleaf, Williamson, etc., to Commissioner Parsons of
the Maine Inland Fish and Game Department. We can assure our
readers that this will appear during the next (loth) volume of the
Journal.

The Journal's library has recently been presented with a copy
of "Sketch of Deer Isle,'' ?^Iaine, by George L. Hosmer (Boston,
1896). 'I his gift is from our esteemed friend, Dr. B. Lake iNoyes

of Stonlngton, Maine, and we extend to him our sincere thanks
for the same.

The Saunterer in the Portland Sunday Telegram has been shown
llie log book of the brig Brutus of Bath on its voyage to Barbadoes,
l^ginning December 25, 1825, and ending with its voyage from
Havana to Portland in August, 1827. The first master of the brig
was Harvey Preble, who in June, 1827, was succeeded by William
1 homes. In this log book are recorded the speed of the vessel,
direction of the wind, latitude by obse^'vation and general remarks.
As a fair specimen of the remarks the following are copied from
the record of June 4, 1827: "First part of this 24 hours commences
\vjth light breeze and fine weather, middle and latter part much
"le same. Part of crew employed, bent sail and got ready for sea.
1 he wind from southward. So ends this day. I joined the brig
May 26, 1827." This was evidently written by ^Master William
'i homes.

2o8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY
(EDITORIAL IN HALLO WELL ADVOCATE)

(March 4, 1820 )

The bill for the admission of Maine has at last passed the Senate
with the amendments. These amendments are, first, the bill for
the admission of ^Missouri, without restrictions, and secondly, a
provision for the exclusion of slaven,* trom all that part of the
territory purchased of France, which was called Louisiana, which
lies north of 36 deg. 30 min. north latitude. This last provision,
introduced by Mr. Thomas of Illinois, is denominated the com-
promise. The advocates of slavery ha\e insisted vehemently upon
having the whole western world be\-ond the Mississippi kept open
as a market for their slaves; and their opponents have contended
for the utter exclusion of slavery therefrom.

By the compromise the friends of humanity will accomplish
much, perhaps all that can be done in the present state of feeling
and interest in the slave-holding states —

There may be some danger of the repeal of this provision for
the restriction of slavery when the sla\-e-holders shall have in-
creased in numbers and strength, by the admission of Missouri
and others. We believe that a period of greater infatuation, and
more prostituted for zeal for servitude than the present, will never
arise. The light of truth and the principles of justice and religion
will hereafter illumine the whole of our country, not excepting
even those dark and degraded portions now blackened by the
curse of slavery- and we trust that every future Congress so far
from repeating this restricti\e provision, will regret and blush for
their predecessors, that it had not been extended to the whole
instead of a part.

The bill with these amendments was sent down to the House for
concurrence, and occasioned a very spirited debate, which we this
day present to our readers.

W^e have, more than once expressed, in unequivocal terms, the
opinion which we entertain of the conduct of the Senate, in coupling
Maine and Missouri.

It appears by the debate, that the members of the House are
not insensible to the gross insult offered to them, and to the nation,
by this unprincipled mode of legislation.

The House would undoubtedly concur at once in the compro-
mise, but they cannot, without self-degradation, concur in the

kS • '.Si

SPRAGLE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY 209-/<>

union of the Missouri bill with that ot Maine, which was proposed
and rejected in the first instance, and before the bill was sent
to the Senate.

FLAGG'S ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF REVOLUTIONARY

PENSIONERS IN MAINE

This exceedingly valuable work compiled by the late Charles
Alcott Flagg, was published as a serial in the last two volumes of
the Journal. Only two hundred copies of this have been preserved
in book form. It makes a book of 91 pages with 3 illustrations.
It contains the names and data of fourteen thousand one hundred
and sixty-one such pensioners. It is neatly bound in paper boards,
schoolbook style with label titles. This is the only authoritative
work of any extent upon this subject ever published in Maine and
is invaluable to all interested in Revolutionarv historv and ancestrv.
Price. $3.00. Orders for this may be mailed to Sprague's Journal,
Dover, Me., or to A. J. Huston, 192 Exchange St., Portland, Maine.

A book of unusual interest, which has been presented to the
Waterville Historical Society by Edward G. Meader, is Record
Book No. I of Waterville Engine Company No. 3, one of the first
and finest of the fire-fighting organizations to be organized in that
city. From this book may be gleaned many facts of historical
interest which become increasingly fascinating and precious as
time goes on. To anyone who is at all interested in the past of
the city, especially in the work done by one of its pioneer fire
companies, reading of the book, almost in its entirety, will prove
a genuine joy. It barkens back to the past, the long, long ago,
and tells accurately something of the work of W'aterville's sterling
old citizenry whom this generation and perhaps no generation can
hardly be said to exceed in any particular.

The city of W'estbrook will possess a public park and a pubHc
place of amusement for social meetings, according to the will of
Cornelius L. \Varren of Waltham, :Mass., allowed in Probate Court
in Portland recently. Joseph A. Warren, Philip Dana and John
E. Hyde of Westbrook are made trustees of a fund to be obtained
from real estate belonging to the testatrix in Standish and West-
brook, including the "Elms" in the latter city and the library at
Cumberland :Mills.

INDEX

Abenakis 61-69

Adams. Samuel 148-49

Alford, Professor 200

American Historical Associa-
tion 93-94
Ancestry 94-96
Argall, Captain Samuel

103. 109-12. 113, 114, 115-18
Aroostook State Normal School 36
Association of Secondary School

Principals of Maine 202

Atkinson, :Minnie 43

Atwood, William F., Jr. 135

Augusta 32

taverns 21

Bachelder's tavern
Bailey, Rev. Jacob
Bangor

Commercial

Historical Society

Register
Barristers in Maine
Barrows. Fred D.
Barwise, Mark A.
Bassett. Norman L-
Bath library
Bauneg Beg Lake
Baxter, James Phinney

Percival P.
Biard, Father Pierre
Biographical sketches of natives
of Maine who have served in
the Congress of the United
States 206

"Bit of Maine" (poem) 70

Blaine Mansion 153

Boardman, Samuel L. 80

Bodge. Delia 8-9

Boston Gazette and Country

Journal 32

Rriry. Annie M. 140

Brown's Corner tavern 22-23

Brutus (brig) 207

Burr. Freeman F. 74-75

Burroughs. John 74-75

Butler. General Benjamin F. 86

50. 84

162

45, 85, 151-52

130

153

76-77

18b

43. 78-80. 131

101-120. 122-23

Castine conference 141-43

Centennial towns. 1921 45-46

Chadwick. Paul • 152-53

Chandler. Margaret 9. 10

Chesuncook Lake • 135

School House 140

China (Asia) 11
Churches, early, in Portland 81-83

Cleveland, George A. 13

Cobb, Daniel 15

Colonial history 41--f3
Congregational Church. Otisfield 17
Congressional ^Medal of Honor

Maine man 205-6

Conner, Sam E. 137

Constitution, catechism of 40

Copeland, Thomas J. 33

Cornville 86

Costello, Frederick H. 193-95

Craig. Rachael 10

Thomas 10
Crockett, George L. 153. 204

Crosby. C. B. 193

Mrs. J. Willis 138

Currier's tavern 21

Cushnoc House 21

Danforth. Florence Waugh 203

Day. Hoi man F. 127-28

Deer Isle 207

Doxter D. A. R. 138-40

Dodge. Xellie C. 35

Domicile, law of 99-100

Dresden 83-85

see also Pownalborough

Dreuillettes, Father Gabriel 124

Dunnack, Henry E. 76

Dutton, Sam 85-86

Edes. Benjamin

George A.

George Valentine

Peter

Samuel D.
Emerson. Walter
Etechemins
Eveleth. John H.
Excelsior Classics

33-34

32-33. 85-86

32-34

160

61-69

135

203

•^

^' - ^'^'■,' "'\<

:gsm^t^''

.■.--'yfi-': '

212 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Farmington
Fernald's Point

Fla{

Charles Alcott

Fort Halifax

Fort St. Georgre

Free Will Baptist Church,

field
"Free-Willers"
Freeman, Samuel
French, Josiah
"Friend's Burial" (poem)
Fuller, John J.
Fuller tavern

150-51

107-11
20. 31. 45

132-34
11
Otis-

19
19

148-49
21

189-90
22
22

Henry 18-1»

■ John 1&

Holway, Melvin Smith 146-48
Home Rule for Ireland meeting 126

Hosmer, George L. 207

Hunton, Jonathan G. ^

Huston, A. J. 31

Indian women 44

Indians, Maine 61-69

Indians, Maine, and their rela-
tions with the white settlers

120-25, 170-74:

Gage's tavern 21-22

Gammon, Samuel 15

Gardiner, John 49-59

Robert H. 83

Dr. Silvester 49-50

Giles, Samuel M. 191-93

Gilmore, Evelyn L. 28

Glad.^tone-Parnell bill 126

Good "SVill Home Association 196-97
Grand Lake Stream Plantation 43
Graves of Revolutionary soldiers

in Kennebec region 23-27, 175-79
Great Northern Paper Company

128-30
Guernsey, Frank E. 29

James I

Jesuit missionaries
Jewett, A. G.
Johnson, Edwin ]\r.
Jones, "^lahogany"

10-11

101-120, 121-25

72, 73

195

Jordan, Nellie Woodbury 40

Kedesquit 103, 104, 105
Kennebec County court house 152-53

Gazette 33

Journal 161-62

Kennebeck Intelligencer 33

King, William, library of 76-77

King Philip's War 170-17 +

Hale, Clarence 3

Hall. Mabel Goodwin 21. 23. 175

Hallowell 21

Hancock, Joseph 15

Harries. Margaret 50

Hawthorne. Nathaniel 166-67

Herald of Liberty 33

Hersey. Ira G. 161

Hill. W. Scott 21

Hilton, Leonard 135

Hilton's tavern 21

Hinckley. George \V. 196-97

Township 43

Historical societies 94
History, local, in the schools

36-40. 41-43. 143-45, 148,
160-65, 198-202

Holden, Charles F. 14

Captain Daniel 18

"Lake Champlain and its shores" 159

"Latch-string, The" ICO

Lawyers, Waldo County 72-74

Lermond, Norman Wallace 93

Letters 72-76

Lewiston Journal 10

Lincoln. Joseph Crosby 158

Litchfield 23

Livermore ^. 71

"Lumberjacks" 126-30

McCollister. Ethel (Morrill) 184

:^rachias 130

McLean, Erne.st L. 76

Magnusson, Victoria Aurora 131

Maine, origin of name of 92

Maine. State of (address) 3-8

■!»'

'l^--

INDEX

213

Maine Naturalist 93

Society of New York 3
Writers' Research Club

21, 149-50
Making history in the Maine
woods — culture for the lum-
berjack 126-30
Mather vs. Cunningham 99-100
Mathison, James 43
Mexican war, Maine in 167-70
Minot, George E. 8
ilontgomery, Job H. 152
Moors, Johnathan 15
Morrill, John, family 184-89
True C. 201-2
Morrill family reunion 180-83
poem 183-84
Moses. Galen C. 77
Mount Desert 101-120
Katahdin 207
Murray, W. H. H. 159

Naturalist, see ^Maine Naturalist
Nature worshipers may find it

all in the State of Maine 157
Newspapers 32, 33, 34

Nicolar, Mrs. Peter 44

Norris's tavern 22

Norumbega 35

Observer Publishing Co. 34

Old Point 124-25

"One Hundred Years of State-
hood" 36
Oquossoc Angling Association 43
Otisfield 14-19

Piper's tavern
Piscataquis County

Farmer

H^r^^d

Ob^^rver
Poetry 1^

Pollard, Amos
Poor. John Alfred
Popham, George
Porronveau, Louis
Portland early churches

Evening Express

Herald
Pownalborough

Court House
Printing industry-
Prize contest in local history llt9-2uo
Projects in local history 36-40. 143-45

22
.33, 152
34
34

34, 165
9-70. 131, 135. 157-58

21
154
10-11
55
81-83
164-65
162-64
55, 83-85
49. S3, 84
32-34

toast to Maine

Railway pioneer

Rale, Sebastian

Ray, David

Rebecca Weston Chapter

Reed. Senator

Reed, Noah
Samuel
Thomas B.

Reed's tavern

Revolutionary Soldiers Living
in Maine, Alphabetical In-
dex of 20, 31. 76

Revolutionary soldiers' graves
in Kennebec Region, in-
scriptions 23-27. 175-79

Ricker, Nellie 136

Roberts. Cassuss Clay 74

Otis O. 205-6

Robinson, D. A. 204

154

125

14-19

138-40

Packard, Bertram E. 49

Partridge, Amos 22

Patch, Benjamin 15

Patten, John 76, 77
Patten Library A.«;sociation 76-77

"Pejepscot" (poem) 135-36

Penobscot (town) 152

River (poem) 13

Phillips, George A. 191

Phinney, Dea. Stephen 15
Pierce, Franklin, and the State

of Maine 165-170

George 15

Sagadahock 11

Saint Sauveur, Story of 101-20

Sanford 169-70

Sawtelle, William Otis

75-76, 101, ir,l-.^2
Scarborough 172-73

School children, Maine histories

by 87-91

Schools, local history in

36-40, 41-43, 143-45. 148, 160.
198-202
Unorganized l'*^

■«■■ * :

,"«•

«:^v-^

214 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Secondary school principals of

Iklaine, Association of 202

Secretary of State's warrant 51-52

Shapleigh 169-70

Shurte. Abraham 173-74

Smart, E. K. 72, 73

Smith, Edgar C.

Francis Orman Jefferson 12

Captain Stephen 130-31

Smock marriage 137-38

Somerset County 33

"Somerset County in the "World

War" 203

Somerset Journal 33

Spear, Albert M. 99
Sprague, John F,

78. 126, 157. 160-65, 204

Spurr, Joseph 15

Stewart, Arthur ^V. 69-70. 132

C. Marshall 132

John C. 206

Supreme Judicial Court 99-100

Swann, Major William 16

Tahanida II

Tate, Captain George 28

Taverns, Early Kennebec 21-23

Thomas, Augustus O.

36, 87-91, 141, 148, 198

David 21

Thompson, Florence Whittlesey 81

Thoreau, Henry D. 159

"To the Pine Tree State" (poem)

69-70
Totten, William D. 183-84

Tourists' despatch 135

Town, outline of study for 144-45

histories 43-44

Unorganized Territory School

system 140

Virginia, Second Colony of

Wakely, Thomas
"Walden Pond"
Waldo, Samuel
Waldo County lawyers

Patent, romance of
Washburn, R. :M.

171-72
159
204

72-74.
153
71

Washburn family of Livermore 71-72
Waterman, Charles A. 203

Charles E. 165

Waugh, George " 10

"Where the Pine Tree Fringed

Penobscot River Flows" (poem) 13
Whiting, Eunice 14, 17

Whitney tavern 21

Whittier, John Greenleaf 189

Wight. Joseph 15

Wiley, James S. 29-31

Wilkes. John 50-51

Wing. George C, Jr. 207

Wood. Ethel M. 61, 120. 170

Woodsmen 126-30

Worster, Helen L. 70

fli

LIST OF PLATES

Hon. Clarence Hale 2

Francis Orman Jefferson Smith 12

Charles Alcott Flagg 20

A Maine Colonial House 28

Maine Inland Scenery 47, 97, 155

John Gardiner 48

Indian Women Making Baskets 60

First Parish Church, Portland, Maine 82

Albert M. Spear, Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court 98

Henriette de Balsac, Marquise de Vemeuil 104

Femald's Point, the Site of Saint Sauveur 108

Champlain Monument — Seal Harbor 119

Fort Halifax as Completed in 1755 132

"Tourists' Despatch" Stamp 135

Chesuncook School House 140

James Phinney Baxter 156

Maine Coast-line Scene Near Cape Elizabeth 158

Glimpse of Bauneg Beg Lake from Breezy Point 185

First School House at Bauneg Beg Lake— An Old Time Chaise 186

House Winthrop Morrill Built in 1763 at Bauneg Beg Lake, North

Berwick '. 187

Hinckley, Rev. George W 196

SPRAGUE'S TOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Sprague's Journal Publications For Sale

Piscataquis Biography and

Fragments .... Sprague

Accidental Shooting- in the

n-00

Game Season. .. .Sprague

.25

The North-Eastern Bound-

ary Controversy and the

Aroostook War..Sprague

1.50

Sprag-ue's Journal of ^Maine

History. Bound vols. 2-4-

5-6-7-8, each

2.50

Reprints from the Journal

Genealogy of the Simmons

Family Simmons

2.00

Maine Revolutionary Pen-

sioners. ... Flagg-'s Index

3.00

Baron De St. Castin

Sprague

.75

Maine One Hundred Years

(bound) '. Sprague .75

Sir Hiram Maxim. .Sprague .75

Robert Bayley, the First
Schoolmaster in Fal-
mouth (Portland) Maine,
and Some of His De-
scendants Talbot .75

Colonel John Allen, a ^Maine
Revolutionary Patriot...
Sprague .75

David Barker Sprague .75

Engagement of Enterprise

and Boxer (1813), Thayer .75

A Bibliog-raphy of Piscata-
quis County Sprat: ue .50

Loyalists of the Kennebec

Thayer .75

Any of the above named books will be sent postpaid upon the receipt
of the price. Address Sprague's Journal, Dover, Maine, or

A. J. HUSTON, 92 Exchange Street, Portland, Maine.

You Can't Go Wrong

In Boosting Maine Strong

The first real action in the state-wide industrial development for
Maine was started by The Lincoln Worsted Company, where a fine
brick factory is now being erected, and you can not only make a
sound, profitable investment, but, help boom Maine by purchasing at
this time for what vou can afford of the 8^r accumulative, preferred
stock, of THE LINCOLX WORSTED COMPANY, and receive what
generally goes to bankers, — a fifty per cent, of bonus, in common
stock. Par value of both classes of stock $10.00 per share.

For further particulars address THE LINCOLN WORSTED
COMPANY, LINCOLN, MAINE, L. J. Coburn, Vice President.

Coin and Stamp Collectors

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

Prices I Pay — of every U. S. Coin
▼rorth over face — 13 cts.

WANTED
Rare Coins, Stamps and Curios

What are your wants? Perhaps
I can supply them

Stamp Catalog-ues and other Philatelic and Numismatic
literature at publishers' prices

W. B. GOULD

292 Hammond St. Bangor, Maine

' -v.--

i^y

iilMPi'

kw^^^

''!!•

•V — • *

.- >^

^■fjl

"■SSK/i-

■/•>**sa^-

SS~M

fe^nj

Vol.9

No. 2

;^^

BSS*^

ij-y

.^j>^

Sl^

History is the trutli; ever impartial;
never prejudiced

'■ / i

1921

JOHN rRAKCIS >SPJ^\aiE

DOVER , MS.

*'>^^

:>s'

'.->.

L-iSTEi-^S

The LESLIE E. JONES Co.

Office Outfitters

Typewriters of all Makes. Wood &
Steel Filing Equipment

41C-17 EL\STBRN TRUST BLDG.
DANG OR, MAIXE

BEYER & SMALL

Conservative Investment Bonds

W& OFFER

Munlcliial, Rnilroiid nnd Public Utility
Ihsucs. Specialists in Maine Securities

Augusta Portland Bangor

W{]v WnUnnih fHorntug grnttttpl

Goes to press later than any other paper reachiirg Central Maine. It
handles messages by wire up to 3 o'clock in the morning. If you
want the latest news, READ THE SENTINEL.
$5.00 per year by mail for cash. '-^

BJatrrmllr g»rnt!nrl Pnliltshinrj (Sompang

" ISatrruillr. £Hainr

TT^ 13 \ VQ T^^^ Q \ \lTi ^'^^' yo^^'* plans to start youc savincrs
•■•■■• -I- il- A O JL V/ Oil. T jLj account with this banl; on your very
next pay-day. Set aside One Dollar — more if you can spare it — come to
the bank and make your first deposit, i^mall sums are wolcomo.

Put system into your savinprs. Save a little every week and save that
little ropularly. Make it an obligation to yourself just as you are in duty
bound to p.iy the grocer or the coal man. SAVE FAITHFULLY. The
dollars you save now will serve you later on when you will have prreater
need for them.

PISCATAQUIS SAVINGS BANK, Dover, Maine.

P. E. GUIJBNSEY, Pres. V7. C. WOODnUSY, Treas.

Money Back If Not Satisfied — Is Your Protection

JOHN

BANGOR,

T. CLARK &

Clothiers

CO.

MAINE

We havt* positive evidence of the reliability of advertis>T3 on tht-se paiXf's

/jULy-AUGUST— SEPTEMBER

The LESLIE E. JONES Co.

Office Outfitters

Typewriters of all Makes. Wood &
Steel Filing Equipment

416-17 EASTERN TRUST BLDG.
BANGOR, MAINE

BEYER & S]VLVLL

Consenrative Investment Bonds

"WE OFFER

3Iiuilclpal, Railroad and Public Utility
Issues. Specialists in Maine Securities

Augusta Portland Bangor

SIjp liatpnrtUf iHormng S'fntin^l

Goes to press later than any other paper reaching Central Maine. It

handles messages by wire up to 3 o'clock in the morning. If you

want the latest news, READ THE SENTINEL.

$5.00 per year by mail for cash.

IT PAYS TO SAVE

Lay your plans to start your saving's
account with this bank on your very
next pay-day. Set aside One Dollar — more If you can spare It— come to
the bank and make your first deposit. Small sums are "welcome.

Put system into your savings. Save a little every week and save that
little regTjlarly. Make it an obligation to yourself just as you are in duty
bound to pay the grocer or the coal man. SAVE FAITHFUL-LiT. The
dollars you save noxr will serve you later on when you will have greater
need for them.

PISCATAQUIS SAVINGS BANK, Dover, Maine,

p. E. QUEBNSEY, Prea. W. C. WOODBURY, Trea*.

Money Back If Not Satisfied — Is Your Protection

JOHN T. CLARK & CO.

Clothiers

BANGOR, : :

MAINE

We have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

,/"

OCTCB^R/NOVEMBER— DECEMBER
' /

^^ .fe*i.":_-'

^MJ

The LESLIE E. JONES Co.

Office Outfitters

Typewriters of all Makes. Wood &
Steel Filing Equipment

416-17 EASTERN TRUST BLDG.
BANGOR, >IAINE3

BEYER & S.^L4LL

, CcnsefTative investment Bonds

WE OFFER

Municipal, Ratlrond and Public t'tlUty
Is«nefl. Specialist* in Maiae SecaritieH

Augusta Portland Bangor

(Hire Hlatfruilie iHorntng i'^uttn?!

Goes to press later than any other paper reaching Central Maine. It

haiidico messages by wire up to 3 o'clock in the morning. If you

want the latest news, READ THE SENTINEL.

$5.00 per year by mail for cash.

13Jatrruillr. llJaiitr

T'P 1^ A VQ '^O ^ AVF ^'^'^ -^^^^ plans to start your savingrs
A ii- ■*■ -^"^ A O JL KJ Oi\ f jLj account with this bank on your very
next pay-day. Set aside One Dollar — more if >on can spare it — come to
the bf nk and make vour first deposiL Small sums are welcome.

Put system Into your saving's. Save a little every week and save that
llvtlfe regjlarly. ?.Iake it an obllg-ation to yourself just as you are In duty
bound to pay the grocer or the coal man. SAVE FAITHFULLY. The
dollars you save novr will serve you later on when you will have greater
need for them.

PISCATAQUIS SAVINGS BANK, Dover, Maine.

P. E. GUiJSNSEY, Pres. W. C. WOODBURY, Treas.

Money Back If Not Satisfied — Is Your Protection

OHIT T. CLARK 85 CO.

Clothiers

BANGOR,

MAINE

VVe havft positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on the:>e pages

^r ^

U-J^

L.-rery ain3 §»!«• Stable, StyU*!^

Rlfc, Horses, Carrleges, SIel^!»»«

Ilarne-ssea aai Fiobe^

Autcmobllcs fo? Sale and to Hire

Teams To and From All Trains

Summer Street, Near M. C. R. R.

Foxcroft - Pi»o«>e»2-2 - Maine

P4?

New and Old

We carry in stock a large
and varied assortment of
books, both old and new.

Catalogues sent on request.
Correspondence solicited.
Books Bought.

A. J. Huston

92 Exchange Street
PORTLAND, MAINE

THE BANGOR COMMERCIAL

MAINE'S BEST PAPER

TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION TO DAILY, $1.00 FOR THREE MONTHS

Weekly, three months for 25 cts.; one year, 31.00

The Commercial (Daily and Weekly) offers advertisers the most pov/er-

ful advertising influence that can be brought to bear on Maine trade.

J. P. Bass Publishing Co., ^^"^b'aS maixe

50,000 Horse Power

AVAILABLE FOR INDUSTRIES IN CENTRAL MAINE

Central Maine Pov/er Co.

Offices at Augusta, Gardiner, Waterville, Skowhegan,

Pittsield and Dexter

t I,

W« hfcYo |^;>elllTe «vld5nc9 of tie rtllabllity or 6.<lvertl3»r3 on thfis* pftjfca

.rfiKafci

tCSllFOS.

DIRECT ROUTE to Greenville. M oosehead Lake, Fort Kent. Houiton,
Presque Isle, Caribou. Fort Fairfield. Van Buren and Northern Maine.
ExceHcnt Roadbed, Splendid Service, thirst Class Equipment. Solid
Vestibule Trains.

Any ticket agrent will be pleased to furnish all information or litera-
ture desired or same can be obtained by wriiins: to the General Pas-
senger Agent. Geo. M, Houghton

General Passenger Agent

Bangor, Maine

Subscribe Nov/ for Sprague's Journal of Maine History
Onh^ $2.00 per year. Address Sprague's Journal, Dover, Me.

We will allow on renewal paynnents or for nev^^
subscriptions to the Journal, $1.00 each for the
following back numbers: vol. 1, numbers 1-4-5;
vol. 3, number 3. Address

Sprague's Journal of
Maine History

Dover, Maine

Kineo Trust Co.

DOVER, MAINE

Org-anized in 1905 to meet the bank-
ing needs of this communit.v. Kineo I
Trust Company has steadily gro^vn
in strength and public favor, until
today it is universally recognized
as one of the large and strong finan-
cial institutions of Eastern Maine.

Liberal Jntere."t Paid on
Savings Deposits

I.. P. EVANS. Pres.

W. S. OWEN. V. Pres.

G. L. ARNOLD, Treas.

Portland-Monson
Slate Co.

Quarriers 4$: .llanufn<turers

Slate Goods

of Every Description

Monson, Me.

SLATE

For Plumbin":, Structural
and Electrical Uses

a Specialty
Monson Roofing: Slate

Offlce and Fnctor-r

2:; Central Whnr/

POIITXAM), - MAI-\E

<luarrle« «nd Mill 1

MO^SOS^ - MAINE

We have p'^sitive evid-nce of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

JANUARY-^FEBRUARy—MARCH

^■^.-.-l ;S:-v^ -'^VF

'itji-iJ^.^J ijdi£jL^:^ i£X£^s^ ^is.-?'?*:^'

iisbsa^

^-^

KfsS

XOBBBK'

i "^;\ r

f' VoLlO*]

No. 1

'"3a«"

Histcry Is the truth; ever Impartial;
never prejudiced

1922

«9

00^

'7 i/ I

•

Jom

he-^^1^

W \

i;«;i?)s,«'ss»

Tue LESLIE E. JONES Co.

Otijce OaiSUers

Tjpewnters vt all Mak^. Vfocd &
Steel Filing Equipment

410-17 EASI'ER:^' TRX'ST I5I.DG.

BEYER 8i SlULL

C<^nserTative In^'estmer.t Bonds

■ w;e offbr 1

Issues. Specialisiig Ln. Maine Securiiies
Angnsta Portland Bangor

Slif UlatfrtJtU? iBnrutug 0i?nttnjl

Q-^es to press later trian any other paper reaching' Central Maine. It

handles messages by wire up to 3 o'clock in the morning. If you

vrant the latest news, EEAD THE SENTINEL.

^5.00 per year by mail for cash.

T'P T^ ^ VQ T^O' Q A \^tr ^'^^ your plar.3 to start your saving-s
li i /\ 1 O 1 V^ Vjik T JTy account with this bank on year very

v..e:^t pay-day. iSii a^i^v' On* l>oi;iu- — more li! you can spare It — come to

the bank and make your first deposit. Small sums are welcome.

Put system Into your saving's. Save a little every 'week and save that
little regularly. I-iS-ke ii an oolltratlon to yourself just as you are in duty
b:und to pay the grocer or the coal naan. SAVE FAITHFULLr. The
dollars you save now will serre you later on when you will have greater
need for them.

PISCATAQUIS SAVINGS BANK, Dover, Maine.

r. E. GrEBNSSY, Pres. W. C. WOOBBUKT, Treae,

Money Back If Not Satisfied — Is Your Protection

JOHN T. CLARK

CIctiiiers

B.!lNGOR,

MAINE

We hav- poHltWa evidence of the rehatility of advertisers on these pages

MAINE INLAND SCENERY

1!^

'^ * -

-t _

f^e-^'^

'^~ ' :>. a- -^"" • „~ ^^S-'^^A^-' t *

^jy^iw:-.;.

FROM W. B. KENDALL'S COLLECTION OF :NL\IXE AGRICULTURAL

ETCHINGS

CONTENTS

The Millerites in :Maine 3

Thf- Maine Indians 6

Chronicles of the Family of John Morrill 17

The Cumberland and Oxford Canal 23

Bath's Oldest Schoolhouse 26

:Maine S. A. R 28

Early Irish Settlers in ^Eaine 29

Historical Characters of Local Fame 81

Historical Xeg-Iigence 82

Canaan. • Maine 88

"UT^.en the Legislature of INFaine was Pro-Slavery 34

>raine Peace Society in 1S20 85

^raine History of Today 86

^raine History in the Schools 41

N'athaniel Parker Willis 47

Republican State Committee in 1861 48

Democratic State Committee in ISi'A 48

A General Knox Item 48

Editorials 51

Cf CYEARSthe Insurance Manof Somerset Co,

^^^ ^^^ Xever a Failure — .Never a Law Suit — \Vhat more do you want?

%J %J (Member Soc. Col. Wars: Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G.. G. A. R.)
CH ARLES FOLSOMJONES. Skowhegan Maine

^e have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

'it>^

^■>.^

•^ .-#•«',

'•>&p>^

v*W:J:

,* -;^»«*i>'»>»*s

••';*

«uvmc«S»«:|#^^H^^

*:*.<i».

Boarstone Mountain, Elliotsville Plantation, in Piscataquis County,

looking from Sebec Lake

'■'4ii'

p3-o^^

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

Vol.. X January, February, !March, 1922 No, t^

THE MILLERITES IN MAINE

(By the Editor)

In recent years investigators along the lines of religious history
in the 19th century have taken more than ordinary interest in the
followers of \\'illiam ^^liller, who commenced preaching the second
coming of Christ about the year 1831.

Recently I was asked to write to a lady in Boston, who is a
prominent Unitarian research worker in this field, for any infor-
mation that I might have upon this subject.

Some writers have said that ]Miller's contention was that the
coming was to be "between }vlarch 21, 1843, ^^^ ^larch 21, 1844."
As to this I have no knowledge or data.

In the following letter to this lady I did not attempt anything
but to state my own recollections of this people in Elaine, as I
knew them in my childhood days.

Intelligent persons at all familiar with the history of the human
race, whatever may be their own religious faith or preferences, do
not deny that religion is now and ever has been a great moral and
civilizing force in the world.

Hence, I wrote from this general viewpoint alone, having no
desire for argument for or against the dogmas of the Adventists,
the Spiritualists or any other religious sect of those days.

The letter above referred to follows:

November 21, 1921.
Miss Clara Endicott Sears, ,

Prospect Hill,

Harvard, Mass.

Dear Miss Sears :

I must beg your pardon for my negligence in not writing you
before. I received a letter from my good friend Norman L. Bassett

2 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY .

of Augusta, iMaine, dated September 3, 192 1, asking me to write
you if I had any historical data or information with reference to
the Millerites.

I have quite a large collection of ^Maine newspaper clippings and
have searched them for something of real importance, but do not
find much except what I believe to be the old stock lie that the
Millerites prepared ascension robes to "go up" in.

Under the lead of William ^liller they had set a day in 1843.
When a small boy I have heard people state that "Father ]\Iiller"
visited Maine in 1843 ^^^ preached here some with his illustrated
charts, explaining what "signs" had already been "fulfilled" and
figures to prove that the end of this world would come on the date
fixed by him. I think that ]^Iiller died soon after this date proved
to be a mistake.

But his death did not discourage his followers, who engaged in
studying the Old Testament prophecies and making mathematical
calculations with renewed energ}'.

Very soon they decided that they had discovered just how Aliller's
figures chanced to be wrong. It was clear where the error had
occurred. So the date was again positively fixed for a day certain
in 1854. I have nothing to fix it by except that it was in the
autumn of that year. I was six years old and remember it well,
for my father was an enthusiastic "^lillerite" or "Second Advent-
ist" as they had then begun to call themselves. My mother,
although a member of the Congregational church, was also a be-
liever in the Advent doctrine.

They commenced this campaign with a well conducted weekly
newspaper, published in Boston and ably edited by "Elder" ^liles
Grant. All of their ministers were called Elders, none bore the
title of "Reverend." Their preachers had all been "called" by the
voice of God to go forth and preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ
and His second coming and reign on this earth. They were, on all
theological matters except what pertained to their own peculiar
views, Trinitarians, and believed in baptism by immersion and cele-
brated the Lord's supper in the same manner as do all Protestant
churches.

While the "washing of the Saint's feet" was not regarded as an
essential duty, some of them in the early days observed this,

THE MILLERITES IN MAINE

although I do not recall that I ever witnessed its ceremony when
a child. ^ • •

The fundamental tenets which separated them from other Prot-
estant sects were their belief in the sleep of the dead, the second
coming of Christ, the literal resurrection of the dead on the judg-
ment day when all who had died in their sins would be finally
destroyed by fire.

When the time predicted for the ''Day of Judgment" passed
uneventfully in 1854, the decision of the leaders was that the exact
time of the end of the world was one of the "mysteries" of religion
and of the Bible which the finite mind could not fathom by any
principles of matliematics. The passing of this did not however
weaken their faith or deter them from continuing to preach the
second coming of Christ. The exact time of this event had simply
passed into the realm of Divine mysteries and with equal ardor
they proclaimed that the "signs" were being rapidly fulfilled and
tliat this sublime event was "near at hand."

Like the Puritans, they were firm believers not only in the inspi-
ration of, but in the absolute infallibility of everything in the Scrip-
tures, from the first word of Genesis to the last word of Revela-
tion ; and that the Bible was to be taken literally, that no part of it
had any unknown, obscure or subtle meaning. It was their guide,
their government and their law, and they held that their prayerful
interpretation of it was the truth.

They declined to vote or take any part in town or state affairs,
for they were not of the world; yet they were loyal citizens and
paid taxes without murmur because they had been commanded to
"render to Caesar the things which are Caesar's," and their town,
state and country constituted their Caesar within the meaning of
this command.

They were opponents to human slavery and to war, and like the
Quakers were recognized by the government as "non-resistants."
Probably today they would answer to the name of pacifist.

The early Millerites in Maine were a God-fearing, devout and
peaceful class. None could doubt their sincerity or the purity of
their lives. They were respected as good citizens and kind neigh-
bors. They met with violent opposition and their leaders were
sometimes arrested for vagrancy and similar charges. This they

4 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

simply called persecution, which they had expected if not hoped
for. They were often jeered, rebuffed and made the butt of ridi-
cule which served only to strengthen their faith. The Master had
foretold them of persecutors and scoffers and they welcomed and
prayed for them.

In 1899, there was published (Bangor, Maine) a little book of
local history in the county (Piscataquis) entitled "Piscataquis
Biography and Fragments," of which I was the author. In speak-
ing of James Stuart Holmes, the first lawyer of the county, I quote
from a letter regarding him that I had previously received from the
late Joseph D. Brown, as follows :

"I well remember a remarkable scene in the year 1843, i^ which he
(Holmes) was an active participant. The Adventists or followers
6i William ^Miller were numerous in the neighboring town of
Atkinson. Their preaching of the second coming of Christ was.
deemed a heresv bv leadino^ citizens and members of other churches.
Some of these citizens who opposed the Millerites went to Dover
and instituted legal proceedings against Israel Damon and several
others who were preachers and leaders in the ]\Iiller faith, under
the vagrant act. In the old church on the hill they were arraigned
before ]\Ioses Scott, a justice of the peace.

"Without pecuniary compensation Air. Holmes volunteered his
services for the defense. For four days the courtroom was
crowded with people. During the whole time there was a suc-
cession of praying, singing of hymns, plaintive and exhilarating,
as only the old-style ^Millerites could sing, shouting, jeers, groans
and applause, but above all these occasional distracting sounds
could be heard Mr. Holmes' eloquent argument for religious free-
dom and toleration, and the right of every person to worship God
according to the dictates of his own conscience, under his own
vine and fig tree. At the close of the trial the prisoners were
promptly discharged."

And yet, like all other forms of religious belief, in which mingles
the element of fanaticism, it sometimes had evil results. Obviously
the parent who believed that within a very few years the doom of
this world would be sealed for all eternity, could not take such an
interest in the child's receiving an education as would have been
the case had the parent not been obsessed with this delusion.

-"*'.

THE MILLERITES IN MAINE

Naturally the parent's hopes and heart desires for the child were
centered on guiding him so that the "purity of his life while here
would entitle him to a seat with the saints ; that he might not be
"burned up root and branch" and be forever only "stubble under
the saint's feet." This being the parent's paramount thought for
the child, it necessarily crowded out of his mind the necessity for
learning about a world soon to be destroyed by fire anyhow. x\s
a result of this, children sometimes lost opportunity in after life
to which they were entitled.

Then for a year or so before the hoped-for Day, which never
came, some of the Advent families which I knew, literally obeyed
the command to sell their worldly goods and give alms to the poor
about them. Hence, the passing of the Day found them in desti-
tute circumstances.

The popular notion that the ^lillerites prepared ascension robes
and wore them when they were expecting to be "caught up" was,
so far as I ever knew, entirely false. I think the Outlook maga-
zine about a quarter of a century or more ago made an investi-
gation of the question of whether or not the ^lillerites made use
of ascension robes in 1843 or 1854, and not finding any evidence
of it anywhere in the country, decided that it was only a figment
of the imagination.

The ^lillerites believed as fully in a personal devil as they did
in a personal Supreme Being. I think the Fox sisters burst forth
proclaiming to the world their "rappings" and mediumistic powers
in 1848, the year of my birth. I have a vivid recollection of the
discussion in the days of '54 about their alleged phenomena. The
orthodox of nearly all religious denominations met it by a positive
denial that the mediums had produced any evidence whatever of
any occult force ; that it was all trickery, falsehood and delusion.
Not so with the Advent. He exulted over it. He hailed it as .v
another "sign" of the evil days that the prophets had foretold would
precede the end of the world. He disputed with the orthodox
preachers who called Spiritualism a tissue of lies and sneered at it.
The Advent believers accepted all these so-called phenomena as
literal facts. They were in unison with the Spiritualists in advo-
cating their actual occurrence. But as to the cause of these alleged
wonders, their explanation was as far from that of the Spiritual-

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

ists as is the South Pole from the North Pole. To their minds
they did not emanate from departed spirits, for there were none.
All of the dead were in an unconscious state and would remain so
until the day of resurrection. This being a fact they could have
but one cause, they came direct from Satan.

The Bible taught them, as they held, that the devil, whose power
God had been fighting ever since the creation of the world, and
which would be forever destroyed on the day of judgment, could
send evil spirits to take possession of human beings and enter a
herd of swine; this being so, they reasoned that this same Satanic
power could do all and more along this line than was claimed to
have been accomplished by the mediums.

The Advents admitted that mediums were controlled by spirits,
but contended that they were spirits of darkness and evil — of the
devil.

Since writing the foregoing I have received the following lines
from this correspondent :

"My dear Mr. Sprague :

Allow me to thank you most cordially for your most interesting
letter about ^lillerite days. It gives me many valuable points for
which I am very grateful. I am also grateful to Mr. Bassett for
having urged you to give me the benefit of your knowledge on this
subject. I am impressed with the real interest that is growing
apace in this country in regard to all the various phases that it has
passed through in reaching the period in which we are now living.
It is from this standpoint that I am interested in the ^lillerite days,
and this response to my appeal for information regarding them has
been very spontaneous and sincere and voluminous.
Believe me,

Sincerely yours,

CivARA EXDICOTT SeaRS."

THE MAINE INDIANS AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH

THE WHITE SETTLERS

(By Ethel M. Wood)

(Concluded from Vol. 9, page 174)

In the massacres and conflagrations of King Philip's War about
three hundred white people were killed and many were led away

THE MAINE INDIANS

into captivity. The Kennebecs were much less cruel than their
aUies. There is no record that they ever tortured a prisoner and,
in June, 1677, they returned twenty captives with a letter to the
governor of Massachusetts. The Androscoggins were wont to kill
their captives after making them endure the most excruciating tor-
tures. Infants were torn from their mothers' breasts and their
brains dashed out against the nearest tree. In the war the Indian
tribes, too, suffered great losses, and the day when the treaty of
peace was signed at Casco (April 12, 1678) was one of great re-
joicing. The cost to the colonial government of King Philip's
War in ]\Iaine was estimated at two thousand pounds, besides inci-
dental losses. These circumstances revealed the insecuritv of the
settlements in Maine and their lack of protection from the Indians,
and undoubtedly was one of the causes which led to the absorption
of the Maine settlements by ^lassachusetts.

In the interval of peace which followed, the settlements began
to rise from their ashes, there was renewed prosperity along the
coast of Maine, and the English added to their territory by pur-
chasing large tracts of land from the Indians. The most important
of these transactions was the famous "Pejepscot Purchase," where-
by a large tract of land situated between the Androscoggin and
Kennebec Rivers was obtained, July 7, 1684, from six Anasagun-
ticook sagamores. The Alohawks, the ancient enemy of the Maine
tribes, employed by the English in the late war, continued their
raids until checked by command of Gov. Edmond Andros of New
York. A second treaty was made at Portsmouth in 1685, when,
for the first time, the English promised to protect the Indians from
their Mohawk foe. Shortlv after the close of the war the most
of the Saco tribes had departed for Canada and were gathered into
the fold at St. Francis.

VI. King William*s and Queen Anne's Wars

In the spring of 1688, Gov. Andros plundered the home of
Baron de St. Castin at Pentagoet ^ under the pretext that the
Penobscot region, in which Pentagoet was located, was in the
king's province and therefore under his jurisdiction. Bands of
Indians organized by the French were sent out from Canada, and
there followed a series of terrible massacres. There was constant

*The site of the modern town of Castine.

8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

dread of the lurking savage and each town built its garrison house,
to which the inhabitants could flee at a moment's notice. Eleven
garrisons of soldiers were maintained along the coast. The de-
struction of Xewichawannock, Pemaquid, and Fort Loyal at Fal-
mouth are notable as among the most horrible of the events of
this war.

Tribal distinctions began to disappear as the various tribes became
united against a common enemy, and the remnant of the Sacos
allied themselves with the Androscoggins and the Kennebecs. In
1693 Father Rale appeared at Xorridgewock, and exerted a strong
influence in favor of peace, for later in the year thirteen chiefs
came to him and signified their willingness to submit to English
rule. It appears that the French, however, were not yet ready for
peace, and, owing to their influence with the natives, another series
of massacres followed. Bomazeen, a chief of the Kennebecs, ap-
proaching Pemaquid with a flag of truce, was seized and carried
to Boston. This event put the infuriated Xorridgewocks again on
the war-path. The struggle concluded with the treaty of ]^Iere
Point, Jan. 7, 1699. The war had done no good; neither side had
profited, and the Indians were, if anything, in a more miserable
condition than before.

When Queen Anne came to the throne of England (1702) she
immediately laid claim to Acadia and made another clash between
the French and English in America inevitable. Gov. Joseph Dudley
of ^lassachusetts sought to maintain peace with the Indians ; and
large numbers of the natives assembled at Casco to meet him and
his suite, June 20, 1703. Three of them came from X'orridgewock,
among the number Bomazeen, the late captive, who said that there
should be peace "so long as the sun and moon shall endure." He
moreover said, "As high as the sun is above the earth, so far dis-
tant shall our designs be of making the least breach between each
other." ^ Father Rale was present at the conference and was
looked upon with suspicion and annoyance by the English. French
influences were too strong, and in less than two months war broke
out again, and the Indians, swooping down from Canada, renewed
their cruelties. In the winter of 1705, Col. Hilton, with two hun-
dred and seventy men, went to Xorridgewock on snowshoes, hoping

*See Palfrey, vol. 4, p. 286.

THE MAINE INDIANS

to destroy the stronghold. Finding the village deserted, they were
obliged to content themselves by the burning of the deserted chapel.
That the white men as well as the Indians were guilty of cruel and
inhuman treatment of their foes was demonstrated by Col. Hilton
at Casco in January, 1707, when he surprised a band of eighteen
sleeping Indians and massacred seventeen of them. Another cruel
act was the delivery of Arruawickuabruit, a captive Norridgewock
sachem, to the ^lohawks to be treated as the latter saw ht. By the
treaty of Utrecht (r\Iarch, 17 13), Acadia was surrendered to the
English by the French, and the dispute over this area was settled
for the time being; and four months later a treaty was concluded
with the Indians at Portsmouth.^ .

W^ith the establishment of peace, there was little immediate fear
of a renewal of hostilities, and the coast settlements sprang up
with great rapidity. In 171 7, Gov. Shute of ^lassachusetts sailed
from Boston to Georgetown, on Arrowsic Island, for the purpose
of strengthening the friendly relations of the English with the
Indians and drawing into a closer alliance of amity and good-will.
Their chiefs were received with great ceremony at his tent, and in
a few words Gov. Shute explained to them that his king was now
a friend of the French, that English and Indians alike were his
subjects, and that the king wished them to be treated with all jus-
tice. Schools and Christian ministers were promised them. The
Indians, fearing that this meant a change of religious teachers and
of religious faith, declared that they had no desire to change their
religion since God had sent them such good teachers. This is a
splendid tribute to the* efficient work which had been done among
them by the Jesuit missionaries. Heretofore, they said, they had
been subject to no king but their own, but they would obey King
George if they liked his laws, otherwise not. They asked particu-
larly that no more forts be built and said that they had not sold
their lands. The deed of the "Pejepscot Purchase" was shown
them. Confused and confounded by a document which they could
neither read nor understand, they sullenly withdrew. Soon they
returned with a letter from Father Rale saying that the French
king had not given the English any of the Indians' land. The next

*For text of this treaty, see Me. Hist. Soc. CoU.. Series 1. vol. 6, p. 250,
al.so see Sebastian Rale, a :Maine Tragedy, etc.. Sprasue (Boston. 1906).

lo SPILVGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

day as the governor was departing, two Indians came to apologize,
and to express a great desire for the maintenance of peace.

VII. L,ovtw':E:hVs War

Later developments showed that, in spite of the fact that Indians
and English were both regarded as subjects of the king, the gov-
ernor was disposed to neglect the rights of the natives and obli-
gations of recent treaties, and signs of unrest among them appeared.
New forts were continually being erected, and, in 1720, two hun-
dred soldiers were sent to the frontier of Elaine. In the summer
of 172 1, a grand embassy, consisting of Canadian officials, two
Jesuits and many representatives of the tribes, approached Arrow-
sic Island with a fleet of ninety canoes and delivered to the English
representative there a manifesto ^ in the name of all the tribes,
warning the settlers that unless they moved away in three weeks,
their houses would be burned and they would be killed. There was
great alarm in Boston ; orders were issued to put down the rebel-
lious Indians, and great was the confusion in ]\Iaine. It was be-
lieved that Father Rale was especially active in instigating this
rebellion and a price was set upon his head. In the following
December, Col. W'estbrook, one of the principal military com-
manders in ]\Iaine, was sent up the Kennebec River with a force
of two hundred and thirty men with orders to seize Rale. Nor-
ridgewock, the home of Rale, was found deserted, but his strong
box and papers, including his Indian dictionary, which were found
there, were seized and carried off. The Indians interpreted this
expedition for the capture of Rale as a direct blow against them-
selves, and refused after that to meet the English in council. The
savages now resumed the war-path, attacks were made on the
English settlements at ]Merr}'meeting Bay, St. George, and Bruns-
wick, and the latter place was reduced to ashes. Shortly after this
the Indians were discovered by Capt. John Harmon and a force
of the English in the forest near Brunswick. Capt. Harmon came
upon them as they were slumbering, after a Bacchanalian celebra-
tion of their recent deeds; and, taking advantage of this circum-
stance, he swooped down upon them and murdered them all in cold
blood.

* For text of this manifesto see Baxter; Pioneers of New France in New-
England; pp. 111-118.

THE MAIXE INDIANS ii

Not only were the Xorridgewocks engaged in this struggle, but
tliey had enlisted the support of every tribe east of the Alerrimac
River. Garrisons were sent from Massachusetts to hold the forts
along the coast. The ^Massachusetts legislature offered bounties
for Indian scalps, and one thousand dollars for Father Rale, taken
dead or alive. Fearing the attack of the Indians, many of the
English settlers fled away to ^Massachusetts or elsewhere, and the
Maine coast was left nearly desolate. The next year (1722) the
Massachusetts government attempted to bribe tlie ]^Iohawks to lend
them their aid again, but as the Iroquois Confederacy, of which
they were a part, was then at peace with the Maine Indians, they
refused. In the winter of 1722 another expedition to Xorridge-
wock failed, and still another expedition, sent in 1723, found the
place deserted. In the following spring the Indians returned to
X'^orridgewock. It was now decided by the English to make still
another attempt to capture Father Rale, and a force of two hun-
dred and eight men under Captains ]»^Ioulton and Harmon of York
were despatched from Richmond on Aug. 29, 1724, for that pur-
pose. They proceeded by boat as far as Teconnet (W'inslow) and
then marched overland to X^orridgewock. Arriving near the vil-
lage, Moulton disposed his men to the best advantage and began
an attack upon the village. The inhabitants were taken by surprise
and knew nothing of the approach of the enemy until the latter
was close upon them. Rale rushed out to the village cross which
he had planted some time before, exposing his body in full view
of the enemy, thinking by this act of bravery and self-sacrifice to
protect his beloved neophytes. They crowded about him, however,
and he was slain in their midst together with thirty of their number.
Not an Englishman was even wounded. The entire village was
burned, and the Xorridgewocks took no further part in the war
which continued for a year longer.

One of the most interesting events of this fourth Indian war
was the battle of Pegwackct,"* in the southwestern part of the
province, which took place May 8th, 1725. Capt. John Lovewell
had set out from Dunstable, Mass., on April 25 with forty-six men
upon an expedition against the Indians in ]^Iaine. They marched
to the upper waters of the Saco River, where a part of the force

•The modern town of Fryeburg.

12 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

was left, while Capt. Lovewell and Chaplain Frye with thirty men
went on to the borders of a small lake now called Lovewell's Pond,
two miles from the Indian village of Pegwacket. As they jour-
neyed through the forest, an Indian was seen hunting. Stimulated
by the prospect of obtaining a bounty of five hundred dollars, which
was the standing offer of the ]Ma55achusetts government for every
Indian slain, they determined to kill him. Leaving their knapsacks
in a little clearing, they quietly followed him at a distance, and,
after a sharp encounter, captured him. In the meantime the knap-
sacks which thev had left in the rear attracted the attention of two
chiefs, Paugus and W'ahwa. who discovered them. They sounded
an alarm and gathered a party of warriors who lay in ambush for
the English. When Lovewell's party returned for their baggage,
therefore, they were at once attacked and a bloody battle was waged
for eight hours. Lovewell and nine of his companions were killed,
while the total loss of the Indians has been estimated at fifty-eight.
The pathetic part of the incident is that these contestants were
former friends and acquaintances and had shared each other's hos-
pitality. In fact, several of the savages were what were known
as "praying Indians." To the Indians' credit, it must be admitted
that, though they had the opportunity of scalping the bodies of
Lovewell and his men, they refrained from doing so. The loss of
the Sacos in this battle was so great as to break the spirit of the
tribe, and they withdrew forever from their native haunts, as the
Norridgewocks had done before subsequent to the destruction of
their village. Peace was concluded at Falmouth, Elaine, July, 1726,
and Lovewell's \\ ar was at an end.

VII I. The Fifth and Sixth Indian Wars

The next French and Indian war, which was the fifth in order,
broke out in the colonies in 1744. It was known as King George's
War, and the foes in the colonies were the English and the French,
though the colonial war was but a part of the general European
struggle, which was known as the A\'ar of the Austrian Succession.®
As usual the Indians are found upon the side of the French. The
scene of activities lay chiefly in Nova Scotia and the eastern part
of Maine, and around Louisburg on Cape Breton Island which was

•1740-1748.

THE MAINE INDIANS 13

captured by colonial troops under Sir William Pepperell. Some
of the Abenakis, conscious of their weakness, and not wishing to
enter anew upon the horrors of war, threw themselves upon the
protection of the English, as did also the Penobscots. An imagi-
nary line was drawn, therefore, three miles east of the Passama-
quoddy River and extended north to the St. Lawrence ; and the
Indians upon the western side were forbidden ''to have any cor-
respondence with those eastern rebels." ^ The English strongly
urged the friendly Indians, who were scattered about among their
settlements, to join them in the war, but in case of a refusal they
were permitted to remain neutral and undisturbed.

Upon receipt of the news of the defeat of the French at Louis-
burg (1745), the Tarratines were aroused to further hostility, and
infected the more westerly tribes, who heretofore had been at peace
with tlie English. Indian outrages and assaults were renewed,
attacks being made upon Pemaquid, Topsham, and North Yar-
mouth. The settlers could not even work on their farms, in such
constant dread were they, and scarcely ventured to milk their cows.
Two women were one day milking their cows at St. George a short
distance from the garrison house, when one was suddenly seized
and carried away to Canada. The other woman was pursued, but
managed to escape, finding refuge in the garrison. According to
"Dummer's Treaty" (1726),* referred to before as the treaty of
Falmouth, the Norridgewocks and Penobscots had pledged them-
selves to furnish a certain number of men to join the English in
suppressing any uprising of other Indian tribes. When, in 1745,
the demand was made, however, they refused their support, and,
on Aug. 23, 1745, the provincial government of Massachusetts
formally declared war against all of the Maine tribes.

The devastation of the settlements along the coast by Indian
attacks continued for several months, and during the winter the
fi:arrisons were increased. In the spring of 1746, the natives re-
doubled their efforts against the settlements, particularly against
those of the Sagadahoc region. The last attack of the year upon
an eastern settlement occurred on the twenty-sixth of August near
Pemaquid. During the following autumn and winter, Canada was
the battle-ground, but the next spring found the Indians again

'See Williamson, vol. 2, p. 218.
Me. Hist. Coll.. Series 1, vol. 3, p. 384. and Williamson, vol. 2. p. 240.

14 SPRAGUE'S TOURXAL OF :\rAIXE HISTORY

wreaking their vengeance upon the IMaine towns. ^lany persons
were killed outright or carried away into captivity. Agents sent
from Boston in ^lay (1746) for the purpose of negotiating an
exchange of captives at Quebec, reported, on their return in the
following August, that in all three hundred and sixty-one captives
had been taken to Canada by the Indians. They further reported
that of this number, seventy had died in captivity, that they had
secured the release and return of one hundred and seventv-one ;
while the rest of them were reported as having disappeared, or as
too ill to make the journey back to the colonies. After the news
of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) had reached the colonies,
the Indian ravages ceased and, in June, 1749, representatives of
the Penobscots and Xorridgewocks went to Boston to negotiate for
peace, declaring that every tribe throughout the length and breadth
of Maine desired it. A meeting was arranged to take place at
Falmouth in the autumn, and here on Oct. 14, a treaty was agreed
to, which conceded to the English indisputable rights of their settle-
ments, and reserved to the Indians such lands as had not been con-
. veyed to. the English by deed.

The Indians, however, and particularly the Kennebecs, still felt
keenly the injustice done them by the English in former years;
the settlers in turn cherished a hatred for the natives. Owing to
the state of feeling between the English and the Indians, peace was
maintained with difficulty, and in less than six weeks after the
treaty of Falmouth above referred to, a quarrel arose between the
settlers at \\'iscasset and their savage neighbors, the Kennebecs.
As usual the ill-feeling spread among the other tribes, and in the
summer of 1750 an attack by the Kennebecs and Tarratines was
made upon the fort at Richmond. Other English settlements were
attacked from time to time, and it was not until Sept. 3, 1751, that
the Indians were pacified and friendly relations re-established.

After these events the Indians assumed a quiet and peaceful
attitude, which encouraged the settlers and furnished a stimulus
for the building of new settlements and the extension and improve-
ment of those already established. The English settlers advanced
up the Kennebec and built fortifications above Richmond. The
Indians were manifestly displeased because it was regarded as an
encroachment ui>on their territory and an invasion of their rights

•i'^K'' '--.

THE MAIXE INDIANS i=;

as they were defined in the Dumnier Treaty (1726) previously
referred to. In spite of this, however, they said that they would
remain at peace unless directly interfered with. In February, 1754,
sixty Indian spies visited Fort Richmond. A little later a French
Jesuit made a canvass of the Indians of the Kennebec Valley,
promising the favor of the French to all who would take sides
with them in the great struggle for the possession of this continent
between France and England which was just about to begin.
Owing to the traditional friendship of the Indian for the French,
the appeal of the Jesuit Father had a profound effect; and in view
of the situation, any permanent peace with the Indians was de-
spaired of by the English, and the only course left to the latter was
to strengthen their defences as much as possible, and prepare for
the inevitable conflict with their former foes, the French and their
Indian allies. In anticipation of coming events Gov. Shirley con-
cluded to build a fort at Teconnet, at the junction of the Kennebec
and Sebasticook Rivers. This was an important location for a fort,
for it was but thirty-one miles from Norridgewock ; and further-
more, it was only by way of the Sebasticook River that the Nor-
ridgewocks could communicate with the Penobscots. The usual
route of the latter tribe to Quebec, was by way of the Sebasticook
and thence up the Kennebec and Chaudiere. The fort was com-
pleted Sept. 3, 1754, and named Fort Halifax. Other fortifications
known as Forts Western and Shirley were then built at Cushenock
(Augusta) and Frankfort (Dresden) respectively, and equipped
with garrisons and supplies. Large appropriations were made by
the General Court of Massachusetts to provide supplies for garri-
sons and fortified habitations which were established in nearly all
parts of the province of Maine.

Hostilities were begun, in 1754, between the French and Indians
on the one hand and the English on the other. This marked the
opening of the "Old French and Indian War," which was the sixth
of the Indian wars to occur within the space of eighty years, the
most bitterly contested in action, and the one that was fraught with
the most important consequences for France, England, and the
American colonies. This was a part of the world-wide conflict,
known as the Seven Years' War in Europe. In the spring of 1755,
savage depredations continued and on June 11, the Massachusetts

i6 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

government declared war "against, the Anasagunticook ^ Indians,
and all other tribes eastward of Piscataqua excepting those upon
Penobscot River." Bounties ranging as high as £250 were offered
for every Indian scalp, and a reward of £100 for every captive
taken. The war in the colonies raged until 1758, when the raids
of the Indians grew more and more infrequent, finally ceasing
altogether after failure to carry the fortifications at ^leduncook
(Friendship). In 1760, the remnants of the Maine tribes, ex-
hausted by war and ravaged by pestilence, sued once more for
peace, sending word to General Preble, who was then in command
of Fort Pownal, the strategic center of the whole Penobscot region,
to the eft'ect that they desired to dwell near the English and under
their protection, "living with them as many of the tribes had lived
with the French in Canada." A council was accordingly held at
Boston, April 29, 1760, and a treaty concluded. The Indians con-
fessed that they had rebelled against the English government,
agreed to the forfeiture of their lands, and renounced all further
allegiance to the French government. The Tarratines, once so
powerful, were now reduced to five hundred souls, and the Abe-
nakis had sunk into relative insignificance. The white settlers now,
for the first time, felt a real sense of security from attacks of the
savage, and could cultivate their fields in peace and quiet, free from
the dread of the tomahawk and the scalping knife. Forts Pownal
and Halifax were converted into trading stations from which the
Indians were supplied with necessary articles. One day an un-
fortunate thing happened, for a party of four hunters from Fort
Pownal shot and killed an Indian, whom they had overtaken in
their quest for game, and robbed him of many valuable furs which
he had in his possession. The incident was reported to the pro-
vincial government in Boston, who investigated the matter, ordered
the offenders punished, and, so far as possible, made reparation to
the friends of the slain Indian. This incident was also made the
excuse for the passage of strict laws against molesting the Indians
in any way, and further trouble was thereby averted.

This virtually concludes the story of the Indian and Indian up-
risings in the province of Maine, for, from this time forth, the
remnants of the tribes that were left were no longer a serious

•In the Androscogg^in valley.

CHRONICLES OF THE MORRILL FAMILY 17

menace to the peace of the settlements and to the expansion of the
colony, and they dwelt in friendly relations alongside their white
neighbors, or assumed an attitude of neutrality on the occasion of
future wars. While it is the experience of history that an inferior
civilization must give way before a higher one, such was the
inevitable result when the white settler came in contact with the
aborigines, after all there is a pathetic side to the downfall of the
Indian. These wars of the eighteenth century were his protests
against the invasion of his home and the appropriation of his land
and his hunting grounds. The injustice was not all done by the
nadve, nor was he chargeable with all the cruelties that accompanied
Indian warfare. ^luch of the blame must be laid at the door of
the white man. We are reminded of this in a significant reference
in Cotton blather's "^lagnalia," which reads as follows : ''Many
rude, wild and ungovernable English did, unto the extreme dis-
satisfaction of the wiser sort, rashlv add unto the occasion which
the Indians also took to grow ungovernable." The fate of the
Indian was a regrettable one, no matter how logical and natural
it might have been, and for that reason, he deserves a generous and
sympathetic treatment on the part of every student of history whose
desire it is to do justice to a race whose provocation was as great
as theirs.

CHRONICLES OF THE FAMILY OF JOHN MORRILL OF

KITTERY, MAINE, 1640-1920

(By Mrs. Ethel (Morrill) McCollister)

(Concluded from Page 191)

Soon after this Thomas sold out and came east and his widow
still summers near Kitter}-. He was the son of Horatio and Alary
Morrill, both of them Quaker preachers of some note.

Daniel Jackson was sent to the Paris Exposition in 1878 as U. S.
Commissioner. Had one daughter who married Philip Chapman
of Washington, D. C, later married Bates by whom there was born
a son, Daniel J. Bates.

Mr. Morrill's sister, Uianna, was a minister. She married Rev.
Ramsey, Professor at Oberlin College. They had one son, Oberlin
Ramsey. They are buried near her father, Thaddeus', great man-

i8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

sion at North Berwick. Thaddeus' daughter Sarah inherited this
home; she married her cousin, Alfred ]\Iorrill, and their heirs now
occupy it.

Peter, Jr., son of Peter (3) practiced law, carried on a large
farm at North Berwick. A daughter. Comfort, married Elijah
Neal. Her son, Peter Morrill Neal, was the 'A\'ar Major" (i860)
of Lynn, Mass. He had quite a collection of ^Morrill genealogy.
His son, ]Mr. William E. Neal, a banker of Lynn, maintains a
summer home at Bauneg Beg. Stephen (4) son of Peter (3),
married first, Elizabeth \\'inslow of Falmouth. His son Rufus
married Nancy A\'ebb, and was the father of Edmund Neal of
Westbrook. This latter graduated from Westbrook Seminary,
learned the tanners' trade and then went west in 1857. In October
of that year he was elected to first free state legislature of Kansas.
On October 5, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company C, 7th
Kansas Cavalry. Mustered out in 1865 with rank of brevet Major
for meritorious services. He held two terms as State Senator.
Governor 1895-7. Framed the famous pension law known as the
Morrill bill, which was passed June 2^, 1890. His brothers Levi
and Rufus established the tanneries at Deering and their memory
is perpetuated in Morrill's Corner.

Peaselee (Peaselee* Peter") married Nancy ]\Iacomber. He
moved to Augusta (then Hallowell) in 1797. Later to Belgrade
Hill, where he kept a tavern. His death came about through an
accident. He was standing beside a building when a pair of horses
hitched to a heavy cart became frightened, and starting suddenly,
crushed him against the building. He died three days later. In
one of the most beautiful country cemeteries in the state, in a
neglected corner is the grave of "Peaselee ]\Iorrill, formerly of
Barnstable, Mass. Departed this life January 19, 1826." There
are no records of this family in Barnstable or Belgrade. But he
was the father of fourteen children, of whom at least Mr. Anson
Peaselee and Lot Myrick need no introduction to the public.

Anson Peaselee ^lorrill, born June 10, 1803; married Rowena
M. Richardson. He was the first Republican governor of Maine,
1855. Elected to Congress in i860, he took his seat at the extra
session which was convened July 4, 1861, by President Lincoln for
means to suppress the Civil W^ar. His good friend James G. Blaine

CHRONICLES OF THE MORRILL FAMILY 19

later succeeded to this seat. These two were pioneers in the move-
ment to found the RepubHcan party. In 1880 he was again elected
to the legislature; was president of the Alaine Central Railroad
from 1 87 1 till his death, July 4, 1887.

His daughter Rowena married Charles W. Goddard, at one time
Justice of the Superior Court of Cumberland County. Her eldest
son, Charles W\, Jr., is a well known playwright. Another son,
^Morrill Goddard, was editor of Hearst's Sunday newspapers for
some years. Anson ^I. was admitted to the bar and practiced law
for some years at Augusta, but is now engaged in business affairs.

Henry is an Episcopalian clergyman. There are also two sisters,
Mrs. ^Merrill, wife of J. F. A. Merrill, the present U. S. Attorney
General at Portland, and Mrs. W. A. Otis of Colorado Springs.

Lot ]\Iyrick ^lorrill was born in Belgrade, Elaine, May 3, 1813.
Admitted to the bar in 1839, member of the state legislature in
1854. President of the Senate 1856, Governor 1857, just a year
later than his brother's term in the same office. He was L^. S.
Senator 1860-76, when he was appointed Secretary of Treasury
under President Grant. He died in Augusta, iMain€, January 10,

1883.

Another brother, Rufus, was a merchant in Dearborn Township,
now Oakland. An expense book is preserved. by an Oakland de-
scendant. Among the items is a bed cord at $.46 ; one nutmeg,
$.17. Rum was as ordinary as molasses is today and about as
expensive. At this time a hired woman's wages were $7.00 a year.
This store founded by Rufus has never yet closed its doors to the
public, although it has changed hands several times.

A grandson of Peaselee (4) married in Brownfield, New Hamp-
shire, Mary Taylor of that town, but soon came to Maine. This
Jacob was the father of nine children, nearly all of whom have
posterity in this state (]^Iaine). His daughter, Mary Jacob, mar-
ried Fred Stimpson, lumberman of Aroostook County. At his
death his daughter came into most of his lumber rights and ably
carried on the work, being known throughout the state as the
"Lumber Queen." Edmund, son of Jacob, was a well known inn-
keeper of Aroostook. He married Mary Eli/:abeth Leavitt, who
was a direct descendant of the famous Leavitts of New Hampshire
nnd the Cottons of Massachusetts. He was agent for the state

20 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

prison-made carriages. It was customary to leave Thomaston with
a string of 15-30 of them behind a pair of horses going toward the
Canadian border. The trip ended when the stock was all sold,
sometimes at \^an Buren or Fort Kent, a nice little trip of 260-300
miles. When my father, Lindley E., graduated from high sciiool
it was his intention to follow a musical career, but a chance trip
ir with the carriages for his father proved the lure of the open to be

r irresistible; he knew the state from Thomaston to the border as

thoroughly as his own backyard. However, he found time to con-
tinue his musical studies and played the leading (Eb) cornet in the
- Houlton band. One of the writer's most vivid memories of child-
hood is the ancient blue band cap with its swinging lamp fastened to
the visor for use on dark nights. It was made of brass and much
the shape of a rounded bottle, the neck holding the little round wick.
It burned kerosene. After his mother's death he removed to Bel-
fast and was choir master of the Baptist church. He sang tenor
in the quartette which included ^Irs. E. P. Frost, Nellie Fletcher,
George \\'hite, of which Belfast was justly proud. He married in
Belfast, Cecile J., daughter of Zenophon and Elizabeth Ordway.
Her mother was a descendant of James Hinds of Salem, ^lass.,
1636, and the titled Freeman family of England; while ^Ir. Ord-
way was also an ofifspring of an English titled family.

Mr. Morrill was one of a family of eight children. The eldest,
Eli, was foreman of the Boston and ]Maine repair shops at Milo.
He died 14 years ago. Leroy E. is interested in auto manufactur-
ing in Boston. ^linnie L. was the wife of Fred Verplast, an in-
ventor of \\^altham, ^lass., formerly of Aroostook County.

Jedediah (3) had a son Josiah (4) who died in Litchfield, Sep-
tember, 1832, at the age of 95 years. He was a leading nail man-
ufacturer when they were made by hand, and in company with his
son, Josiah, Jr., owned the first nail-making machine east of Boston.
Another son, Alexander Hatch, was a Free Baptist minister.
He founded Storahs College at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia.
His son, Frank W., is superintendent of schools in Irvington, New
Jersey.

Another son settled at Hiram, Maine. Hon. Carroll Willis "Mor-
rill of Portland is a descendant of this Josiah.

Ebenezer (6), son of Josiah, Jr., emigrated to California. His

CHRONICLES OF THE MORRILL FAMILY 21

brother, Hiram K., of Gardiner, editor, author, etc., was for many
years identified with Gardiner's leading business men. He spent
much time and money in gathering data for a complete genealogy
of the Morrill family but died just before the work was finished.
His son, Ernest W., is also much interested in the work.

Another branch of Josiah Jr.'s family settled in Lewiston, and
the old homestead at 122 Webster Street is now owned and occu-
pied by a descendant, ^Ir. L. B. ^lorrill. Arch (Josiah, Jr.) was
a member of the Salem Light Infantry which was detailed to re-
ceive Lafayette in 1824. He was a blacksmith and bricklayer and
for many years was Gardiner's leading brick manufacturer.

Ebenezer (5), brother of Josiah, Jr., settled in \\'indham. He
is the grandfather of Hon. White of Windham. So a summary
of Peter's (3) descendants include three governors, a secretary of
treasury, three congressmen, a banker, several lawyers, a play-
wright, and several editors, besides leading business men of many
towns.

Nicholas (2), son of John (i), had a son Robert (3) who was
also head of an interestins: familv. His first wife died soon after
their marriage. In 1738 he took a second wife, Patience Wey-
mouth. There were four children by this union, and by his third
wife, Anna (Jones), eight children. His son Timothy is the an-
cestor of the New Hampshire and \'ermont branches, also some
who emigrated to Connecticut. This Timothy had three children,
Timothy, Jr., Hibbard and William. Timothy, Jr., married Jo-
hanna Small of IMeridan, N. H. His brother Hibbard, born South
Hampton 1759, enlisted in 1776. Severely wounded and left on
the battlefield three days. A doctor discovered signs of life and
ordered him removed to hospital where he recovered and eventu-
ally lived to a ripe old age. His daughter, Betsy Morrill Spencer,
published in 1910 a genealogv' of the New Hampshire branches,
she being at that time 80 years of age and confined to a wheel chair
by rheumatism. It is a very interesting book, containing a chapter
of the early history of the family.

The third son, William, disappeared from Moultonbow, N. H.,
about 1800, at the age of 22 years. This may be the same W^illiam
Morrill who married in Belfast, Elaine, in 1801, Susannah Stephen-
son of Portland.

^^ ^2 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :MAIXE HISTORY

Joel (4), son of Robert (3), was a signer of the warrant for
the first town meeting of EHot, ]\Iarch 8, 181 1. He Uved on his
father's place.- His brother Nicholas was the father of Sarah, who
married John Jordan, a Revolutionary war veteran. He served
from jNIay 5, 1775, till Dec. 31, 1779, having spent the month of
January, 1778, at \'alley Forge. Joel's son Jacob died in Halifax
prison in October, 18 12. Joel, Jr., died at sea. William (5) mar-
ried Miss Mary Emery and to him was given the homestead that
had been built by his granfather; Samuel settled in Tuftonbon,
N. H. '

Several ]\Iorrill boys were victims of the typhoid epidemic in
1880, among them three brothers, sons of Nathan (6).' Eph E.
(7) and his son Nathan (8), age 14, died within a month of each
other. A second son, an infant at the time of his death, was
drowned at Bauneg Beg two years later. One daughter married
Edwin E. Goodwin, banker of Springvale, both of whom are now
dead. The other daughter lives near Portland and is the wife of
Eugene Walker.

This Eph (7) had a brother Closes (7) who also died leaving
two boys, George (3) and Ransom (8). The third brother, George
(8), lived at Hudson, N. H., but came to Berwick as a nurse during
the epidemic, also caught the fever and died. The two motherless
children of this hero were reared by their uncle.

Jedediah (7), known as "Jed," was a much beloved roadmaster
on the B. & M. R. R., between Portland and Nashua, N. H. De-
scendants live in Rochester, N. H. His brother Ephriam was also
a railroad official but is now retired. However, his four sons have
followed his footsteps and are all prominent railroad men.

George, another brother, has a son who is also connected with
the B. & M. Railroad.

It may seem queer to some that the later generation should turn
to railroading, but after all it is an occupation that must appeal to
the sons of these old pioneers, with its element of danger, the life
in the open, and the responsibilities. Whatever task a Morrill
undertakes is sure to be well done, whether it be running a train
of cars or a state ; writing an ordinary letter or a movie, or an
historical work that requires almost unlimited research, or any
other occupation.

THE CUMBERLAXD AND OXFORD CAXAL 23

The records of this family can hardly be equaled, having leaders
in politics, religion, education, manufacturing, doctors, lawyers,
authors and editors. And always they were among the vanguard
in whatever was chosen as a life work.

John ( I ) was undoubtedly the largest land-owner who ever lived
in Kittery and has given more noted men to the world than any
other man who ever lived in the territory now known as the State
of Maine. Quaker modesty rather than indifference has kept the
family in the background these hundreds of years. Only recently
have we awakened to the fact that we owe them a debt that cannot
be paid. Surely three hundred years of leadership with almost no
blot on any page, is a record to be proud of. It is not often equaled
in the history of any country.

The first reunion of the family which is to be held on the historic
Bauneg Beg Lake this September, we hope will set a precedent that
will last 300 years. '*]May their tribe increase."

THE CUMBERLAND AND OXFORD CANAL

(Nellie Woodbury Jordan)

The following sketch is the result of an evening of reminiscence
with that scholarly gentleman, Orlando Leighton, concerning the
old landmarks of the environs of our neighborhood, Long Creek,
Stroudwater, etc. Mr. Leighton's life spans eighty odd years, and
having been born and reared in the town of Gorham and blessed
with a retentive memory, he is able to relate many interesting stories
connected with the history of Gorham, Saccarappa and Portland
sixty-five or seventy years ago.

For a long time his father, the late Ichabod Leighton, who kept
a store at Little Falls, served as the agent for the Cumberland and
Oxford Canal owners, and the son, then a young man, was familiar
with life on that quaint thoroughfare.

The digging of this Maine ''ditch" was begun in 1820 and in
1829 it was opened for the purpose of getting freight in and out
of Cumberland and Oxford Counties. Factories were located at
Harrison and Bridgtun, the products of which, together with large
shipments of lumber and cord wood, were sent out from the inland
towns even from X^ew Hampshire and \'ermont. Cargoes of such

24 SPR.\GUE'S JOURXAL OF :\IAINE HISTORY

commodities as were found in the typical country grocery store of
that day, including sugar, molasses and rum, were taken in from
Portland.

In 1856 the canal was sold to Francis O. J. Smith, a lawyer of
Morrill's Corner, Thomas Abbott of Spring Street, a stage driver
between Conway and Portland, and Isaac Dyer, a lumber dealer
of Baldwin, who later moved to Portland. Lothrop Libby of
Capisic Pond became the first agent. In a few years. Dyer and
Abbott bought ^Ir. Smith's interest and Ichabod Leighton assumed
the duties required of the agent. One of these made it necessary
to drive the length of the tow-path frequently, to keep on track of
needed repairs.

CaT>a\ Boat ontK^^Lal^ej

The canal was twenty or thirty feet wide and extended from the
foot of Sebago Lake for twenty miles through Great Falls, Gambo
Falls, Little Falls, Horse-Beef Falls (]\Iallison's), following the
Presumpscot River to Saccarappa (Westbrook), where it swung
off to Libby's Corner, opening into Portland Harbor on the north
side of the present location of the Portland Gas Light Co. There
were twenty-seven locks between Sebago Lake and Portland Har-
bor, among them being Guard Lock at the outlet of the canal -near
the gas works, the Seven Locks above Stroudwater, one at Little
River in Gorham over which the canal ran in an acqueduct made
of plank, two at Mallison's, two above Little Falls, one at Gambo,

THE CUMBERLAND AXD OXFORD CANAL

two at Kemp's, two at Great Falls, and Guard Lock at the outlet
of Sebago. Boats could sail an additional thirty miles over Sebago
Lake, up Crooked (Songo) River, and across Long Lake to
Harrison.

The first boat to make the trip from Portland to Sebago was a
pleasure craft called the ''George Washington,'' later used to trans-
port freight, a few old timbers of which repose in the mud near
the lower Kemp Lock. Capt. Christopher Sampson owned a boat
of which his son took charge while he operated a steamer over
Sebago from Chadbourne's to Harrison for the accommodation of
passengers. ^lany people living near the canal owned and operated
boats.

"^ V/^

CvO CcLYvol-

These canal boats were about sixty feet long and ten feet wide
and carried twenty or thirty tons. A cabin was built on the stern
and in these small quarters lived the three or four men who made
up the crew. They received a wage of $1.50 per day. Each boat
had two center-boards, two masts and sails which were used when
crossing the lakes and in the harbor. Long poles were a necessary
part of the equipment. When the boats entered the canal the sails
were taken down, the center-boards raised and the horse attached
by means of a rope some sixty feet in length. The horse walked
along the tow-path drawing the boat until the harbor was reached.
Some of the horses used for this purpose were stabled in the barn
of the Lake House, of which Henry and William Chadbourne were

26 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ^^lAIXE HISTORY

the proprietors. A grocery store was also a part of their business
interests.

It usually required two days to make the trip out and two to
return, the remainder of the week being spent in loading and un-
loading the cargo. Occasionally a passenger was taken on board.
Mr. Leighton recalls sailing home to spend his vacation while a
student at Bridgton Academy. He thinks it was about 1857 that
Nathaniel Hawthorne came into his father's store to see if he could
engage passage in one of ]\Ir. ^lanning's boats across Sebago Lake
to Mr. iManning's farm in Raymond.

Frequently wash-outs after severe storms delayed the boatmen,
as they were required to make the repairs. This often brought
them into conflict with the log-drivers on the Presumpscot and
lively fights ensued, causing no little excitement to the law-abiding
citizens dwelling in the quiet towns along the banks. In the winter
when the canal was frozen over freight went out over the roads.

The building of the Grand Trunk Railroad injured the freight
business on the canal and the opening of the Portland and Ogdens-
burg dealt it a death blow. In 1870 it ceased to function as a route
of transportation and the land involved was restored to the original
owners without any payment of money on their part.

BATH'S OLDEST SCHOOLHOUSE

(By Alice May Douglas)

The first public building erected in Bath is still standing. This
is known as the Erudition Schoolhouse.

The building lot was donated by Joshan Shaw — a fair-sized lot
on High Street, a little north of Center Street and not far from
the Court House. The schoolhouse was erected in 1794 by Joseph
Sewall. He was the son of Col. Dummer Sewall, who caused the
British Red Coats to cease felling trees at King's wharf near the
Old Couples' Home — the Sewall for whom Dum.mer Street and
Bath D. A. R. are named. Joseph Sewall wrote an excellent his-
tory of Bath. He was related to Arthur Sewall — the nominee for
vice president with William Jennings Bryan the first time he was
nominated for president.

BATH'S OLDEST SCHOOLHOUSE 2y

Wlien Bath was a young town its public services were held in
its schoolhouse, a custom still in vogue in several places. When
Washington died during the month of December, 1799, the news
did not reach the province of ]\laine with the speed by which
messages are now transmitted, and it was not until the twenty-
second of February, 1800, that memorial services were held for
the first president. These were held in the Erudition Schoolhouse
and the oration was delivered by Andrew Greenwood, Esquire.
In this building Governor King and his bride "appeared out."

Local historians have completed a list of old-time teachers of
this school, all of whom were men, for it took a strong hand to
deal with the youth of pioneer days. A teacher was then called
master and this list includes Masters Hobby, Hillard, blather, Patch,
Manning, Jewett, Sleeper, Hall and Joshan Page.

Master Page came to Bath in 1805 and taught school for more
than thirty years, most of the time in the Erudition. He was a
man of great influence and many of Bath's leading citizens in the
days gone by were his pupils.

In 1894 the Sagadahoc Historical Society observed the one hun-
dredth anniversary of the erection of the old schoolhouse. Services
were held in the building and souvenirs containing the picture of
the building and of blaster Page were distributed.

During the services all who had ever attended school in the old
Erudition were asked to rise. ]\Iany arose, for this building was
still used as a school. Among the number was Charles Davenport,
a member of the first city government.

^Ir. Davenport related many instances concerning the schools.
He said that the pupils were excused from their lessons to see the
first train of cars steaming into the place.

A few years ago Mr. Albert H. Shaw wished to purchase of the
city the Erudition lot upon which to build a residence. It was one
of the finest building spots in Bath, and a good price was offered
for it. Some of the citizens to whom the associations of the his-
torical landmark were sacred, protested ; however, the sale was
made and the schoolhouse moved to another street. It is now in
the rear of the ^^lorse High School and an interesting object lesson
it is to view the little square schoolhouse beside the High School
structure — one of the most impressive to be found in New England.

28 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Here the past and present seem to meet. The scene is the more
impressive because the ^lorse High School stands where stood the
Page homestead, the house having been removed as well as the old
Academy to make place for it. This spot certainly seems sacred
to the cause of education. The Erudition was used as a primary
school for many years. On its original site now stands one of the
most beautiful residences of the city.

MAINE S. A. R.

(From Official Bulletin, 1921)

The Maine Society mourns the recent death of its president,
Hon. James O. Bradbury, of Saco, who assumed the office early
in February last, and who had greatly appreciated the honor be-
stowed upon him. Compatriot Bradbury was also the Trustee of
the National Society for Maine. The Board of ^Managers elected,
on June 9 last, William B. Berry, of Gardiner, to fill out the unex-
pired term of Mr. Bradbury, and adopted appropriate resolutions
upon his death. Compatriot Berry is a direct descendant of Lieu-
tenant Samuel Berry, whose brother, Lieutenant Nathaniel Berry,
was the last surviving member of George Washington's Life
Guards. A boulder with bronze tablet of inscription suitably com-
memorates this hero in Gardiner.

On Saturday, September lo, at Auburn, Maine, there was un-
veiled a beautiful tablet to the memor\' of 357 men who served in
the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. The exer-
cises were conducted by the Mary Dillingham Chapter, Daughters
of the American Revolution, and was a most impressive and inter-
esting ceremony. The address of welcome was made by ^liss
Margaret Wilson, representing the ^lary Dillingham Chapter, and
was responded to by Miss ^laud ^lyrick, the State Regent of ^^laine.
Judge George C. Wing, President of the Auburn Chapter, Sons of
the American Revolution, was the principal speaker and made an
eloquent and patriotic address. The event was one of the most
^significant and memorable in the history of Auburn.

EARLY IRISH SETTLERS 29

EARLY IRISH SETTLERS IN MAINE AND

NEW HAMPSHIRE

The first recorded Irish settlement in Maine was made by fami-
lies named Kelly and Haley from Gahvay, who located on the Isles
of Shoals about the year 1653. In 1692, Roger Kelly was a repre-
sentative from the Isles to the General Court of Massachusetts,
and is described in local annals as ''King of the Isles." The large
number of islands, bays, and promontories on the Maine coast
bearing distinctive Celtic names attests the presence and influence
of Irish people in this section in colonial times. In 1720, Robert
Temple from Cork brought to Elaine five shiploads of people,
mostly from the province of ^funster. They landed at the junc-
tion of the Kennebec and Eastern Rivers, where they established
the town of Cork, which, however, after a precarious existence of
only six years, was entirely destroyed by the Indians. For nearly
a century the place was familiarly known to the residents of the
locality as "Ireland." The records of York, Lincoln and Cum-
berland counties contain references to large numbers of Irish
people who settled in those localities during the early years of the
eighteenth century. The Town Books of Georgetown, Kittery, and
Kennebunkport, of the period 1740 to 1775, are especially rich in
Irish names, and in the Saco A'alley numerous settlements were
made by Irish immigrants, not a few of whom are referred to by
local historians as "men of wealth and social standing." In the
marriage and other records of Limerick, j\Ie., as published by the
Maine Historical and Genealogical Recorder, in the marriage regis-
ters of the First Congregational Church of Scarborough, and in
other similarly unquestionable records, I find a surprisingly large
number of Irish names at various periods during the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries. In fact, there is not one town in the
province that did not have its quota of Irish people, who came
either direct from Ireland or migrated from other sections of New
England.

The records of New Hampshire and Rhode Island are also a
fruitful source of information on this subject, and the provincial
papers indicate an almost unbroken tide of Irish immigration to
this section, beginning as early as the year 1640. One of the most

30 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

noted of Exeter's pioneer settlers was an Irishman named Darby
Field, who came to that place in 1631 and who has been credited
by Governor ^\'inthrop as "the first European who witnessed the
White ^lountains." He is also recorded as "an Irish soldier for
discovery," and I find his name in the annals of Exeter as one of
the grantees of an Indian deed dated A_pril 3, 1638, as well as
several other Irish names down to the year 1664. I^i examining-
the town registers, gazeteers, and genealogies, as well as the local
histories of Xew Hampshire, in which are embodied copies of the
original entries made by the town clerks, I find numerous refer-
ences to the Irish pioneers, and in many instances they are written
down, among others, as "the first settlers." Some are mentioned
as selectmen, town clerks, representatives, or colonial soldiers, and
it is indeed remarkable that there is not one of these authorities
that I have examined, out of more than two hundred, that does not
contain Irish names. From these Irish pioneers sprang many men
who attained prominence in Maine and Xew Hampshire, in the

•

legislature, the professions, the military, the arts and crafts, and
in all departments of civil life, down to the present time. In the
marriage registers of Portsmouth, Boscawen. Xew Boston, Antrim,
Londonderry, and otlier X"ew Hampshire towns, are recorded, in
some cases as early as 17 16, names of Irish persons, with the places
of their nativity, indicating that they came from all parts of Ire-
land. At Hampton, I find Humphrey SulHvan teaching school in
1714, while the name of John Sullivan from Limerick, schoolmaster
at Dover and at Berwick, Me., for upwards of fifty years, is one
of the 'most honored in early Maine and X^ew Hampshire history.
This John Sullivan was surely one of the grandest characters in
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, and the record of his descend-
ants serves as an all-sufficient reply to the anti-Irish prejudices of
some American historians. He was the father of a governor of
New Hampshire and of a governor of Massachusetts; of an attor-
ney-general of X'^ew Hampshire and of an attorney-general of
Massachusetts; of Xew Hampshire's only major-general in the
Continental army; of the first judge appointed by Washington in
New Hampshire ; and of four sons who were officers in the Con-
tinental army. He was grandfather of an attorney-general of New
Hampshire, and of a L'nited States Senator from New Hampshire.

HISTORICAL CHARACTERS 31

He was great-grandfather of an attorney-general of New Hamp-
shire, and great-great-grandfather of an officer in the Thirteenth
New Hampshire Regiment in the Civil War.

:Michael J. O'Brien ("The Irish in the United States") in "The Glories of
Ireland," by Dunn and Lennox. (Pheonix. AVashingrton. D. C, 1914). For a
sketch of the SuUivans in :Maine, see Sprague's Journal, vol. 7, pp. 170-187.

HISTORICAL CHARACTERS OF LOCAL FAME

(By the Editor)

We presume that every generation of people enjoy recalling at
times the odd and peculiar "characters'' who lived in the long ago
and are known to those who talk of their peculiarities and eccen-
tricities only through tradition-stories which have been handed
down from grandfather to grandson.

Recently a few such congenial spirits who love reflections of this
sort. hap)pened to foregather in the sanctum of the editor of the
Journal. Thirty years ago the late Deacon Charles H. B. Wood-
hury, Alexander ^I. Robinson and Orman Brown of Dover, and
Augustus G. Lebroke of Foxcroft each had a wonderful fund of
humorous tales of the early settlers of Piscataquis County, their
strange doings and startling idiosyncrasies.

Some could remember some of these and they were retold and
talked over.

Former Congressman Frank E. Guernsey contributed the fol-
lowing :

Nearly three-quarters of a century ago one "Elder" Bartlett, an
upright "elder" in the Free \\'ill Baptist Church, and long a resi-
dent of Dover, and storekeeper in what is now L'^nion Square, and
prominent in village matters, whose high character and honesty
were never questioned, held odd views as to regularity.

In the course of traffic as a country storekeeper he handled many
horses. His son usually was the visible and active agent in these
horse transactions, particularly when they were being disposed of,
although the elder would appear frequently at the psychological
moment, particularly if a balky, a wind-broken or kicking horse
was to be disposed of, and say in a very loud and imperative voice,
"Smith, don't you trade off the old gray mare. You know your
mother likes to ride behind a good horse."

The elder was in the habit of using in his store measures that

:-:'i'-

^2 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :^IAINE HISTORY

were small at the top and large at the bottom. If a customer
noticed that the elder did not empty quite all of the molasses from
the measure and ventured to call attention to it, the honest elder
would say, "Well, there was just about that amount in the measure
before,"* which of course was a very satisfactory and conclusive
reason for not draining it to the bottom for his inquisitive customer.
Like other storekeepers in those days he dealt in New England
rum. He filled the jugs of his customers in the course of trade,
and as a man was departing with a supply of rum and was near
the door the elder would say, "I suppose that it is for sickness?"
"O, yes," the customer would shout back as he went through the
door, and the elder would say, "It is well that it was, for if it hadn't
been you wouldn't have got it."

HISTORICAL NEGLIGENCE

Captain Christopher Jones of the Mayflower

At the Mayflower Congress held at Plymouth, September 6, 192 1,
Deputy Governor General Asa P. French delivered an able and
entertaining address of welcome to the delegates there assembled,
from which we make the following excerpt :

"!May I digress for a moment to remind you that there is one
individual, to whom our ancestors were greatly beholden, whose
memory and claim upon our gratitude seem to have been completely
overlooked. In the countless paneg}'rics which have been written
and delivered concerning the Forefathers themselves, nobody, so
far as I know, has ever turned aside for an instant to pay a deserv-
ing tribute to Christopher Jones. Some of you, no doubt, are quite
unfamiliar with the name of Jones in this connection, but it was
a Jones who steered our forebears to Plymouth. No gleam of
intelligence illumines your upturned countenances as I refer to him.
It is only the careful student of history, like Brother Bowman and
myself, who knows that Jones was the much disparaged master of
the Mayflower, and that he was accused of accepting bribes from
the Dutch to keep away from Manhattan and the Hudson, and of
all kinds of treachery- and deceit, by his contemporaries as well as
by posterity. But his title to our respect and gratitude rests upon

CANAAN, MAINE 33

the fact that he was a sufficiently courageous man and skilful navi-
gator to transport our honored ancestors over here in safety; other-
wise our very existence would have been at least problematical.
Nor should it be forgotten that to this same alleged treachery and
deceit we are indebted for the fact that the memorable landing
was made here rather than at Coney Island. Imagine Plymouth
Rock at Luna Park ! But I will not further dilate upon the cir-
cumstance. For this accomplishment, Jones should be rehabilitated
and reparation made to his damaged memory before it is too late.
We are discovering all kinds of pleasant things in these days about
the ogres of history; for example, I heard it stated by somebody
not long ago, that it is all a mistake that Nero was playing a fiddle
while Rome burned. As a matter of fact, it seems that he was
playing the hose, — which was quite a different and credible thing,
under the circumstances."

CANAAN, iMAINE

* (Julia Tuttle Lewis)

Canaan probably had more separate settlements and names than
any other town in the state. Pooduck is a familiar name to nearly
ever^'body whose memory goes back that far, and some of the
others are Slab City, Brown's Corner, Moore's ^lill. Pirate Lane,
Lake George and The Notch. x\lso Canaan Village was for many
years known as "Tuttle's Mills." It was settled about the year
1800 by sons of Ebenezer Tuttle and his first wife (Mary Grant),
whose homestead was on Beech Ridge at Doughty's Falls (North
Berwick) near her residence of some twenty years ago. About
1808 he, with his second wife (Sarah Nason) and a numerous
brood of little ones, moved to Canaan and pitched his tent perma-
nently there. At one time more than 50 of his descendants hved
in that pleasant and busy village. In time the territory of the town
was greatly diminished by cutting it off for the towns of Skow-
hegan and Bloomfield.

Nearly all the original settlers of ancient Canaan went there from
Wells, Berwick and York. Jeremiah Goodwin, uncle of Captain
George Goodwin of Wells, and Thomas Chase, also of Wells,

34 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

erected the first sawmill in Canaan, about the year 1801. Canaan
is located on both banks of the Carrabasset Stream, which had its
source in Sibley's Pond, a large sheet of water bounded by Canaan,
Pittsfield and Hartland, and emptying into the Kennebec River
above Pishon's Ferry. The soil of Canaan is productive and its
scenery of hill, dale and grove is picturesque and beautiful.

WHEN THE LEGISLATURE OF MAINE WAS PRO-
SLAVERY IN SENTIMENT

Honorable George C. ^^ ing, Jr., of Auburn, contributes the fol-
lowing resolve to the Journal and writes as follows regarding it :

The Honorable Daniel J. ^IcGillicuddy, formerly a member of
Congress from this district, a lover of history and of the recondite,
has called my attention to Chapter 55 of the Resolves of the Six-
teenth Legislature of the State of Maine, held in the year one
thousand eight hundred and thirty-six.

In the year 1836 Robert F. Dunlap was Governor, Jonathan
Cilley was Speaker of the House of Representatives, Josiah Pierce
was President of the Senate, John Holmes sat as a Representative
from Alfred, Hannibal Hamlin sat as a Representative from
Hampden.

At the next session of the Legislature in 1837, Mr. Dunlap was
again Governor but Air. Hamlin was Speaker of the House of
Representatives. Evidently at this time he was not the Abolition-
ist that he afterwards became.

You can easily see the resolve endorses State Rights and the
institution of slavery. It was the result of the labors of a Joint
Select Committee to whom was referred the message of the Gov-
ernor, communicating the Report and Resolutions of the Legis-
latures of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and
Virginia on the incendiary proceedings of the Abolitionists in the
non-slaveholding states.

It occurs to me that when we prate of our moral virtues w^e
would do well to delve into the past, because it often appears that
we are not as virtuous as we would seem.

LEGISLATURE PRO-SLAVERY IN SENTIAIENT 35

CHAPTER 55
Resolve relating to the discussion of Slavery in the State of Maine.

Approved March 22, 1836.

Resolved, That the L'nited States Government is a Government
of enumerated Hmited and defined powers all which are set forth
in the Constitution ; and that all powers not granted in that instru-
ment are reserved to the States or to the People.

Resolved, That the power of regulating Slavery within the con-
fines of a State was not granted, and therefore does not exist in
the General Government.

Resolved, That excepting so far as they are united for certain
and defined purposes, the States forming the confederacy of the
United States, are with respect to each other distinct and sovereign
States, each having a separate and independent Government the
action of which under the limitations of the Constitution of the
United States, and within the confines of the State, is not to be
questioned by any power save the people of that State; and that
any interference by a State or by the inhabitants of a State, with
the domestic concerns of another State, tends to break up the com-
promises, and disturb the harmony of the L^nion, and should be
discountenanced by every good citizen.

Resolved, That in ]Maine the discussion of the question of the
abolition of Slavery having been arrested by the decided expression
of public disapprobation, and no abolition paper being printed with-
in the borders of the State, legislation on the subject is inexpedient.

Resolved, That the Governor be requested to forward a copy of
this Report and these Resolutions to the Executives of North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Virginia, and to the
Executive of each of the other States with a request that they be
communicated to their respective Legislatures.

Maine Peace Society in 1820

President, Samuel Freeman.
Vice-President, Mathew Cobb.
Treasurer, Stephen Longfellow, Jr.
Corresponding Secretary. Simon Greenleaf.
Recording Secretary, Charles T. Davies.

Trustees, Rev. Ichabod Nichols, Rev. Edward Payson, Prentiss
Millen, Levi Cutter.

36 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

MAINE HISTORY OF TODAY

Culled from Elaine Newspapers

At a session of the Supreme Judicial Court in Skowhegan, Sep-
tember 22, 1921, under the direction of Associate Justice Warren
C. Philbrook, 15 aliens were naturalized as American citizens.

The new citizens were presented with small American flags by
Mrs. Mabel C. Judkins, representing Eunice Farnsworth Chapter,
•Daughters of the American Revolution.

The Portland Sunday Telegram says :

With approximately 3,500 Catholic pupils entering upon their
school duties in Portland, interest becomes focused upon the paro-
chial and Catholic school system of the city, which in turn is the
center of a group of important educational institutions.

This system includes St. Joseph's Academy and College, in
Deering, the only college for women in the state, which is con-
ducted by Sisters of ]\Iercy ; the King's Academy on State Street,
an exclusive day school for girls, St. Louis' Home and school at
Dunstan, for orphan boys, the Catholic Institute and Boys' High
School, on Free Street, and the parochial schools of the several
parishes, the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, St. Dom-
inic's, Sacred Heart and St. Joseph's.

The history of the City's parochial schools dates back to 1865.
The first permanent school was St. Dominic's. In 1877 the school
begun by Bishop David \\'illiam Bacon was completed by Bishop
James Augustine Healy at a cost of $23,000. It was named Kav-
anagh in honor of Miss Kavanagh, a sister of Governor Edward
Kavanagh of Maine, and it remains a monument to the sterling
Catholic principles of the Kavanagh family. It is located on Con-
gress Street, near the Cathedral. In a preface to Henry W\ Long-
fellow's prose work, entitled Kavanagh, reference to the school is
made as follows : "The name Kavanagh is that of an old Catholic
family of Elaine, now extinct, and is perpetuated by this book and
by a school in Portland called the Kavanagh school."

The opening of the Kavanagh School Annex will be the special
event which will mark the beginning of the present school year.
This building was necessitated by the crowded conditions in the

MAL\E HISTORY OF TODAY 37

Kavanagh school and it has been built witli a view of extension
and enlargement should it be necessary, the plans of the architect
providing for such a contingency. It is a fine brick building which
is as modern in every respect as anything in present day school
construction. Although the ground was not broken for building
until last June, the school is ready for occupancy on ]Monday, even
in the matter of such details as pictures and other decorations, all
of which are in place.

All tliese institutions are knit together by the local Catholic
school system, under the direction of Rt. Rev. Louis S. \\'alsh,
D. D., Bishop of Portland, who in his ministry has been actively
identified with various educational movements and has long been
recognized as an authority in such matters.

Illiteracy in Maine

According to the census of 1920 there are 20,240 illiterate per-
sons ten years of age and over in the State of Elaine, ''illiterate"
meaning unable to write in any language. Of this number 5,106
are native whites of native parentage, 3,290 are of foreign or mixed
parentage, and 11,604 ^re of foreign birth. The number of illiterate
Negroes is 64. In the total population ten years of age and over
the percentage of illiteracy is 3.3, which shows a slight decrease
since 1910, when it was 4.1.

There is less illiteracy in the rural districts of the state than in
the cities, the percentages being 3.1 for the rural population and
3.5 for the urban; the dift'erence is doubtless due to the large num-
ber of foreign-born in the cities. For the native white population
of native parentage the urban percentage of illiteracy is 0.5, while
the rural is 1.6.

By counties the percentage of illiteracy ranges from 9.9 in Aroos-
took county to 0.3 in Hancock county.

A Ser^iox by Radio

The following Item may not appear at all strange to those of
■ our readers who may peruse it a centurv' hence, but in this year of
Our Lord, 1921, the feat of this talented clerg>^man seems nearly
miraculous.

38 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

We in Maine yet claim Dr. Martin as one of our own people.
He, was born in Guilford in the County of Piscataquis and lived
there during his childhood, school and college days, and well into
his young manhood.

He was the son of the late Otis Alartin, long sheriff of this
county, who always was a leading and well-known citizen of Guil-
ford.

To Rev. George A. Martin of Springfield, Mass., a native of
Guilford, belongs the distinction of preaching the first radio sermon
from the largest station in New England. The following clipping
from the Springfield Republican of October 3rd gives the par-
ticulars. In a letter to his folks at home here, Dr. ]\Iartin states
that he has since learned that his sermon was heard as far away
as Pittsburg and other places in Pennsylvania, in Long Island and
in Boston. He also received word from a man in Hartford, Conn.,
an official of the Hartford Lumber Co. and a member of the Meth-
odist Church, that he had the pleasure of listening to Dr. ]\Iartin's
sermon in Hartford and received it all as clearlv as if he had been
in the same building.

Radio stations throughout New England were turned into
churches last e\ening when the government station at the \\^esting-
house sent out a complete church service. Rev. George A. Martin,
pastor of the A\'esley Alethodist Episcopal Church, preached a ser-
mon into the radiophone transmitter at the W'estinghouse station.

At all available stations throughout the city groups of people
listened while Miss Gray, John F. ]\Iarsh and Mr. Devoe sang
hymns into the W'estinghouse phone. Listeners bowed their heads
in prayer that came to them from far away. Concerts have been
conducted by radio telephone from the W'estinghouse for some
time, but this is the first time a religious service has been trans-
mitted.

Every word of Dr. ^lartin's sermon was distinctly heard at the
station on Orleans Street, where 10 or 12 radio club men "went
to church." *T am speaking to men and women whom I may never
see," said Dr. Martin. "My voice is just a voice in the night, but
as I send out this message, I want to be remembered not only as
a messenger, but as a bearer of a great truth, that God is love." He
concluded with a prayer.

MAINE HISTORY OF TODAY 39

A closing hymn was sung by the trio, and "A\'hispering Hope"
was transmitted from the \'ictrola which Taylor's ^lusic Company
has lent the station for its experimental and concert work.

The church service will be sent out every Sunday evening from
the \\*estinghouse, which is the largest radio station in Xew Eng-
land. According to A. F. Fuller, publicity manager of the station,
Springfield is soon to be made a radio worker.

Next Sunday evening the South Congregational Church service
will be sent out and Dr. Soule, assistant pastor of the church, will
preach. The usual concerts will be given on ^Monday, ^^'ednesday
and Friday evenings.

Radio stations in Springfield are making rapid headway sending
messages direct as far as Calrendon, Vs.. Relays as far as San
Francisco have been successfullv transmitted and confirmed.

Pulp Consumption and Maine

Recent figures showing the consumption of pulp-wood in Elaine
go to prove again how imperative is the need for reforestation on
cut-over lands here in this country. Canada is supplying our needs
to a large extent today. But her resources are not unlimited. ]\Iore-
over there are excellent reasons whv our eastern mills should not
be moved to the West Coast or Alaska.

The figures show that 35 mills in Maine consumed in 1920 a total
of 1,389,495 cords of pulp wood, at a total cost of 329,297,353. The
total consumption of the United States was 6,114,072 cords, valued
at $ii6',495,720, and Maine ranks first in both the quantitv' and the
value of the wood consumed.

The United States in that year, however, Imported $85,000,000
worth of news print paper, $89,000,000 worth of wood pulp, and
$28,000,000 worth of pulp wood to operate its paper mills, while
in 1918 the importation of Canadian pulp wood was only $14,-
000,000.

The detailed figures for Maine which are thus made available
through the cooperation of the paper industry and the Federal
Forest Service, show a total of thirty-five establishments in Maine
using pulp wood, and of the wood consumed 1,019,495 *cords
were domestic spruce and 93,581 cords imported spruce. Over

40 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

138,000 cords of domestic poplar were used, and 61,585 cords of
balsam fir, hemlock, basswood, beech, birch and maple were used
in comparatively small quantities. There was imported 54,280
cords of poplar.

The utilization of this wood was distributed as follows : Mechan-
ical pulp, 444,316 cords; sulphite, 690,035 cords; soda, 209,579
cords ; and 44,765 by the sulphate process.

In comparison with previous years, it is found that the propor-
tion of imported spruce used in Maine fell off in 1920, but its use
increased in New York, Pennsylvania and Alichigan. The greatest
increase in usage is shown by Alaine, which leads in the production
of sulphite pulp. Importations serve to bring the cost of wood in
Maine higher than non-importing states.

A Houlton dispatch dated July 23, 1821, says:

The value of beavers to some sections is just becoming apparent.
The report of Special W^arden D. L. Cummings of Houlton brings
out the worth of beavers in stopping forest fires and also in saving
the lives of fish in sections where complaints have been made of
the alleged depredations of beavers.

"On Wednesday, June 29, the fire I visited on the centre line of
Township 7, Range 4, is around a beaver pond of about three acres,
giving them plenty of water," says Warden Cummings in his report.

"The brook the beaver pond is on is dry above and below the
pond," continues the report.

"Lots of little trout died in these small brooks that are so nearly
dried up and some quite so.

"The big fire on Township 7, Range 3, on the northwest side of
the railroad, the first of June, was also checked by a string of
beaver ponds a mile long on Township 7, Range 4, in an alder
swamp. It gave the fire fighters a chance to get it under control.
It is on the same ground about which complaints have been made
•about the beavers and some wanted it opened to trapping. The
beavers were doing no harm whatever.

"The beavers on these wild lands should never be exterminated."

■^■i <'■ ..

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to con- Conducted by Augustus O.
tributions from all teachers and Thomas, State Superintendent of
pupils. Schools, Augusta, Me.

PRESERVING THE RECORDS

(From "One Hundred Years of Statehood and One Hundred Leading Facts")

The teacher should assist pupils who are undertaking history
projects to make a book in which to record their work. This book
may be simple and inexpensive. It may be made of wrapping
paper, or out of ordinary brown paper, even the rough wrapping
paper from the store, cut into even sheets and pasted or tied to-
gether at the margin. Make sure the booklet contains a sufficient
number of leaves to accommodate the project. Kodak pictures,
pictures clipped from newspapers and magazines, drawings, maps,
etc., should be carefully preserved. They should be put together
in systematic order and labeled or described so that the pupils will
have complete and consecutive grouping of their source materials.
Present-day affairs and conditions should not be forgotten. A por-
tion of the children may be detailed to gather current information
and data; a map should be required; the chief centers and roads
should be marked; railroads, trolley lines and highways should be
carefully traced out; Kodak pictures of streets, buildings, public
places, churches and schools should be made. Industries in which
the people are engaged should be illustrated. If in an agricultural
community, photographs of the farmers at work, haying, potato
culture, dairying, etc., may be illustrated. If manufacturing is
carried on, this should be written up and illustrated ; the number
of churches, their pastors, the number of school buildings, the
number of children in schools, the location of the railway and
trolley stations, the town hall and post office should be given; the
sports in which children engage ; the history of the town relative
to the recent war should find a place; a roll of honor containing
the names of the boys who joined the colors ; a list of the members
of the American Legion ; home organizations for the improvement
of the national welfare while at war should be recorded.

42 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

The Journal of Education in a recent number says : "L. D.
Williams, superintendent. Rum ford Falls, Me., has few equals any-
where in the United States, when it comes to the creation of the
new school life. In his citv there is no select few, no elect 'nine'
on the diamond, or elect 'eleven' on the gridiron to get all the exer-
cise or all the glory while the ninety and nine do the shouting.
At the State Association meeting at Portland his schools put on
a recreation demonstration unsurpassed anywhere."

PLEASE TEACH US HO\y TO THINK"

While fancy lulled me in her arms

And brought me to sleep's brink,
I dreamed my pupils said to me :

''Please teach us how to think. '^

"We are not merely cockatoos

That simply imitate ;
God gave us all an intellect

That you can educate.

"We've had too much of mem'ry work

That gives us little thought.
Lead us along those mental paths

With striking problems fraught."

Before I left the land of dreams
That borders on earth's brink,
I vowed unto the Lord above
To teach my class to think.

— Mary Christina Austin in North American
Teacher.

AMERICANIZATION

Mrs. Percy V. Pennybacker, ex-President General Federation of
Women's Clubs, is reported by the Journal of Education to have
said: "If I were called upon to single out the one respect in which

MAINE HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS 43

we Americans err most in our judgment of the immigrant who
comes to us, I should say this : 'We assume the attitude that
America has everything to give and nothing to receive from the
foreign-born.' In reahty, every immigrant comes bearing gifts in
his hand if we were only wise enough to see these gifts and to
make use of them. Every nation of the old world has traditions,
art, skill in handicraft, love of beauty in form, music and poetry,
that would enrich our national life."

AMERICAN HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

(From the Syracuse Post-Standard)

The board of education of Xew York has received repeated com-
plaints that the textbooks in American history in use in the schools
are pro-British or anti-British. A committee has gone over four
textbooks against which objections were made and has made recom-
mendations, which are not made public, doubtless because the com-
mittee does not want a new shower of objections, founded more
upon racial prejudice than upon desire to get the facts straight for
the minds of pupils.

The rule for writing American history for schools and colleges
and for the reading of patriotic Americans and unreconciled aliens
is simple, although it is not always easy to follow. The rule is to
tell the truth, without unfair emphasis or exaggeration.

THE UNBEATEN PATH

(By Gladys E. Dow, Dover, [Maine)

(First Prize Declamation Read at Colbv College Centennial Commencement,

1920)

Banked on the west by mountains — snowtipped from early Octo-
ber to May; bounded on the north by giant forests of hemlock,
spruce and pine; embraced on the south and east by the mighty
waters of the Atlantic, is Maine. How fit the setting for this gem
of States— Maine, the Pine Tree State.

The poet philosopher says :

*Tf a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or

44 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

make a better mouse trap than his neighbor, though he build his
house in the woods the world will make a beaten path to his door.'*

So because Maine has unparalleled beauty and art, though she
has built her home in the woods the world is making a beaten path
to her door. Her walls are the ever changing skies of silver, grey,
gold, blue, and her canopy the dome of heaven itself.

But who comes down that beaten path and why?

From littered, busy offices whose grim cold walls say "work" —
they come. And those who are sick in body — come and here in
Maine find rest in the lapping of the waves upon the shores, and
here the whiffs of pine balsam in the winds that fan them serve
in the place of artificial tonics.

-The friendless and the lonely come and find here the near pres-
ence, and everlasting friendship of the hills, the mountains and sea.

The frenzied financier, lost in the depths of our pine woods to
his world of grafters and parasitic friends, finds here the truth of
Robert Service's lines : ^

"Somehow life's not what he tho't it
And somehow the gold isn't all." •

And those who are weary in soul ; who perhaps have lost the
fact of God — far from the maelstrom and rush of city life beside
our tinkling, babbling brooks have found God a music of "cello-
tones and satiny-violins."

So up to Elaine they come — those tired in body, mind and soul —
over the beaten path to the door of this great clearing house for
troubles.

- Great men, and great writers, have more adequately expressed
how they — the lovers of ]\Iaine — remember her.

Walter Emerson in his book, "The Latch String," says :

"Maine is more than a state of potentialities, it is one of vivid
realities. It arrived centuries ago and is still here. And here it
will ever remain with its one great asset undisturbed by fluctuations
in Wall Street, independent of the legislation of a great nation,
unaffected by the rise or fall of any party. A stock-ticker would
look very strange on the shores of Parmachene and no election
can ever take the tonic out of the salt sea air. Give me a humble
worm and a shady pool, or a fair breeze with everything set, and
I count the rest of the world well lost."

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 45

And Kipling knew, too, for he seems to have caught the spirit
of the deep Elaine woods when he wrote :

"Do you know the blackened timber — do ^'oy know that racing
stream —
With the raw, right-angled log-jam at the end;
With the bar of sun- warmed shingle where a man may bask and
dream
To the click of shod canoe-poles round the bend?

"It is there that we are going with our rods, and reels and traces,
To a silent, smoky Indian that we know —
To a couch of new-peeled hemlock with the starlight in our faces,
For the Red Gods call us out, and we must go."
It was Thoreau — the pioneer of summer guests — who first heard

the call of the Red Gods, and on the banks of one of those racing

streams spent so many summers of his life — and this is what he

writes :

"In the far-off }^Iaineland where still wave the virgin forests of
the new world is the country of evergreen trees, of mossy silver
birches, and watery maples, the ground dotted with insipid red
berries and strewn with damp and moss-grown rocks — a country
diversified with innumerable lakes, and rapid streams, peopled with
trout; the forest resounding at rare intervals with the note of the
chickadee, the blue] ay, the scream of the fish-hawk, the laugh of
the loon, and the whistle of the ducks along the solitary streams,
and such is the home of the moose, the deer, and the beaver. But
who shall describe the immortal life of the green forest? What a
place to live, what a place to die and be buried in !"

When Spring trips over the hills in ^^laine, Maine's own sons and
daughters hang out the latch key, and welcome these other lovers
to Maine. We rejoice at these words of Kipling, Emerson, and
Thoreau, that seem like bread-and-butter letters of guests returned
to their own homes after their summer vacation, but do we not
feel that we've a secret to thwart the poet's philosophy, for the
world has not yet made a beaten path on snowshoes to our door
in winter with the icicles all about it — and our winters are indeed
the most beautiful in scenic and health-restoring values of any in
this hemisphere.

Yes, Maine has many lovers with the coming of Spring, but with

46 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

the tinting crimson of the first maples and the nervous sighing of
the October wind, duty calls them, and we, Maine's sons and daugh-
ters, alone have the privilege of sharing her winter grandeur.
She shares with us the wondrous silence of her first snowfall among
the great pines ; and thrills us with ecstasy as on skates we skim
her crystal lakes now bound with ice ; she thunders at our very
souls with her winter storm-mad breakers from the Atlantic upon
her bold and rocky coasts.

In Summer and Winter she is ours — what a gift from the Cre-
ator ! And we who know her best love her best — and this is the
cry of many of her lovers :

**0, Maine, your wistful cragg}' arms to me
You ope invitingly and bid me rest
My fretful soul by leaning on thy breast.
I cannot stay, for I'm the sea, the sea.

**0, Maine, your peaks are veiled in mystery,
And purple mist their tempting lips enshrouds.
But witchingly they smile to us — the clouds
That round their lonely heights float lazily.

"O, Maine, I'm not so strong as is the sea
Whose fearless passion throbs upon the shore,
Nor am I high like clouds — untrammeled, free,
That I may kiss thy peaks sublime before
I rest ; I'm just a maid. But, ]\Iaine, I'm kin
To thee — to them — ah, ope ! and take me in !"

A little lesson in Elaine geography might be :
I. How many counties in Maine?
Which is the largest in territory?
Which the largest in population?
What is the highest mountain?
The largest lake?
The largest river?
Where is Monhegan Island?
What two rivers join in Merrymeeting Bay?

3
4

5
6

7
8

NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS

^^^^si^-^^^^i^^

f-^'-^^ay:^-.-?-.

Nathaniel Parker ^Villis

NATHANIEL PARKER WILLIS

Among the early Maine writers and authors of note, no one is
more worthy of study today than Nathaniel Parker \Mllis. He
was born in Portland, Jan. 20, 1806, and died at Idlewild-on-
Hudson, Jan. 20, 1867. He was poet, prose writer and a news-
paper man. That brilliant writer, Fanny Fern — Grata Payson
Willis — was his sister, born in Portland, July 9, 181 1.

Chambers' English Literature ('Vol. 7, p. 88) says of !Mr. Willis:
"Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806- 1867) was a prolific and popular
American writer, who excelled in light descriptive sketches. He
commenced as an author in 1827 with a volume of fugitive pieces,
which w^as well received, and was followed in 183 1 and 1835 by
two volumes of similar character. In 1835 he published two vol-
umes of prose, 'Pencilings by the Way,' which formed agreeable
reading, though censurable on the score of personal disclosures
invading the sanctity of private life. On this account, Willis was
sharply criticised and condemned by Lockhart in the 'Quarterly

48 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

Review/ Numerous other works of the same kind — 'Inklings of
Adventure' (1836), 'Dashes of Life' (1845), 'Letters from Water-
ing-places' (1849), 'People I Have ]Met' (1850), etc., were thrown
off from time to time, amounting altogether to thirty or forty sepa-
rate publications; and besides this constant stream of authorship,
Mr. Willis was editor of the 'New York Mirror' and other periodi-
cals. Though marred by occasional affectation, the sketches of
Willis are light, graceful compositions."

His grandfather, Nathaniel Willis, was a literary man of renown
in his day. He founded the Recorder in Boston, which was later
the Congregationalist ; the Youth's Companion, and in 1803 the
Eastern Argus. Nathaniel Parker was also at one time one of
its editors.

We cannot refrain from here observing that in our opinion it
was almost a crime for men nearly a century and a quarter later
to purchase this venerable newspaper and destroy its historic name.

REPUBLICAN STATE COMMITTEE FOR MAINE IN 1861

(From Bansror Whig- and Courier, July 15, 1861)

James G. Blaine, Leonard Andrews, Frederick Robie, J. S. Hay-
ford, John B. Marrow, Edwin Five, Jacob C. Smith, Christopher
Prince, T. Harmon, S. P. Strickland, Eugene Hale, W. B. Snell,
A. B. Farwell, Ozias Blanchard, J. M. Levermore, E. Woodbury.

DEMOCRATIC STATE COMxMITTEE FOR MAINE IN 1861

Androscoggin, E. T. Luce; Aroostook, Albion T. Ha\^vood;
Cumberland, Samuel J. Anderson; Franklin, Luther Curtis; Han-
cock, Samuel K. Whitney ; Kennebec, B. A. G. Fuller ; Knox, I. G.
Allen; Lincoln, John H. Kennedy; Oxford, Mark P. Smith; Penob-
scot, Nathaniel Wilson ; Piscataquis, Paul S. Merrill ; Sagadahoc,
Lemuel Brown; Somerset, Albert Moore; Waldo, George B. ^^loore;
Washington, A. F. Parlin ; York, J. O. Mclntire.

A GENERAL KNOX ITEM

In a visit to the historic town of Thomaston, Maine, during the
past summer. Dr. Crockett introduced the editor of the Journal to

'yS'S^^^'l";^'

A GEXER-\L KXOX ITE^I 49

Mrs. Mary Simpson of that town, who has some interesting Knox
relics. Among them is a mirror and a cradle handed down directly
from the Knox family.

She also has an original letter from Lucy Knox to her husband,
General Henry Knox, never before published as ^Irs. Simpson
informed us, as follows :

Boston July 2nd i///
My Dearest Dear friend —

I have received yours of the 21st and 23rd of June by Mr Turner,
but your expressions of tenderness and assurances of affection are
very very pleasing — biit My Henry think of my disappointment
after having flattered me with the dear hope of seeing you, in so
short a time, you write me you are not coming and do not say a
word to encourage me that I shall ever see you again, I am un-
happy my love, but that I have told you so often I fear it loses its
weight, to spend this fall and winter as I did the last I cannot will

not think of if vou wish me too, vou do not love me I

rejoice that the enemy have quited Xew Jersey as my fears of a
general field battle are in some degree abated by it — am very
anxious to hear what their next plan is, think I am wicked enough
to hope may be in X England — we had an alarm here last evening
- — signals being made at X^antasket, for an enemys fleet, you would
have laughed to have seen the important Committee men bustling
about the streets — it proved only three ships who came as far as
Xahant rocks — and made off again — for my part I cannot see what
is to prevent them comeing up to the town, whenever they chose

I hope 'before this your waggon has reached you and hope the
contents may be agreeable to you — the coat I think very elegant —
I send Genl Greene with Bettys baggage the stocks you wrote for —
which I am ashamed to say — cost thirteen Dollars — I should be
pleased if in return for my presents you should send me a suit of
muslin worked by the nuns at Bethelem, with some patterns for
shoes. I know you can procure them if you try . . .

My little Lucy is playing about the room, and now is asking for
a kiss comes tottling to me and holds up her sweet mouth. Can
anything be more pleasing — no more — Mrs Sears is one of my
greatest intimates. I dine there once a week at least, and am very
happy in her acquaintance — Wm proposes to sett of on ^londay
next for the camp I fear his health is not sufficiently established

50 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

to endure such a journey, but he will not be persuaded to to defer
it — I shall miss him not a little. ...

if any thing offers before the post goes I will give you another
line in the morning if not farewell for this time my hearts best
treasure —

Thursday morning July 3rd

tho I have nothing to communicate worth your attention yet I
resume my pen — no news by the post last evening, they are very
tedious in their riding — I wish something could be done to hasten
them — for I am sure tis indolence and that only — Col Griffin tells
me there is a !Mrs Poland at camp, or near it who will not be per-
suaded to leave her husband, he is in the light horse — Genl Greene
has wrote Livingston that he will be obliged to him to bring Mrs
Greene — I mean this for nothing more than articles of intelligence.

Adieu My Love may angels guard you —

your
(Signed) Lucy Knox

CALL OF THE PINE TREE STATE

Again the Bells of Memory

Are calling home to Maine,
Her children, scattered far and near,

O'er forest, hills and plain.

They ring so sweetly in our ears.

Those softly chiming bells.
They bring us back o'er hills and dales

To those we love so well.

No spot on earth however fair

Can rival smiling ]\Iaine,
She waits to greet you, one and all,

Her loved ones, once again.

Her wondrous forests, lakes and streams

Unite in glad refrain.
Her farms, her towns, her cities call :

"Come back ! W^ith joy we welcome
you to dear old ]\Iaine !"

—Mrs. C. R. Mitchell.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover, Maine, by
John Francis Sprag-ue, Editor and Publisher.

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, S2.00. Single copies of current and previous vol-
umes, 50 cents. Bound volumes, $2.50 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

A CORRECTION

A regrettable and almost unpardonable error occurred in the last
number of the Journal, in the notice of ^Irs. Danforth's book,
''Somerset County in the World War," wherein the name of Sir
William Phips appears instead of that of Sir William Pepperrell.

Fortunately, the readers of the Journal are so familiar with the
histor)' of Elaine that they would instantly see what the obvious
intention of the writer was, but this does not excuse the careless-
ness of the Journal's proofreading in this case.

We also believe that our readers will testify for us that such an
error as this is of rare occurrence in our pages.

AN INTERESTING GENERAL KNOX ITEM

Hon. Bllery Boix:dcn of Wintcrport, Maine, m contributing the
following Knox item to the Journal says: I am inclosing a copy
of the deed given by General Knox to Mrs. Treat, whose husband
was one of the early settlers in the town of Prospect, in Waldo
County. It shows that General Knox had a deep interest in the
welfare of the pioneers in the JJ^aldo Patent Region. At this time
when much is being uritten of General Knox, this may serve to
throzu light on his many admirable qualities.

Know All Mex by These Presents, That I Henry Knox of

52 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Thomaston, in the County of Lincoln Esquire and Lucy my wife,
in consideration of one dollar paid by Huldah Treat Widow of
i . William Treat late of Prospect deceased, and in further consider-

ation that her late husband lost his life in an opperation to obtain
money to pay for this lot and in further consideration of the pro-
lific qualities of the said Huldah, she having had several pairs of
twins, trusting that she who had so much trouble in producing the
said children, will never forsake their interests, and further that
she will never alienate this lot of land while she lives, the receipt
whereof we do hereby acknowledge, do hereby give, grant, sell and
convey unto the said Huldah Treat her heirs and assigns,

A certain tract or lot of land, lying in said Prospect bounded as
follows, to wit, beginning at a Spruce tree marked No. i I. S. &
No. 2 W. T. thence running north by Jeremiah Stimpson's lot, two
hundred ninety seven rods to a stake, thence east by H. Knox's
land fifty four rods to a stake thence south by Joseph jNIathew's
lot two hundred and ninety seven rods to a stake & stones marked
No. 2 W. T. & No. 3 I. ^I. thence west by land of James Lowell
Frye & H. Knox's land, fifty four rods to the bound first mentioned,
containing one hundred acres of land and no more as surveyed by
Robert Houston Esquire. It being the lot referred by her late
husband William Treat to the Hon'ble Commissioners appointed
by the General Court.

To Have and to Hold the afore granted premises to the said
Huldah Treat her heirs and assigns, to her & their use and behoof
forever. And we do covenant with the said Huldah Treat her
heirs and assigns, that we are lawfully seized in fee of the afore
granted premises; that they are free of all incumbrances; that we
have good right to sell and convey the same to the said Huldah
Treat and that we will warrant and defend the same premises to
the said Huldah Treat her heirs and assigns forever, agaunst the
lawfull claims & demands of all persons.

In Witness Whereof we the said Henry & Lucy Knox have
hereunto set our hands and seals this twenty ninth day of Septem-
ber in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and one.
Signed sealed & delivered
in presence of us
David Fales H. Knox L. S.

John Rynier L. Knox L. *S.

Lincoln, ss. September 29, 1801.

Jk'^»..',-y., >■<,:>

EDITORIALS 53

Then the above named Henry Knox Esq. & Lucy Knox
acknowledged the above instrument to be their free act and deed
— before me, \ David Fales Just, of Peace.

Received Aug't 8th, 1803, & entered by

Tho's Cobb Reg'r
(Hancock Registr}^ of Deeds, Book 13, page 132.

Copied into Waldo Registry: and compared.)

Camden, Jan. 16, 1922.
Hon. John F. Sprague,
Dover, Me.
Brother Sprague : —

I am reading "Sprague's Journal" just received. It contains
much of interest. I note on page 189 the town of ^lorrill is located
"in Knox County, near Belfast." jMorrill is in Waldo County, and
always was, and the people of the town will not wish it read out
of that old county.

We all expect, too, that, if Maine History is taught in our
schools, Sprague's Journal will be, at least, a copious source of
reference, accurate as well as ''Truth."

The Journal is always well written, and contains valuable and
instructive historical data, and many current events which will
hereafter become instructive.

This is not to appear critical, but more to show how early and
thoroughly the Journal is read.

It, too, gives me an opportunity to wish you many good things
this year. Very sincerely,

J. H. Montgomery.

What Hon. George C. Wing, Sr., one of Maine's, ablest lawyers
and eminent public men, says of Sprague's Journal of Elaine His-
tory :

Auburn, Maine, July 4, 1920.
Dear Editor:

I want you to know of my great appreciation of what you have
done for your State and for your County In your tireless research

\ 54 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

into the history of Elaine, and your carefully written accounts of
the same, — impartial, accurate and reliable. Wliat you have writ-
ten should not only be in every public library in Maine, but in every
j. schoolhouse so that its access should be for every child of school

age. Nothing tends more to stimulate ambition and desire to excel,
than to read of the success of our own progenitors. Every right-
thinking man and woman in Maine is your debtor. If in any way
and at any time I can render you any assistance of any kind, you
have only to command me, and I assure you that I am always

Yours truly,

Geo. C. Wing.

SAMUEL J. GUERNSEY ADVANCED

(Piscataquis Observer)

The Dover-Foxcroft friends of Samuel J. Guernsey, who has
been curator of the Peabody ^Museum of Harvard University for
several years, will be glad to know that the president and fellows
of Harvard College have elected him assistant director of the mu-
seum, which puts him in line for the office of director.

Mr. Guernsey's advancement is the natural result of his interest
and efficiency in the work of the museum. In 1914 and 191 5 he
was one of the two leaders of expeditions sent into northeastern
Arizona by the museum for the purpose of studying the relations
between the clift-houses of that district and those of the north side
of the San Juan river. The records of these investigations were
so important that the Smithsonian Institution of Washington pub-
lished them. In 1916 and 1917 ^Ir. Guernsey headed expeditions
to the same country where the explorations were continued in the
Basket-Maker caves. The report on these explorations was pub-
lished by the ^luseum and makes a copiously illustrated book of
over 100 pages which must be of great value to the student of our
country.

NORTON'S CORNER

For many years past travelers through the town of Willimantic
in Piscataquis County, Elaine, situated at the head of Sebec Lake,

EDITORIALS 55

have ever been familiar with what is known as "Norton's Corner."
This little hamlet is on the southerly side of Wilson river, near
where Alexander Greenwood, the famous land surveyor of three-
quarters of a century ago, and who lived in the adjoining town of
Monson, lost his life by the falling of a tree. It was thus named
in honor of Charles C. Norton, who moved there from the town
of New Portland in 18S9. For many years he had a store there
and before the days of "rural delivery,'' when these little country
and cross-roads post offices were real community centers and meet-
ing places for country people for interchance of views, barter and
trade, ^Ir. Norton was postmaster. He yet resides there, but the
little store and post office of a quarter of a century ago went out
of existence under the changed conditions. He is a grandson of
Henrv Norton, one of the tirst settlers of New Portland and who
was a member of the Constitutional Convention when ]^Iaine became
a State. Nash's history of the proceedings of this convention says
of him :

"Henry Norton, New Portland, son of Samuel and Molly Davis
Norton, was born in Edgartown, ]\Iass., June 7, 1770. Married
Jan. 29, 1795, Hannah, daughter of Robert and ]\Iary (Henry)
Gower, of Farmington. He probably came to the District of Elaine
about 1794. He purchased of his father, Feb. 17, 1794, lot number
3 in the first range of lots in New Vineyard. He erected the first
grist-mill in Industry. Air. Norton carried the provisions for his
workmen and a portion of the mill irons on his back a distance of
nearly six miles, following a spotted line over the mountain. His
father (son of Peter Norton of Revolutionary fame) was one of
the original purchasers of the township of New Mneyard. Henry
moved to New Portland, where he was first town clerk and held
various other town offices. He died ^lay 7, 1844. His wife (born
in Topsham, Feb. 2.^, 1775,) died May 5, 1864."

Postmasters in Maine in 1843

Augusta, Richard S. Perkins.
Gardiner, Thomas Gav.
Hallowell, Ichabod Nutter.
Paris, Simeon Norris.
Skowhegan, Llewellyn Kidder.
Bangor, Charles K. Miller.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Sprague's Journal Publications For Sale

$1.

Piscataquis Biography and
Fragments .... Sprag"ue

Accidental Shooting- in the
Game Season. . . .Sprague

The North-Eastern Bound-
ary Controversy and the
Aroostook ^Var. .Sprague

Sprague's Journal of Elaine
History. Bound vols. 2-4-
5-6-7-8, each

Reprints from the Journal

Genealogy of the Simmons
Family Simmons

Maine Revolutionary Pen-
sioners. .. .Flagg's Index

Baron De St. Castin

Sprague

00
25

2.00

3.00

.75

Maine One Hundred Years
(bound) Sprague

Sir Hiram Maxim. .Sprague

Robert Bayley, the First
Schoolmaster in Fal-
mouth (Portland) Maine,
and Some of His De-
scendants Talbot

Colonel John Allen, a ]Maine
Revolutionary Patriot...
Sprague

David Barker Sprague

Engagement of Enterprise
and Boxer (1813), Thayer

A Bibliography of Piscata-
quis County Sprague

Loyalists of the Kennebec
Thayer

.75

.75
.75

.75

.50
.75

Any of the above named books will be sent postpaid upon the receipt
of the price. Address Sprague's Journal, Dover, Maine, or

A. J. HUSTON, 92

Exchange

Street, Portland, Maine.

You Can't Go Wrong

In Boosting Maine Strong

The first real action in the state-wide industrial development for
Maine was started by The Lincoln Worsted Company, where a fine
brick factory is now being erected, and you can not only make a
sound, profitable investment, but, help boom Maine by purchasing at
this time for what vou can afford of the 8^r accumulative, preferred
stock, of THE LINCOLN WORSTED COMPANY, and receive what
generally goes tc bankers, — a fifty per cent, of bonus, in common
stock. Par value of both classes of stock SIO.OO per share.

For further particulars address THE LINCOLN WORSTED
COMPANY, LINCOLN, MAINE, L. J. Coburn, Vice President.

Coin and Stamp Collectors

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

Prices I Pay — of every U. S. Coin
"vrorth over face — 15 eta.

WANTED
Rare Coins, Stamps and Curios

What are your wants? Perhaps
I can supply them

Stamp Catalogrues and other Philatelic and Numismatic
literature at publishers' prices

W. B. GOULD

292 Hammond St.

Bangor, Maine

MAINE INLAND SCENERY

K;,.-^'--',?-'^

«IE»--»eg5JP E !:g.

r. -''.,..«^•^^■ :^.>^X'' <Baja^'*>=^ ■'-■•- -^^ -- - " <-'w^<.^>v--'-

Courtesy of B. & A. R. R.

SCENE IN THE WILDS OF MAINE

CONTENTS

Should Maine History Be Taught in the Public Schools 57

The Lithgow Immigrants 70

Biographical Sketches of Natives of Maine Who Have Served in the

Congress of the United States 85

Two Lovers of Maine History and Research Work 98

The Xew Voters Should Study Maine History 98

Frank Hamlin 99

Gardiner Post-Offices Past and Present 100

Old-Time Sheep Marks 102

Maine History in the Schools 103

Editorials 109

YEflRS^he Insurance Manof Somerset Co.

.Never a Failure — \cver a Law Suit — What more do you ivant?

f Member Soc. Col. Wars; Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G., G. A. R.)
CHARLES FOLSOM-JONES, Skowhegan Maine

We have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

o
o

I— (

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

Vol. X April, May, June, 1922 No. 2

SHOULD MAINE HISTORY BE TAUGHT IN THE PUBLIC

SCHOOLS?

f. (By John Francis Sprague)

(An Address Delivered before the Department of History at the Maine
Teachers' Convention in Portland, October 27, 1921)

No enlightened people in the world question today the value and
importance of a knowledge of history.

Herodotus flourished nearly ^oo years B. C. He has been called
*'the father of history" and was the father of written history. That
is because in his day the Greeks were the first to make record of
human events in serious prose composition.

Prior to that, the doings of men, tribes and nations had been
sung and recited in verse and ballad ; the manners and customs of
people of foreign countries had been known mainly by the reports
of travellers. The necessity of true annals of past events, that the
errors of former periods might serve as a chart to guide men in
the pursuance of present activities, had then never dawned upon
mankind. Hence, there were no critics and no criticism.

The first historians following in the steps of their predecessors,
the bards, indulged in license of statement as poets and writers of
fiction may in our time. Their mental capacity had not sensed
the value of accurac}', or the danger of inaccuracy to those who
were to follow in their steps : or that they owed their descendants a
duty to preserve for them the truth regarding what had transpired
in their generation.

A desire for farts reorprding events of the past increased as
civilization advanced. People wanted actual knowledge in tl;is
respect, thpt they miijht better understand the law of cause and
efiPect. Thus the value of historical research began when human
beings commenced to inquire about the mistakes and faults of
their ancestors, whether or not they could have been avoided, and

58 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

what was better still : could the best work of the past generations
be improved upon or surpassed by themselves ?

When this thought became paramount in the human mind, the
grotesqueness of what had been said of the past, the inaccuracies,
the fantastic exaggerations of the epic, while yet pleasing to their
fancy, did not entirely satisfy their new longing for knowledge.
Facts, however stubborn and revolting, were sought after rather
than fiction, fanciful and pleasing. Thus historic learning budded
forth, blossomed, and became essential to man.

It has kept pace with the expansion of every phase of human
enlightenment. Its evolution has been slow, but through all the
centuries it has gathered to itself the tragedy, the sorrow, the op-
pression and the degradation, as well as the glory, the joy and the
happiness and all the good and evil of humanity, and made an im-
partial and imperishable record of it for all of the children of men.

This evolution from the time of ]Moses to the present hour has
brought to the world its knowledge and appreciation of history.
We now know its full meaning. Our vision is clear ; we see that
it has been the sign-posts of the ages, guiding civilization in its
darkest hours, ever directing the march of human progress down
ihe avenues of time.

From the fascinating pages of history we learn of great and
wonderful leaders of men. such as Moses, St. Paul, Constantine,
Luther, Cromwell, Napoleon, \\'ashington and Lincoln, and we find
that history has been made by a few inspired leaders and saviors of
mankind.

The foregoing is, of course, only a brief and fragmentary view of
the importance of the study of world histor>\

Maine History an Essential Study
If a reasonable part of the course of study in our schools should
of a necessity embrace the study of historv' generally, if a compre-
hension of the evolution of civilization is essential in laying the
foundations of education in its broadest sense, then there is abso-
lutely no argument from any angle whatsoever in opposition to
the study of local history in the public schools of Maine.

Obviously, the history of the units of our nation, of its hamlets,
towns, counties and states, is equally as necessary for the youth

■•.t- ■-■'^ •■'/■ r

MAINE HISTORY IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 59

in the dawn of their educational development and while laying
the foundation for manhood and womanhood.

The importance of a knowledge of the course of the progress of
civilization from pre-historic times is no longer a mooted question
among the educators of the world.

The early history of the explorers, colonizers, missionaries and
first settlers of that part of the New World which is now the State
of Maine, reaches back into some of the most momentous chapters
of the history of the world's mighty contest between despotism
and freedom. Since the Barons with drawn swords on the meadow-
field of Ruddymede wrested from King John the Magna Charta,
liie Anglo-Saxon race has led in this great struggle.

The very roots of the history of ]\Iaine begin in the history of
that splendid dream of the French nation, a new France in the
Xew World.

In studying it, the child learns that the ambitious statesmen of
that powerful Latin nation began the work of founding this new em-
l-ire on the little island of St. Croix in Passamaquoddy Bay in the
year 1604, when Henry I\^ of France sent forth as colonizers on
the coast of Maine, De ^lonts, a Protestant, and Champlain, a
Catholic. And when the child inquires why a Catholic king of
France selected both a Protestant and a Catholic as joint leaders
in founding an American colony, the answer to this question leads
him into one of the most notable periods in the world's long strug-
j:rle for religious freedom.

Maine was one of the battlegrounds in the protracted contest

between the Anglo-Saxon and the Latin for supremacy in North

America, and which did not cease until Wolfe captured Quebec in
1759. - ■ - '

.■\nd here the scholar possibly obtains his first view of the intrepid
Jesuit missionaries, and if not, quite surely a new view of the
Jesuits.

They proved beyond cavil their ardor and sincerity in the work
which the government of France and its Church had sent them to
this vast wilderness to do — converting an almost boundless country
of savag^es to Christianity. The tale of the sufferings and per'ls
which they endured, their mingling with the Indians and the al-
riiost miraculous success which they had in Influencing and con-
trolling them Is inspiring and fascinating.

6q SPR.\GUE'S journal OF MAINE HISTORY

While the original colonizers and first settlers of Maine under
Gorges were of the Church of England, the scholar cannot under-
stand the history of Elaine as a district and as a state without a
knowledge of his Pilgrim and Puritan ancestors. Historians never
have and probably never will fully agree as to all of the facts re-
lating to their strange, wonderful and complex story. No romance
ever came from the hand of genius more enthralling than is this.
Its beginnings reach back to the reigns of the Tudors and the Stuarts
in England.

The student of Maine historv is delvins^ in the davs of Ouecn
Elizabeth ; of the civil war in England, when King Charles wis
beheaded; of Cromwell and the Long Parliament, the restoration.
James II, the revolution of 1688 and William and Alary; he is
in the times Avhen the doctrine of the divine right of kings M'as
unassailable in the minds of the people of the world; when "a good
man but a bad king,'' as paradoxical as it may now seem, was a
common phrase among leaders and politicians ; when great states-
men believed it a self-evident truth that no people ever ought to
be free until fit to use their freedom, which maxim reminded Ma-
caulay of the fool in the old story, who resolved not to go into the
water until he had learned to swim ; when, again quoting Alacaulay,
the caresses of harlots and the jests of buft'oons regulated the policy
of the state.

The fact that an intelligent study of the founding of Maine and
its founders, requires that it should be pursued In connection with
European historv, that each illuminates the other, is an unanswer-
able argument in favor of the proposition that it should ever be
a cornerstone in our educational foundation, assuming, of course,
that all are agreed that history in its broadest sense is essential. .

It Exgexders PATRIOTIS^[
. The fires of patriotism must be kept burning in America If the
American nation is to endure. What is patriotism but an ever-
lasting love for one's own place of nativity, for one's own hom.e,
town, state, or country"

The Standard dictionary defines It: "Love of and devotion to
one's country: the spirit that, originating In love of country, prompts
obedience to Its laws, to the support and defense of its existence,
rights, and Institutions, and to the promotion of Its welfare."

MAINE HISTORY IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 6i

I have long held to a firm belief that local history if brought
forcibly to the attention of the youth of our state would not only
inculcate in their minds a desire for knowledge of world history,
but would also intensely promote patriotism.

For the past nine years as pubhsher and editor, my own convic-
tions upon this subject inscribed at the head of my editorial page
are expressed in these few words, which is my message to you
to-day :

"First teach the boy and girl to know and love their own town,
county and state, and you have gone a long way toward teaching
them to know and love their countrv."

Professor James A. Woodburn before the American Historical
Association at Chicago, December 31, 1914, in an address on ''Re-
search in State History at State L'niversities," in a few words pic-
tured the deplorable condition of a state which should sink so low
as to have entirely lost its interest and pride in the history of its
past and its ancestry when he said :

"But a state is a people under some form of political organiza-
tion, and every organized society, and more especially the state,
owes something to its history. A state entirely indifferent to its
history would be a sorry spectacle. Such a state is hardly known
in the record of human life, because should a state sink to that
low level or fail to attain above it, it would cease to have a history
and would drop from view. Having lost all interest in its own
ancestry it would cease to be of interest to its posterity. The state
is under obligation, for its own sake, not only to preserve its his-
tory, as found in its materials and memorials, its archives and docu-
ments, but to celebrate that history, to publish it, and to make it
available to its students ; its historians and its people."

It is self-evident that Professor Woodburn's thesis is true. If
so, it is a corollary that the growth of. and appreciation of and love
for all that pertains to the beginning and future progress of our
state potentially sustains the development of patriotism and the
formation of good citizenship.

It Creates Good Citizexstiip
In these days when the world is shuddering because of the ad-
vancement of the lurid doctrines of Karl ^Vlarx in manv wavs and

«RWSR'

62 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

devious forms ; when loyal men and women everywhere are striving
and yearning for a new birth in Americanism; when they are ex-
perimenting in new and strange regulatory enactments regarding
foreign immigration, thus, as I believe, violating some of the most
sacred of American traditions, is not the indifference to the vital
importance of teaching Maine history to the youth of ]\Iaine, .^o
manifest among a great number of our people, if such teaching
nourishes patriotism, a wrong, if not a suicidal course to pursue?

The critics of our public school system have often urged that
its teaching is not practical enough, it is contended that while the
scholars have superficial knowledge of the ends of the earth and
the islands of the sea, they know practically nothing about the
things with which they come in daily contact ; that they know much
about Homer's heroes and their doings and but little about the man
they meet on the street; that they have profound knowledge of the
forum of ancient Rome and are as profoundly ignorant of how
their own town meeting or city council is managed ; that while they
know a great deal about Grecian mythology' they are lamentably
deficient in the history of the town, county or state of their nativity.

In a word, that the scheme of school teaching is not wholly in
touch with the progressive spirit of the times, which is a relentless
search for the truth and for practical results ; results which will
be beneficial to the bny and girl of today when they shall become
the men and women of tomorrow ; which will equip them with
durable, efficient and immutable weapons in the strife of everyday
warfare, and in meeting the flood of human problems ever rushing
in upon each generation.

In order to arrive at a correct conclusion as to whether or not
Maine historv should be tau2:ht in our school, it is in nowise neces-
sary to consider the educational problems now engrossing the at-
tention of leading educators of the country. \^ery much of this
contention seems to revolve about the word "vocational" — how
much time should be devoted to vocational and how much to cul-
tural training. I have no interest in any war between advocates of
these two systems. One proposition, however, both groups un-
doubtedly agree to, and that is that the public school is the greatest
safeguard for democracy in America.

If American democracv is to endure, then our school svstem

MAINE HISTORY IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 6-,

must in reality be a preparation of the child for citizenship in a
republic of democracy where every citizen is a sovereign. ■

It is quite apparent that the tendency of education at the present
hour, that the trend of thought among eminent educators is from
the theoretical to the practical; from dreamland and its passive-
ness to action and service.

One of the books of an eminent educator bears this title : "All
the Children of All the People.'' This is truly significant language.
And it is no less the truth that all the school children of x\merica
should have the opportunity to learn to love their country and to
adhere to the ideals and fundamentals of such American leaders as
Washington, Andrew Jackson, Lincoln, Cleveland and Roosevelt.

Dr. Leonard P. Ayers of the Russel Sage Foundation is authority
for the statement that only 12 per cent of the children who enter
the public school remain until they are sixteen years of age and
that most of these leave during the next two years. And thf>se
who are strong in emphasizing the superiority of vocational train-
ing tell us that St, per cent of the children of the country are study-
ing Latin, French and other langtiages other than English, when
less than 5 per cent will ever have occasion to use them.
Pope said :

" 'Tis education forms the common mind ;
Just as the twig is bent,
The tree's inclined."

And right here, the point that I would make, the seriousness
of which impresses me deeply, is that the 88 per cent — or whatever
it may be — of children who do not long remain in the schools,
many of whom do not even graduate from the high school or
academy, should be taught the fundamental principles of democ-
racy; that in the graded school those twigs should at least be bent
towards the patriotism of democracy, and that interesting them
in the history of the highway over which they daily travel, of the
pioneers of their own town, of the things with which they are fa-
miliar, is a first and long step in its accomplishment.

If the public school is the safeguard of democracy, then a grave
responsibihty rests upon you who are teachers and all school offi-
cers as well, for vou hold the kevs to its wise maintenance. To a

64 SPR-\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

great extent, the future citizenship of the State of Elaine is in your
hands. Whether that citizenship and the patriotism and the ideals
of tomorrow shall be noble, strong and enduring, whether they
shall ring true through future years, depends in a large measure
upon your judgment, your wisdom, firmness and discretion to-day.

False: Ideas Regarding IMaixe History

In my opinion two false ideas relative to the importance of a
knowledge of Maine history are more or less prevalent among
Maine people: (a) That because the ancient Province of Alaine
became a District, that for a time was under the political jurisdic-
tion of ^lassachusetts, we have no distinct place in early Ameri-
can history; (b) That even if we have a history, it is not of conse-
quence, interest or value to any but lovers of anything that is antique
and venerable ; its usefulness in the work of to-day being, at most,
only negligible.

A plain statement of the first proposition refutes itself. From
the time of Weymouth and the Pophams to this day of Oakley
Curtis, Milliken, Pattangall and Baxter, what is now the State of
Maine has had a continuous record of potential events in the history
of democracy in the world.

From the early years of the seventeenth century, when explorers
and colonists first began the making of American history, people of
the old world were coming to the New World, and coming here
to Elaine, for a shelter from tyranny and oppression. They sub-
dued a wilderness and replaced it with homes, fortresses and fertile
fields. Thus they came here to Maine, as to other parts of the
North Atlantic coast, with bare hands but with hearts full of long-
ings for freedom that was then only a dream, and for liberty that
they knew not how to use.

The development of representative government was a slow pro-
cess. It was, at best, only an experiment. It was a political ideal
that startled and amazed the greatest statesmanship and most pro-
found philosopher of the entire world. Our plan was unlike any
other that had ever before been known. It was a governmental
svstem outside of nil known precedents, 'Svithout an example,
ancient or modern."

The que<=tion of its success or failure centered arotmd one single
problem; whether or not man was capable of self-government.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 65

In this way did the roots of democracy commence to sprout in
this strange soil; a thirst for individual liberty. For many former
centuries man had had a sovereign to direct him in his religious
duties, and blood and treasure had flowed continuously to force
him to pursue w hat his rulers conceived to be the right course. This
new undertaking allowed him to choose his own religion and his
own prayer book, or none at all, as his own conscience might dic-
tate, and he was to be his own sovereign.

In 1782 the highest and shrewdest judgment of the world sin-
cerely believed that this scheme was doomed to collapse. Its suc-
cess could only be demonstrated by actualities; the day of theories
was done ; the hour of facts had struck. The leaders in this ma-
jestic adventure in freedom constituted the most glorious band of
patriots that humanity has ever known. But Washington, and
Hamilton, and Jefferson, and Adams and all their great compeers
were themselves alone powerless to solve the problem of self-
government. The men who built log houses and cleared up farms,
who run stores, taverns, saw-mills, stages and cooper shops, ware
the only ones who could prove to the world that man could govern
himself without a king.

And so, in all parts of the American colonies, from the Caro-
linas to the Penobscot, it was in the homes of these grim old
pioneers that we find the real roots of democracy. It was these
first settlers and their descendants, here in ]\Iaine, whose sacrifices
and toil laid the foundations for a great state, and for its prosper-
ous towns and cities, who helped to work out this problem for all
mankind ; and the rays from its resplendant light is to-day pene-
trating every corner of European darkness.

The story of their lives is a part of the glorious record of man's
supreme achievement in finally making himself sovereign. Their
history is a part of the history of the world's struggle between
despotism and freedom ; it is the tale of the progress of humanity.
And yet. there are many in IMaine today who do not appear to per-
ceive that such a history is of worth and an inspiration to the
present generation. It is full of fascination, but they see it not.
It inspires patriotism and a love for their state, but they know it not.

Until very recently many people of Maine have apparentlv never
realized that their educational system disregarding the teaching of

66 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

town and state history in their schools, was doing a flagrant in-
justice to the youth of our state. Their indifference in this respect
has been discouraging and saddening.

But the pessimist concerning tliis subject can now retire, his
place may be filled by the optimist. Our able and progressive state
superintendent of schools. Dr. Thomas, and his efficient staff* of
assistants are working along more advanced lines in this respect.
They are now making the study of Maine history an important
feature in the regular course of study in the schools of ]\Iaine.
It is a fact. It is an encouraging and joyous fact. Dr. Thomas
rs entitled to the sincere thanks and most hearty congratulations
of all of us who for years have longed for this epochal event to
actually occur in the State of Elaine.

Has Maine no history worthy of attention and of preservation?
Has she no history the knowledge and love of which will act as a
stimulus for patriotism for the children of to-day and tomorrow?
Too many, perhaps a majority of Elaine people, by their careless
thinking and utter indiff'erence regarding it, do positively negative
the proposition.

^ Maine's 250 miles of natural front of seacoast (multiplied as
General Chamberlain estimated it) to an extent of not less than
2500 miles of salt water line, contains some of the most historic
ground on the North Atlantic coast.

She has had three periods of political history, as a Province, as
a District and as a State. During these periods great characters
have wrought here and great events have occurred on these shores.
The view presents such strong types having world-wide fame as
Baron De St. Castin, Sebastian Rale, Sir William Phips, Sir Wil-
liam Pepperel, Col. John Allan, Gen. Knox, Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow, Hannibal Hamlin, Dorothea Dix, Sir Hiram Maxim,
Nordica, James G. Blaine, Emma Eames and Thomas B. Reed.
Are there any natives of ^Maine living anywhere who should not
be proud of this history and of these world-renowned names?

It is not insignificant or unimportant as many by their treatment
of it appear to believe. You are all familiar with Sir Walter Scott's
picture of the person who had no love for his native land :

MAINE HISTORY IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 67

"Breathes there the man Avith soul so dead.

Who never to himself has said,
'This is mv own, mv native land'."

And Scott had a clear conception of what would be the end of
the ^'klaine man or any other man so bound up in self or selfish
interests as to take no pride in the land of his sires or its history.

* * * *'The wretch, concentrated all in self,

Living, shall forfeit fair renown.

And, doubly dying, shall go down

To the vile dust, from whence he sprung,

Unwept, unhonored. and unsung."

History of ^Iaine Towns

The history of the towns of Elaine is of itself a broad field for
research and learning. It is said that more than 800 histories and
historical sketches, reports of centennial celebrations, town and
county histories have been published and are available in the pub'ic
libraries of the state. Several years ago. Judge Clarence Hale of
Portland read before the Maine Historical Society a valuable paper
on Elaine Town Histories, in which he well said : "Although their
study has great historical value, the student of Elaine history need
look no further to find a reason for his study of them than to sim-
ple human interest. They are the plain story of human life; of
our own life. We find a type of the simple, earnest, independent
character and get a glimpse of how that character has been welded
together by three centuries of human activity.''

The student has now vastly more at hand to guide him In his
research than ever before. During recent years the Maine His-
torical Society in its volumes of the Documentary History of
Maine has been publishing the so-called "Baxter Manuscripts," be-
ins: documents and manuscripts rescued from the musty archives
of two continents, gathered from the capitols of three governments
and several American states and Canada, by the late James Phinney
Baxter.

These relate to the very dawn of our histor}-. to all of its sources,
the oriein of its land titles, its colonization and its progress until
1^ took its place in our union of sovereign states.

68 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

I would enter no protest against the boy or girl aspiring to the
attainment of a so-called "liberal" or classical education, but I
would not have the educational system cast in an ironclad mold
of ancient classics.

I would have him care something about the history and legends
of the red men in !Maine of 300 years ago, as well as the mythology
of the ancient Greeks.

I would have him desire to have knowledge of Baron De St.
Castin and his beautiful wife, "The Lady of the Pyrenees," the
proud daughter of the renowned Indian chieftain who dwelt on
the banks of the River Penobscot, ^Madcoowando, as well as to know
all about Nestor's chariot.

I would have him care something about the history of that emi-
nent sachem of the Tarratines, Orono. for whom was named the
University town of our state, or the brave Norridgewocks who
went to death in defense of Father Rale, as well as to be familiar
with Neptune, Vulcan and ^'enus.

I would have him as much interested in the thrilling story of
Arnold's expedition through Elaine, as in the question of whether
or not the Spartans betrayed their allies. I would have him knew
something of what a deed of land means when it says that a farm
"lies north of the Waldo Patent," as well as to know all about
Demosthenes' speech on the embassy.

I would impress upon scholars the importance of knowing who
Martin Pring was as well as to know whether Alexander died of
poison or disease.

If they cannot have knowledge of both, I would prefer that they
know something of the landing of the Popham colony at the mouth
of the Kennebec, than to know all about all the gods who have dined
with the Ethiopians.

I would that they could talk as learnedly of the tale of George
Waymouth's landing on the coast of Maine in 1605, as of the classi-
cal Tale of Troy divine.

I may be somewhat imbued with the spirit of the muse which
inspired Maine's charming poet, David Barker, in his stirring and
patriotic poem, "Old Willey," when he said :

MAINE HISTORY IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 69

"W^ho cares in this crowd what a Homer says.

Of the warring men in the ancient days ;

What matters it now to you or me

Though the IHad or Odessey

May tell of the time when a Trojan corse

Was trampled by the feet of a Grecian horse;

Though the epic song of the bard may state

How Achilles fell at the Scaen gate.

But it startles the world that I am come down

To tell of a man from my native town ;

Of a man, unknown, obscure and plain,

But who once belonged to the nth of Elaine."

Perhaps no man of our day other than Theodore Roosevelt,
ever breathed more of the spirit of true Americanism into Ameri-
can life than did \\'alt Whitman. He said that '"'Other states indi-
cate themselves in their deputies . . . but the genius of the L^nited
States is not best or most in its executives, or legislatures, nor in
its embassadors, or authors, or colleges, or churches, or parlors,
nor even in its newspapers or inventors . . . but always most
in its common people. And ... a live nation can always cut
a deep mark and can have the best authority, the cheapest . . .
namely from its OWX SOLX. This is the sum of the profitable
uses of individuals, or states and of present action and grandeur
and of the subjects of poets."

And he exclaims . . . "as if it were necessary to trot back
generation after generation to the eastern records ! As if the beauty
and sacredness of the demonstrable must fall behind that of the
mythical ! As if men do not make their mark out of any times ! As
if the openings of the western continent by discovery and what has
transpired since in Xorth and South America were less than the
small theatre of the antique or the aimless sleepwalking of the mid-
dle ages!"

I am much in accord with the thought thus expressed by this
great and inspired American. And I would plead to-day for all nf
the public and parochial schools in Elaine to g:et into complete
harmonv with the soul of the State of Maine, imbibe inspiration
from its past, and succor and nourish its present and its future.

70 SPR^-VGUE'S JOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

There was a beautiful illustration of tlie thought which I have
in mind at the centennial proceedings of Colby College last fall
(1920).

A man born in the State of Elaine, and a graduate of that insti-
tution was 83 years before a martyr in the righteous cause of for-
ever destroying human slavery in America and in defense of the
freedom of the press in the world. His name, inscribed in letters
of gold on the scroll of the world's immortals, was, here in the
state of his nativitv, nearlv lost from view bv the dark shadows
of negligence and cold indifference.

Norman L. Bassett and Judge Wing, communing and in unison
with the soul of the State of Elaine and all of its best and highest
attributes, rescued from darkness the name of that noble American,
Elijah Parish Lovejoy, and gave it a new birth, a reincarnation upon
the pages of Elaine history and the history of that school as well.

THE LITHGOW IMMIGRANTS

. . (Rev. Henry O. Thayer)

■ ~"~~ I. — The Elder : Robert LiTHGow

In Scottish annals, the name, sometimes Linhthgow, has been
traced back to 1225 ; one branch holding the grange lands of Milrcse
Abbey 400 years. ^

On Scotland maps can be found Linlithgow and Lanark, tvro
towns some forty miles from Edinburg. Emigration largely caused
by wars flowed into Ireland from 1630 onwards. In it from Lana"k
was Robert with brothers, a son of Thomas Lithgow, who made
a home in the County of Derry. A second emigration from Ireland
gave to America those sturdy settlers called Scotch-Irish. Among
them was Robert Lithgow, the grandson of the former Robert,
who sought a home in New England. The time of arrival at Boston
must remain uncertain. The opinion of a great-grandson, L. W.
Lithgow,^ declaring it was previous to the birth of his son (1715),
invites discredit, for his memory^ shows itself faulty in adding a tarry
for a time at Halifax, a town not then existing. At that time the

1 N. York Geneal. Record Vol. 29.

2Collec. Me. Hist. Society Set 1, Vol. 5-421; 8-283.

THE LITHGOW nOIIGR.\XTS 71

Scotch-Irish emigration was very slight, but much increased two
years later. Also long delay to secure land was unwise and unusual,
for Robert Lithgow made agreement in 1717 for his lot, and it is
reasonably presumed within a year of arrival. That by all circum-
stances could have been not earlier than 1716 and probably early
in 1 717. His lot lay in Topsham on ^lerrymeeting Bay and ex-
tending back north-west so as to comprise 100 acres. This ill-
shaped lot about two miles in length shows the intent of the Com-
pany to give to the largest number of settlers the benefit of the
water front. On the Company's plan of lands can be seen the house
of ''Robert Lithgood," on an arm of the bay which extends towards
the Falls at Brunswick.^

Without warrant would be an assertion that Robert Lithgow
was by vocation a weaver, yet spinning was done by him or wife
for other families. ^lany Irish m that period were workers at the
cloth-making trades.

The wife of ^Ir. Lithgow had borne the name ^IcCurdy, and
was not of Scottish race but of true Irish stock. In his family
coming over were three children, two daughters and a son. A
third daughter came to them in 1721. \\'e can presume that the
new settler hastened construction of his first log cabin and was able
to make his family feel at home at their fireside in it by the bay
shore in the winter of 1717-18.

Very little is known of their subsequent years. Several went by
prosperously, we will assume, for a frontier family, but soon they
were aware of the disquieting attitude of the Indians ; then sud-
denly came upon them the terror of the murderous raid in June,
1722, and they fled as other families of Topsham to the fort at
Brunswick for safety. There was no prudent return to the farm
till the "Three Years War" ended by the peace of 1726: it is pre-
sumed Mr. Lithgow did so, having there his home and work for
some twenty years, but how long is uncertain, as he disposed of his
land, perhaps in 1746, to William ?vIalcolm and no record shows
the date of the transaction.

In the rolls of the soldiery such as are preserved, Robert Lith-
?ow's name appears from 1723 to 1739. In one he is gunner at
the fort.

•'' Pejepscot Papers ^le. Hist. Soc.

y2 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

In the last war it is told that he with a half dozen men were
in 1/57 abroad scouting at some work and were attacked by a party
of Indians and though two were wounded, they killed two Indians,
wounded others, causing the foe to tiee/ ^Ir. Lithgow at this
time must haye been seyenty or more years of age. It is said that
he and wife passed their last years with their son at Fort Halifax.

The daughters married men of note in those towns :' — The eldest
— no name — married Capt. Adam Hunter of Topsham. The second,
Margaret, born 1706, married Lieut. Samuel Howard. Died 1797.
The youngest, Jean or Janet, married (i) October 24, ^IcFarland;
(2) Dea. Samuel Stanwood.

2. — The Younger : William Lithgow

The immigrant's only son, William, grew up to early and life-
long distinction, holding a superior position in the operations during
the Indian wars, and in ciyil life equal stations of honor in the
affairs of state.

"Born in Boston'' is an opinion deriyed from a grandson, who
so "understands," a beHef lacking support. Statements by himself
assure his birth in the last half of 1715. The coming oyer of the
Lithgows preyious to that date is yery improbable. Until such eyi-
dence appears, the son's birth must be written County of Derry,
Ireland.

Only one eyent stands out in twenty years: written by himself
it tells the terror at six years of age, flight to the fort with his par-
ents, when burning houses and bloodshed were proofs of sayage
hate. After hostilities ceased with 1725, we assume that the home
and the farm claimed the youth's actiyities for seyeral years, or in
the later part, at seyentcen. seeking outside employment as desir-
able. His neis^hbor in his latest years, Hon. Mark L. Hill, wrote
that "by profession he was a gunsmith."*' Formal apprenticeship
to the trade must come into the young man's years then if eyer,
but it is more likely that inclination and aptitude with natiye skill
and insrcnuity required slight instruction to fit him to make all
ordinary repairs on guns, and he was so employed at Brunswick.
"A turn for military affairs," as his neighbor remarks, suggests

4 ppi>psrot Papers.

s N. V. Ofn<=-«i. Perord A'ol. ?0. — North's Hist, of Auprusta.

«Coll. :Me. Hist. Soc. 1 Ser., Vol. 5. 417-19.

THE LITHGOW IMMIGRANTS 73

that he made tlie most of opportmiities offered for training in tlie
town military company into which he would be enrolled at sixteen
and was fitted for actual service, which he entered on at the fort
at the St. George River in 1734. Here his mechanical skill availed
to give him the post of armorer, thus serving several years before
1740, and again in 1743. ^leanwhile he was commissioned Lieuten-
ant in 1736; and in 1744 gained the rank of Captain and remained
at St. George till June, 1748. In that year he was given the com-
mand of Fort Richmond.

This most suitable point for defence at the division and bend of
the Kennebec had been held from 1719 by a camp and guardhouse,
and from 1723 by a well equipped fort. The place became Lith-
gow's home for six years ; was the birthplace of some of his chil-
dren; its lands made him a farm which he made useful, mentioning
in letters his cattle and farm materials and from which in his last
year he sent a barrel of potatoes to Boston to Secretary Willard,
as did Lieut. Howard from Fort Western to the Governor.

His character and ability were attested here by difficult tasks in
dealing with Indians. The reckless murder of a chief and wounding
two of his men at W'iscasset, required Lithgow's tact and judicious
action to allay the tribe's anger because no proper punishment fol-
lowed, and also to comfort the widow by kindness and gifts and
the relatives as well.

Yet in 1750 their requital of the crime by the raid upon Swan
Island and capture of thirteen out of sixteen of the W'hidden-Noble
family, which they followed by a violent attack upon the fort, which
Capt. Lithgow repelled with his small force, the cattle and property
were destroyed and a captive was taken at a distance away.

A rumor, or a purposed story, of a French fort at the head of
Kennebec waters and the consequent need to protect future settle-
ments, brought the government's decision to build a strong fortifi-
cation for defence of the Kennebec. Gov. Shirley by a tour of
observation in the summer of 1754 selected for the purpose, the
\xjmt at the mouth of the Sebasticook. Possession was at once
taken in August 1754, by the erection of a small blockhouse by Gen.
Winslovv on return from a search for the rumored fort far up the
river. To it the name Fort Halifax was given and the formidable
project was put in charge of Capt. Lithgow.

74 SPR^VGUE'S JOURNAL OF ^lAIXE HISTORY

In October 1754, he received his appointment, as Gov. Siiirley
announced it "Capt. \\ iiham Lithgow, Commander of His ^^lajesty's
Fort Hahfax.'' On him was laid the burden of construction. He
wrote, "I was building Fort Halifax from Dec. 1754, to Alay 1756."
As if a business contractor for the government and builder, he had
the immense amount of timber cut, hewed, transported, and htted
into strong walls. A delicate and trying duty fell on him as he put
forward the work according to plans furnished him from Boston.
His discernment and practical judgment perceived serious defects.
Plainly, dutifully, modestly, he stated his views, offered his own
adapted to the stage of progress, showing it would give a stronger
fortification at less cost.

Delays vexatious to his urgency, by him lamented for holding
workmen waiting, were not ended till June by the full adoption of
his plan. The history of this fort' admits the adverse situation, —
near the river, a height of 100 feet behind, — which required redoubts
to protect it. —

Emphasis must be laid on Lithgow's manifold services, — orig-
inator of the actual plan ; purveyor of all materials and requisites
w^th personal oversight of transportation with frequent trips dov/n
and up the river; watchful builder and assiduous superintendent of
construction; above all and through all for a dozen years its force-
ful commander with authority and a firm grasp on a multiplicity
of details. He was the superior officer in the defense of the Ken-
nebec, holding command over Richmond till dismantled, and over
Fort Western — now at Augusta — the storage station for supplies
at the head of the tide.

Nor should notice fail how his post and duties put him into close
relations with the Indians. He gained acquaintance with their lan-
guage ; he knew them well as friends or foes ; dealt with them justly,
kindly. By confidence in him they sought years after his aid in
differences with the government. They knew well at the fort that
he was not to be trifled with. He relates an incident as late as 1764.
Some among them were not pleased with the peace just made and
one came to him asserting their dislike and rejection of it, — would
hold the river and shut in the fort, and behaved with insolence till
Lithgow's fist knocked him off the chair. The fellow arose full

T Me. Hist. Soc. Con. Series 1, Vol. 8.

THE LITHGOW IMMIGfL^NTS 75

of fight with yells and insulting gestures, but Lithgow took him
by the throat, bumped his head against the chimney so his nose
bled, then by the hair of his head pulled him to the door and with
a kick, behind, told him that more bad talk would get worse treat-
ment.

During the last French and Indian war, 1755-59, ^^^^ enemy in
force attacked St. George, but along the Kennebec only a skulking
foe singly or in small bands, was active hunting for scalps or cap-
tives as elsewhere on the Elaine frontier. The terror ceased with
the fall of Quebec.

With movements toward peace signed in 1763, the military forces
were reduced and the garrisons at Fort Halifax and at Fort
Pownal on the Penobscot were given but twenty-five to thirty men
under a lieutenant. Capt. Lithgow remained with that nominal
rank. He had oversight of the Indian trade and in 1766 was chosen
truckmaster. That year has been given for the erection of his
house at Georgetown, but not completed till the next year. Capt.
Lithgow's command at the fort terminated with July, 1767; in a
month or two the family must have been established in the new
home. The house, called by some "a mansion, — a large and ele-
gant structure," doubtless surpassed any in the town at the time
and had a sightly situation on the high land, now the extreme north
of the town of Phipsburg, which gave a wide prospect, including
the fine view up Long Reach of the Kennebec, by which grew up
the city of Bath.

The farm had been the property of Col. Arthur Noble and at the
original purchase contained 800 acres extending across the town,
but now depleted by sales was held by Capt. Lithgow, the son-in-law,
by right of his wife, and purchase of rights of the Noble heirs.
This with other lands granted by the Ph-mouth Company made him
a large landholder.

I have no date for the demolition of the former Noble house-fort
situated some distance south near Pleasant Cove and about 80 yards
from the Kennebec on the east. The site of the house within pali-
sades is now marked by a heap of stones and brick.

After twenty years in the up-river forts, the commander removed
to Phipsburg bearing a new title, — Colonel William Lithgow. The
new county, Lincoln, was incorporated June 1760, and it appears

^■.;

76 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

that in its separate militia system, Captain Lithgow was appoinced
colonel of its regiment. He bore that title in official papers of that
year. His life had come into that anxious and disastrous era of
New England history, the final Indian wars. The boy had shared
the flight to safety and the subsequent years of watchful defence
till he took his part in it as an officer in the three forts.

Coming to the comforts of home and farm, Col. Lithgow lipd
still distinguished service in civil life. Previously as he was about
to take up duty in his new post at Fort Halifax, he obtained ap-
pointment September 1754, Justice of the Peace for York County, —
as was then the entire state. At the formation of the new Lincoln
County, he was one of the Justices of the Peace and Quorum for
1760 and 1761, and of the Court of Common Pleas, and continued
in succeeding years.

He stood firmly with the colonies in their struggle for liberty,
but took no military service yet. After the Constitution of 1781,
he became Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1781. and
probably onward to 1790 or later. At that time he had reached
seventy-five years.

In 1771 he was elected Selectman of the town, and in the ye'irs
1782-84 he was a member of the Legislature, and during the session
served on the important committee on state valuation, in 1781.
These notes sufficiently show the general confidence in him and
appreciation of his administration of justice.

In those years lotteries were approved for public benefit and his
name, as if a most prominent man, stands first on a petition for
one to obtain funds to build a road from Wiscasset to the Kenne-
bec at Pittston, a project in 1789. Bath had sought a lotter)' in
aid of a bridge over Whizgig. Slavery had not then been repudi-
ated and for a man in his position requiring servants it may be
no surprise that at Richmond a slave is enrolled as his servant.
Again he is first anions^ fifty-five signers from Lincoln county,
chiefly of Bath, to a petition for a lighthouse on Seguin. Plainly
his fellow citizens believed that his name was weighty in projects
for public benefit.

His neighbor wrote, — "he never made an open profession of
religion." In Georgetown circumstances, even bevond choice,
H^'^ught him into close relations with Episcopacv. Some settlers

THE LITHGOW i:\QIIGRAXTS y-j

nad attachments to the Church of. England, and at a time when
religious services were almost suspended, a petition brought to
them a missionary for three years. A house of worship was erected
upon Arrowsic but never completed for use. A second ministry
began in 1768 and Rev. Air. Wheeler dwelt for a time in Col. Lith-
gow's family. Again a church was built and upon Lithgow's land
at no great distance from his dwelling. It appears to have been
situated on the spot where was erected in 1736 the original Presby-
terian church on land given by Arthur Noble. By disuse it had
reverted to his heirs. Now Lithgow shows similar favor, and evi-
dently with his family was an attendant on that worship. So far
he gave aid and sympathy — how much more none can know, — for
Episcopacy.

It may be presumed that Col. Lithgow was as happy in his family
life as in his public station and activities he was successful and
honored. Of his marriage the only information is derived from a
single line in the Georgetown records showing the entry of ''Inten-
tions."

"1744/5, Februarv- 16: William Lithgow of St.

Georges and Sarah Noble."

The young captain was not yet thirty and the bride may have
been nineteen. We may presume on a wintry voyage from the
St. George River to the Kennebec. A main and decisive reason
for marriage at this repellent season was found in the impending
departure of Col. Arthur Noble in the expedition against Louis-
burg. The fortunes and uncertainties of war were before him
and most desirable was it that this event in his daughter's life
should not be delayed, and should occur while he could be present.
The force and the fleet were getting into readiness for departure
and did sail from Nantasket Roads on the 24th of March. The
wedding would be brought by all the circumstances into the first
week of Alarch.

For a few years previous to 1748, no ministry of any order can
be discovered in Georgetown. Rev. William MacClenachan hnd
been first minister to the new Presbyterian church of 17.^4 in the
house of worship, for which Arthur Noble gave the land. Agp.in
he came to the people in 1742 and continued till Julv, 1744, and
in the following spring when the Cape Breton expedition was de-

^S SFRAGUKS JOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

termined, he was by Xoble's influence- appointed chaplain to Waldo's
regiment, of which X'oble- was lieutenant colonel. In view of such
intimate relations for ten years with the Noble family, it is not con-
jecture but near certainty that Rev. Mr. MacClenachan had rhe
privilege to solemnize the marriage, and with the customary rites
of "The Kirk of Scotland," to which Col. Noble was deeply at-
tached. From this hopeful entrance upon their united life, Capt.
Lithgow and bride went away to such a home as could be offered
durinof twentv-two vears in the forts he commanded.

- When from that auspicious day, fifty years had passed by. Col.
Lithgow had reasons for eminent satisfaction in review of his life.
Soldier, magistrate, citizen, honored in all for character and
achievements of high worth to the state, having a large family com-
mended for attainments and larger promise, possessed of a large
property for the time, — why should he not say — IMy cup runneth
over. His more than fourscore vears included momentous events
in the historv of North America. He had lived to see a new nation
there established. ^ -■

His death came September 20, 1798, at the age of 83 years and a
few months.

- Bom abroad, he became by adoption through excellent service
to the state, a son of the Kennebec; and for six score years Ins
gravestone has looked out over the tides of the river on whose
banks the man himself had spent fifty years, a part in its defence
against the Indian foe, a part in maintaining justice by courts of
law, a part in town and home supporting truth and right by action
and integrity.

The Lithgow family consisted of eleven children, but the order
of birth is not clearly shown by the few sources of information,
imperfect and not in agreement. All give to Sarah the eldest place,
to take the mother's name. Of five, no dates are given; of four,
dates of birth are derived, from age at death. It is said that Robert
was the oldest and Arthur the youngest son, — the later Charles
omitted. One only had a full record given. • .

On such a basis the names are adjusted to form a probable fam-
ily record nearly correct.- - •

I. Sarah Noble, 1746; Mar. ^larch 4, 1766, Samuel How-
ard, Lieutenant at Fort Halifax.

- THE LITHGOW niMIGR.\NTS 79

2. Robert, 1748; sea-captain; sailed during the Revolu-
. . . ^ tion for West Indies; no more known. . ,

3. William, Jmiior; 1750; soldier, lawyer; d. 1796, aged
:..--, . 46. - --.,... ^ . . . . _

. -- 4. - Susannah, 1752; ]Mar. Rev. John ^lurray of Booth-
bay; died at Xewburyport.

5. Mary, 1754; Mar.. James Davidson of Bath, Brit.
. . . Major.

6. Jane, 1756; died 1787, aged 29. .

7. Charlotte, 1762; died 1823, Xov. 15, aged 61. . . .- j

8. James Xoble ; born at Georgetown, Oct. 10, 1763; d.

Dec. 20, 1819, aged 44. . ^lar. .\nn Gardiner of
Dresden. Sons: Llewellyn W. of Augusta; x\l-
fred G. of Dresden. - .

9. Arthur, 1755; died in Charlestown, Mass.; Mar. !Mar-
. . tha Bridge of Dresden; Sheriff of Lincoln County;

High Sheriff of the Kennebec Counties.

10. Nancy, 1767; died 1786, age 19. . . . . '

11. Charles, born 1773; died 1802.

The mother, Mrs. Sarah (X'oble) Lithgow, of Scotch-Irish par-
entage, born in Boston, 1726, dau. of Ensign Arthur Xoble and
Sarah ^^lacHn, married Dec. 14, 1725. She was married ^larch,
1745, and shared with her husband the anxious life of the forts
during twenty years and then returned to the home of her child-
hood, and to the enjoyment of her own home and her children.
Forty years still remained to her, as death came X^'ov. 11, 1807, at
the age of 81. . .

• 3. — The Juxior: General William Lithgow

Xot more, not less, distinction did the son gain than the father
in their associated lines of action, though a fair comparison fails
with the younger's years cut short one half.

Born in 1750, in Fort Richmond, all impressions from without
on William Lithgow's childhood were military; soldiers, sentinels,
guns, drills, watch against surprise ; such environment would form
ideals of life. Boys have always loved to play at soldiering. In
the narrow life of Forts Richmond and Halifax the boy Lithgow

8o SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :^IAIXE HISTORY

drew into breath and blood soldierly tastes and inclinations. Then
at eight years of age an actual soldier, listed nominally perhaps
in the roll by a father's allowance; at ten years, 1760-61, a drummer
boy, and a corporal one year previously; and later a private in his
father's company while at Halifax; he was trained in a soldier's
duty and spirit.

What means and extent of education Col. Eithgow provided for
his children during fort life, I have not a word, yet the eldest
reaching twenty-one while there had passed the common school
period. All of them certainly had better education than his own
had been. Air. Hill wrote of him, — "a good common school educa-
tion," This must mean, an equivalent — for school opportunities
at Brunswick must have been scanty for anyone during the first
dozen years with threatening war and a rude beginning of settle-
ment. School at home was a chief reliance. He did become
through years an educated man by continued use of stinted means
with application, and was well able to meet the demands of the
positions of trust in which he was placed, as his many reports and
other papers show. Yet there is evidence that the spellingbook
did not have due attention to comport with the clear and forcible
English used in his business papers. For his children he could
teach at home, if not an abundant class, and also could send them
to tutors and schools abroad.

However, the main student years of the junior Lithgow lay be-
tween removal from Fort Halifax and the early events of the Revo-
lutionary War. Of him also Air. Hill wrote "a good academic edu-
cation," yet by him or others no hint at tutors or schools. But
into that period must have come study of law. Urgent, forging
ahead as was the manner of the man, he may have taken an early
step upon the opportunity in 1768-9, for some study with Jam.es
Sullivan, then his neighbor across the river at Arrowsic. But it is
known that he did later up to 1773 read law with Sullivan at Bidde-
ford.

With 1774-75 came precursors of the great conflict: Boston Port
Bill, Provincial Congress, Conventions and town meetings voicing
sentiments of the people, tory action at Portland; in the spring
the war-call at Lexington, people aroused and the militia responding
for defense, Portland burnt. So far to the end of 1775 in no

THE LITHGOW IMMIGfL\XTS 8i

source have I met detinite data of William Lithgow, Jr. Surely
at such events the drummer boy, the soldier youth of Fort HaHfax,
had not failed in martial spirit and patriotism. Indeed, he had
somewhere found duty and promotion.

In 1776 he appears in Portland as Captain Lithgow in command
of one of the five companies called to the defense and fortification
of the city. In December came to him an unsolicited appointment
to be ^lajor of a regiment then forming under Col. Ebenezer Fran-
cis. He replies that no private interest at so critical a time could
permit him to decline, and he accepts "not without a most humiliat-
ing sense of inexperience and want of military knowledge."

The regiment, nth ^Massachusetts, included four companies from
Maine and shared in 1777 the campaign of the Northern Army
against Burgoyne from Ticonderoga down to Stillwater and Sara-
toga, until his surrender, in October.

At Saratoga ]Major Lithgow received a serious wound in the
elbow, resulting in a partially but permanently, disabled arm. Such
an injury must have obtained for him release to go home; thereby
he was spared a share in that following terrible winter at \'alley
Forge.

The summer of 1779 brought on the "Bagaduce" Expedition,
as always called in Elaine. I do not learn that any unit of the
Continental Army to which Major Lithgow was then attached
made a part of the force ordered to Penobscot. Till further in-
formed I must believe that he went there by the soldier impulse to
be present at the confident attempt to expel the enemy from the
state, and that he attended his near neighbor, Col. Samuel ^IcCobb,
who had a very prominent part in the entire afifair. I must think
that by McCobb's suggestion he found a post of duty. On the
transport Sally before the force debarked, he was honored "bv
appointment to act as volunteer Aide de Camp to General Lovel:.''
and he is named holding that place in the advance upon Castlne
heights.

Not dismayed by the shaming disaster, the leaders with resolute
energy took up their duties. Gen. Lovell, not lost nor captured
as some feared, hastened from Camden far up the Penobscot Tto
Orono?), to confer with the Indians lest now amity might be
weakened. By their guides he crossed over to the Kennebec and

S2 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

down to send dispatches to Boston, which he wrote at Georgetown,
August 28^ and of course tlie guest of Col. Lithgow and Maj. Wil-
liam, his late aide. Thence he went to Camden, as had already
Gen. W'adsworth to Thomaston, — to learn tlie situation. x\lready
General Gushing at Pownalboro had urged on the Board of War
at Boston, how essential that no more of the coast should be seized,
asserting the great value of the Kennebec and Sheepscot on the west
and Camden on the east. Agreeably it was determined that those
coast towns be formed into a military district, and upon Cushing's
strong recommendation, ^laj. Lithgow was put in command.

He made reply, September 13, with a grateful sense of the honor
and his sincere desire to serve his countr\- in the present crisis, and
accepts, neglecting private concerns "when wounds at Saratoga but
ill permit of the fatigues of a camp."

The plan called out 300 men for the Kennebec and vicinity and
Cox's Head was selected for main defense. Lithgow chose two
lower points to place batteries and the summit for a small fort.
Jackson's regiment was then at Boothbay, and a force of 300 men
later increased from the towns was stationed at Camden, where
were Lithgow's chief headquarters.

Just now most inopportune, he was obliged to make a hard jour-
ney on horsebock to Boston by summons to all officers who had
been at Penobscot to attend an inquiry into that deplored failure
to be held at Faneuil Hall, September 22. He reports in the middle
of October a long march with a large force up river from Camden
in aid of the distressed inhabitants ; details their poverty, hard-
ships, not able to get away, plundered of their property, compelled
to labor on the fortifications; and asserts that he would be callous
to suffering if he did not make known their condition under such
losses and terrorism.

The forces for seacoast defense had been detached to serve till
November. The withdrawal terminated Lithgow's command, and
was the end of his militarv- service in the Revolution, with high
repute for ability and character, and worthy of the honor bestowed
as he entered civil life. Subsequently in public life no less honor
did ability and character win for him, even if one opinion were in
excess,— "the Province had no more popular man." True it seems
in his own county for at once the popular voice called him to the
Legislature, in which he was a member in the sessions of 1781 and

THE LITHGOW IMMIGRANTS S^

1782, and in the following year advanced him to the Senate. Here
an important duty was given him with two others, to treat with
the Indians at Penobscot in respect to their claims on lands. Again
elected to the Senate he sends to that body from Georgetown,
October 19, 1785, his resignation, asserting that he was conscious
that his duty would demand at least a general application to public
business during the sessions, but private engagements and the busi-
ness of his profession obliged him by motives of justice to his
constituents to resign his seat. It appears that for the vacant seat
his father, Lithgov; Senior, was put forward as a candidate.

At this time the military system of the state made Lincoln County
the eighth division, and in June, 1786, Major Lithgow was chosen
Major General of that division.

A dozen years previously he had entered upon his chosen pro-
fession, the law. His admission to the bar, — the date or the place,
I have not learned, but in respect to that step and subsequent years,
some presumptive views are allowed. His studies with Judge Sulli-
van must have terminated in 1773 or previous winter. Admission
to the bar would not be long delayed and with the approbation of
Sullivan can be assigned to that autumn or winter at any convenient
term of court. Evidence seems clear that he opened his first law
office in Fort Western, then in Hallowell but now Augusta. By
his last years at Ft. Halifax he was well acquainted with that stor-
age fort and officers and the few people of the vicinity. There,
therefore, beyond question Lithgow spent his first two years (1774-
75) in the practice of law.

When came Concord and Lexington, the people through New
England astir and ready, then the young lawyer was fitted to be
a leader of volunteer militia at the Kennebec, employing for the
instruction of others his knowledge of the military art derived from
ten youthful years at Fort Halifax, Activity there I believe opened
the way for him to be captain in Portland in 1776, and his Revolu-
tionary^ service began.

After Maj. Lithgow*s command of the sea-coast defense ended
at Camden, he returned to the practice of law even while a legis-
lator, thou2:h iealous of his honor in permitting no infringement on.
his duties during sessions. Attachment to his profession was one
reason to decline the senatorship, but a young man of thirty-five

I 84 SPRAGUE'S JOURX.\L OF MAINE HISTORY

would regard prudently the aim to secure a competency while he
might, 'ihe question of his residence after release from the army
has no definite answer, but records covering several dates from
1783 to 1788, shou" him acting as attorney and justice of peace at
Georgetown, and hence the opinion that was his home, as we as-
sume it of course would be after returning and suffering with
vv'ounds. A statement worthy of all confidence asserts that in 17S8
he opened a law othce at Fort Western, presumed to be his location
till illness obliged him to reHnquish practice.

It may be regarded creditable to a lawyer to form and maintain
a good style of handwriting. It would be more than commendable
if it were always true that handwriting reveals character. Gen-
eral Lithgow's chirography was exact and elegant ; it was praised
as almost equal to an engraver's work. Education and literary
attainments, as well as business abihty, may be indicated in a sister
who could make out a legal paper as well as her lawyer brother.
The position he held as an able attorney of Lincoln County is
indicated by appointment as Attorney General for Elaine in 1789,
held five years to 1794, which must be taken as the date of retiring
from his profession. By one report he was seized with illness
while in court or busily engaged upon a case, and at once he retired
to his father's house. The attack is said by one to have symptoms
of apoplexy; by another was occasioned by disease of the liver.
It appears, therefore, that more than a year of sickness was en-
dured before his death.

The- record is preserved on a plain solid stone in the Lithgow
burying place at Phipsburg not far from the location where stood
, the family mansion.

IN MEMORY OF MAJ. GEN. WILLIAM LITHGOW,
WHO DIED FEB. 16, I796, AGED 46

This Lithgow family stands so alone as to appear to be the only
one of the name entering Elaine or probably New England, though
the assertion can have no warrant. If there have been others thev
have moved along so retired and humble lines, that the name has
had no recognition.

A single instance is worthy of notice.*

«» Baxter :MSS VoL 11. — 217.

BIOGR.\PHICAL SKETCHES 85

While Capt. William Eithgow was in service at St. George
River, a letter reached Gov. Belcher from Capt. Thomas Sanders of
the Sloop ^lassachusetts, the Province dispatch boat and trans-
port, informing that when near Boston, a boat from a British man-
of-war had put men on board who "took two men, Wm. Eithgow
mate and John Elder seaman; — that in spite of his protests and
the showing of his Commission, their Captain, — Scott declared, "He
had no regard for Commissions and must have men and would."
This occurred in June, 1741.

Hence one more immigrant, another William Eithgow, whether
original Scotch or Scotch-Irish, and probably not representing a
family, had come to Boston and had found employment as seaman
for the Province.

Our historian, Williamson,^ writes that in March of the same
year, Capt. James Scott of His ^Majesty's Ship Astraee, impressed
from a wood-sloop two men, and from a coaster, the Captain and
men. He inclines to believe that those were the first to be im-
pressed on this coast. He says, "Capt. Scott fearing a big blaze"
discharged them. If so, he took up the game three months later.

Here appears to be the beginning of the odious and reprobated
system as^ainst which more fiercely blazed popular resentment three
score and more years after.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF NATIVES OF MAINE

WHO HAVE SERVED IN THE CONGRESS

OF THE UNITED STATES

(By John C. Stewart)

Abbott, Xehemiah, a Representative from Maine; born in Sid-
ney, March 29, 1S06; studied law, admitted to the bar and began
practice in Belfast; member of the state house of representatives
in 1842 and 1843; elected as a Republican to the thirty-fifth Con-
gress (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1859) ; resumed the practice of
law in Belfast and died there July 26, 1877.

Alexander, De Al\a Stanwood, a Representative from New
York; born in Richmond, July 17, 1846; served three years in the

oVol. 2; 208.

86 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Union army in the Civil War; prepared for college in die Edward
Little Institute, Auburn; graduated from Bowdoin college in 1870;
located in Indianapolis, Indiana; studied law, was admitted to
the bar and practised 1877-1S81 ; delegate to the Republican na-
tional convention in 1872; appointed fifth auditor of the Treasury
in 188 1 and served until 1885 ; served one term as commander of
the Department of the Potomac, Grand x\rmy of the Republic;
removed to Buffalo, X. Y., in 1885 '> appointed United States attor-
ney for the northern district of New York in May, 1889, ^^^ served
until December, 1893; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth,
Fifty-sixth, Fifty-seventh, Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth and
Sixty-first Congresses (IVlarch 4, i897-]March 3, 191 1) ; resumed
the practice of law in Buffalo, N. Y.

Allen, Amos Lawrence, a Representative from Elaine; born in
Waterboro, March 17, 1837; educated in common schools and
Whitestown seminary, Whitestown, New York, and graduated
from Bowdoin college in i860; studied law in the Columbian law
school, Washington, D. C, and was admitted to York county bar
in 1866; served as clerk in the United States Treasury Depart-
ment about three years; elected clerk of courts of York county in
1870 and was three times re-elected, serving until January i, 1883;
member of Maine house of representatives, 1887-1888; private sec-
retary to Speaker Reed in three Congresses ; delegate at large to
the Republican national convention in St. Louis in 1896; elected
as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth Congress, November 6, 1899,
to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas B. Reed; re-
elected to the Fifty-seventh, Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth and
Sixty-first Congresses fNovember 6, 1899-March 3, 1911) ; died
in Washington, D. C, February 20, 191 1.

Ames, Adelbert, a Senator from Mississippi ; born in Rockland,
October 31, 1835; graduated from L^nited States military academy.
West Point, N. Y., May 6, 1861 ; commissioned second lieutenant
of the second artillery; first lieutenant of the fifth artillery May
14, 1861 ; colonel of the twentieth Maine infantry August 20, 1862 ;
brigadier general of volunteers ^May 20, 1863 ; honorably mustered
out of the volunteer service April 30, 1866; commissioned captain
of fifth artillery June 11, 1864; lieutenant colonel of the twenty-

BIOGBL-VPHICAL SKETCHES Sy

fourth infantry July 28, 1866; brevet major July 21, 1861, "for
gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Bull Run, Va.";
lieutenant colonel July i, 1S62, "for gallant and meritorious service
in the battle of Malvern Hill, Va.''; colonel July i, 1863, "for gal-
lant and meritorious service in the battle of Gettysburg, Pa."; brig-
adier general ]\Iarch 13, 1865, "for gallant and meritorious service
at the capture of Fort Fisher, N. C"; major general March 13,.
1865, "for gallant and meritorious service in the field during the
war"; major general of volunteers January 15, 1865, "for services
at Fort Fisher"; resigned February 2;^, 1870; awarded a medal
of honor for heroic conduct upon the field of Bull Run, Va. ; ap-
pointed provisional governor of Mississippi June 15, 1868; ap-
pointed to the command of the fourth military district (department
of Mississippi) ^larch 17, 1869; elected to the United States Sen-
ate and served from April i, 1870, until January, 1874, when he
resigned, having been elected governor ; resigned as governor March
29, 1876, and removed to ^linnesota; major general of volunteers
in the war with Spain, 1898.

Anderson, Hugh Johnston, a Representative from Maine ; born
in Wiscasset, ]\Iay 10, 1801 ; educated in preparatory schools and
college; clerk of Waldo county courts 1827-1837; studied law^*
elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Con-
gresses (March 4, 1837-March 3, 1841) ; governor of Maine 1834-
^^37 ' presidential elector on Cass and Butler ticket ; Commissioner
of Customs in the Treasury Department 1853-1858; sixth auditor
of the Treasury 1866-1869; died in Portland ^lay 31, 1881.

Anderson, John, a Representative from Elaine; born in Wind-
ham, July 30, 1792; graduated from Bowdoin college in 1813;
studied law, was admitted to the bar and practiced ; member of
the state senate in 1824; elected as a Republican to the Nineteenth,
Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses (March
4. 1825-March 3, 1833); mayor of Portland 1833-1842; United
States attorney for the State of Elaine 1833-1837; collector of cus-
toms port of Portland 1837-1841 ; and 1843-1848; died in Port-
land, August 21, 1853.

Andrews, Charles, a Representative from Maine; born in Paris
in 1814; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and began

S8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

practice in Turner; member of the state house of representatives
1839-1843, and served as speaker in 1842; elected as a Democrat
to the Twenty-second Congress, and served from Alarch 4, 1851,
until his death in Paris, April 30, 1852.

Averill, John Thomas, a Representative from Minnesota ; born
in Alna, ^larch i, 1825; graduated from Maine ^^'esleyan universi-
ty; moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, and engaged in manufacturing;
member of the state senate 1858-1859; lieutenant colonel of the
sixth regiment Minnesota volunteer infantry August 22, 1862;
colonel November 22, 1864; brevet brigadier general of volunteers
October 18, 1865, '"for meritorious service in the recruitment of
the Army of the United States''; honorably mustered out Septem-
ber 28, 1865 ; elected as a Republican to the Forty-second and
Forty-third Congresses (^larch 4, i87i-!^Iarch 3, 1875) ' ^'^^^ ^^
St. Paul, ^Minnesota, October 3, 1889.

Ayer, Richard Small, a Representative from Virginia ; born in
IMontville, October 9, 1820; attended the common schools; enlisted
in the Union army as a private in the fourth ]\Iaine volunteers in
1861, and was mustered out as a captain; settled in A'irginia in
1865 y elected a delegate to the \'irginia constitutional convention
in 1867; elected as a RepubHcan to the Forty-first Congress and
took his seat January 31, 1870; served until March 3, 1871 ; died
in Liberty, Maine, December 14, 1896.

Barker, Abraham Andrews, a Representative from Pennsylva-
nia; born in Lovell, ^larch 30, 1816; attended the public schools;
moved to Pennsylvania in 1854 and engaged in the lumber trade;
delegate in the Republican national convention in Chicago in i860;
elected as a L'nion Republican to the Thirty-ninth Congress (March
4, i86^-March 3, 1867) ; died in Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, March
14, 1898.

Bates, James, a Representative from Maine; born in Greene,
-September 24, 1789; attended the common schools; studied medi-
cine at Harvard medical school in Boston, ^lassachusetts ; served
as a surgeon during the war of 1S12 and was present at the sur-
render of Fort Erie: in chargfe of the general military hospital near

BIOGl^\PHICAL SKETCHES 89

Buffalo, New York, until his resignation in May, 1815; settled
in practice in Hallowell but moved to Xorridgewock in 181 9, where
he continued practice ; elected as a Republican to the Twenty-second
Congress (March 4, 1831-March 3, 1833) ; superintendent of the
insane hospital 1845-185 1; practiced in Gardiner, Fairfield and
Yarmouth, where he died February 25, 1882.

Belcher, Hiram, a Representative from IMaine ; born in Augusta,
June 10, 1790; attended Hallowell academy; studied law, admitted
to the bar and began practice in Augusta in 1812; member of the
state house of representatives several terms ; elected as a Whig to
the Thirtieth Congress (^larch 4, 1847-March 3, 1849) 5 ^^^^ ^^
Augusta, May 7, 1857.

Bennett, Hiram Pits, a Delegate from the Territory of Colorado;
born in Carthage, September 2, 1826; attended the public schools;
studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice in western
Iowa; elected judge of the circuit court there in 1852; moved to
Nebraska Territory in 1854 and was elected a member of the Ter-
ritorial council the same year; in 1858 was elected to the state
house of representati\es and was chosen speaker; went to Colorado
Territory in 1859; elected delegate as a Conservative Republican
to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses (^larch 4, 1861-
March 3, 1865) ; appointed secretary of state of Colorado in March,
1867; postmaster at Denver, Colorado, 18701875; senator in the
first state legislature in 1876; appointed "state agent" in 1888 and
served Until 1895 ^" recovering lands belonging to Colorado but
wrongfully disposed of; retired from active duties and was a resi-
dent of Denver, Colorado, in 191 1.

Benson, Samuel Page, a Representative from Maine ; born in
Winthrop, November 28, 1804; graduated from Bowdoin college;
studied law and began practice in Winthrop ; member of the state
legislature in 1834 and 1836; secretary of state 1838-1841 ; elected
as a Whig to the Thirty-third Congress ; re-elected as a Republican
to the Thirty- fourth Congress; served from March 4, 1853, to
March 3, 1857; resumed the practice of law and became one of the
overseers of Bowdoin college; died in Yarmouth, August 12, 1876.

Benton, Charles S., a Representative from New York; born in

go SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF AIAINE HISTORY

Maine (town not given) ; moved to !Moha\vk, New York; elected
.as a Whig to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses
(March 4, 1843-AIardi 3, 1847) l died May 4, 1882. .

Bisbee, Horatio, Jr., a Representative from Florida; born in
Canton, May i, 1839; graduated from Tufts college; served in
the Civil war as a private three months in the Fifth Massachusetts
infantry; mustered out in July, 1861 ; captain in Ninth Maine in
-September, 1861 ; lieutenant colonel and colonel; mustered out in
March, 1863 ; removed to Jacksonville, Florida, and began the
practice of law February 10, 1865 ; United States attorney for the
northern district of Florida 1869-1873, and for a short time was
attorney general for the State of Florida ; presented credentials
as a Republican-elect to the Forty-fifth Congress and served from
'March 4, 1877, to February 20, 1879, when he was succeeded by
"Jesse J. Finley, who contested his seat ; successfully contested the
-election of Noble A. Hull to the Forty-sixth Congress and served
from January 22, 1881, to !March 3, 1881 ; successfully contested
"the election of Jesse J. Finley to the Forty-seventh Congress and
served from June i, 1882, to ]\Iarch 3, 1883; re-elected to the
Forty-eighth Congress (^larch 4, 1883-March 3, 1885) ; resumed
•tlie practice of law in Jacksonville, Florida.

Black, Frank Swett, a Representative from New York; born in
Limington, March 8, 1853 ; attended district schools and Lebanon
academy. West Lebanon ; graduated from Dartmouth college in
1875 » editor of Johnstown, New York, Journal ; moved to Troy,
New York, studied law, was admitted to the bar and began prac-
tice in Troy; elected as a Republican to the Fifty- fourth Congress,
and served from ^larch 4, 1895, to January 7, 1897, when he re-
signed, having been elected governor of New York ; at the expira-
tion of his term as governor he resumed the practice of law in
New York city.

- Boutelle, Charles Addison, a Representative from Maine ; born
in Damariscotta, February 0, 1839; attended the public schools
at Brunswick and Yarmouth academy; became a shipmaster, and,
in the SDrinc: of 1862. volunteered and was appointed acting master
in the United States Navy; served in the North and South At-

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 91

laiitic and West Gulf squadrons; took part in the blockade of
Charleston and Wilmington, the Pocotaligo expedition, tlie capture
-of St. John's Bluff, and occupation of Jacksonville, Florida; while
an officer of United States steamer Sassacus was promoted to lieu-
tenant "for gallant conduct in the engagement with tlie rebel iron-
clad' ^/^t';7?ar/(7/' ^la.y 5, 1864; afterwards in command of United
States steamer A'3'o;2ca; participated in the capture of jNIobile and
in receiving the surrender of the Confederate fleet; assigned to
command of naval forces in ^Mississippi Sound ; honorably dis-
charged January 14, 1866; engaged in business in Xew York; be-
came managing editor of Bangor (]\Iaine) Whig and Courier in
•1870 and purchased controlling ownership of it in 1874; a delegate
to Repubhcan national convention in 1876; elected as a Republican
to the Forty-eighth, and to the nine succeeding Congresses ; served
irom i\Iarch 4, 1883, until he resigned ^larch 3, 1901 ; died in
Waverley, Massachusetts, May 21, 1901.

. Bowman, Thomas, a Representative from Iowa; born in W^is-
casset, ^lay 25, 1848; moved to Council Bluff's, Iowa, in 1868 and
engaged in' business; elected treasurer of Pottawattamie county in
1875 ^^^ re-elected in 1887 and 1889; mayor of Council Bluffs
in 1882; postmaster 1885-1889 when he resigned; purchased a con-
trolling interest in the Council Bluffs Globe in 1883 ; elected as a
Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress (March 4, 1891-March 3,
^893)1 again postmaster at Council Bluffs 1904-1908; engaged in
railroad contracting.

Bradbury, George, a Representative from the District of Elaine
before its separation from ^lassachusetts ; born in Falmouth, Octo-
ber 10, 1770; graduated from Harvard college in 1789; studied
law; was admitted to the bar and practiced in Portland ; member
of ^lassachusetts house of representatives 1806-1810, 181 1 and
18 1 2'; elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Congresses T^Iarch 4, 1813-^Iarch 3, 1817) ; resumed the practice
of law; associate clerk of the Portland court 1817-1820; member
of the state senate in 1820; died in Portland, November 7, 1823.

• Bradbury, James W^are, a Senator from Elaine; born in Parsons-
field, June TO, 1802 ; graduated from Bowdoin college in 1825 ; prin-

V*'

, 92 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

cipal of Hallowell academy and founder of the first normal school
, in New England at Effingham, New Hampshire; studied law, was

^ admitted to the bar in 1830, and practiced in Augusta; county at-

torney 1834-1838; presidential elector on the Polk ticket in 1844;
elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate for the term
beginning ^larch 4, 1847, ^^^ served until ]\Iarch 3, 1S53 ; declined
to be a candidate for re-election; died in Augusta, January 7, 1901.

Bradford, x\llen Alexander, a Delegate from the Territory of
Colorado; born in Friendship, July 2^, 1815; moved to Missouri
in 1841 ; studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced ; clerk
of the circuit court of Atchison county, Missouri, 1845-1851; re-
moved to Iowa; judge of the sixth judicial district 1852-1855 ;
moved to the Territory of Nebraska and was a member of the
legislative council 1856, 1857 and 1858; removed to the Territory
of Colorado in i860; appointed judge of the supreme court of
that Territory by President Lincoln June 6, 1862; elected as a
Republican Delegate to the Thirty-ninth Congress (March 4, 1865-
March 3, 1867) ^"^ to the Forty-first Congress (^larch 4, 1869-
March 3, 1871) ; resumed the practice of law^ in Pueblo and died
there March 12, 1888.

Brooks, James, a Representative from New York ; born in Port-
land, November 10, 1810; graduated from W^aterville (now Colby)
college in 1828; taught in Portland until 1830; edited the Portland
Advertiser; member of the state house of representatives one term;
removed to New York City in 1836 and established the New York
Daily Express, of which he was editor-in-chief the remainder of
his life; member of the state legislature in 1847; elected as a Whig
to the Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses f^Iarch 4, 1849-
!March 3, 1853) ; elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-
ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second and Forty-third Con-
gresses, and served from March 4, 1863, until his death; appointed
a director in the L'nion Pacific railroad in October, 1867 ; died in
Washington, April 30, 1873.

Brown, James S., a Representative from Wisconsin ; born in
Hampden, February i, 1823; attended the public schools; moved
to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1840; studied law, was admitted to the bar,

BIOGR.\PHICAL SKETCHES 93

I and began practice in ^lilwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1844; prosecuting

t attorney for ^^lilwaukee county in 1846; attorney general for Wis-

I consin in 1848; mayor of ^Milwaukee in i860; elected as a Demo-

■^ crat to the Thirty-eighth Congress (]\Iarch 4, 1863-AIarch 3, 1865) ;

I died in Chicago, Illinois, April 16, 1878.

Buck, Alfred Eliab, a Representative from Alabama; born in
Foxcroft, February 7, 1832; graduated from Waterville (now Col-
by) college in 1859; entered the Union Army in 1S61 as captain of
company C, thirteenth Elaine infantry; appointed lieutenant colonel
• of the ninety-first United States colored troops in August, 1863 ;
transferred to the fifty-first United States colored troops in Octo-
I ber, 1864; brevetted colonel of volunteers for gallant conduct; mus-
\ tered out of service at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June, 1866; mem-
I ber of the Alabama constitutional convention in 1867; clerk of
the circuit court of ^Mobile county, 1867-1868; presidential elector
in 1868; elected as a Republican to the Forty-first Congress (]\Iarch
4, 1869-March 3, 1871) ; president ]\Iobile city council 1873; clerk
of United States circuit and district courts in Atlanta, Georgia,
1874-1889; appointed minister to Japan by President McKinley in
April, 1897, ^^^ served until his death in Tokyo, Japan, December
4, 1902.

Burleigh, Edwin Chick, a Representative and Senator from
Maine; born in Linneus, November 2y, 1843; attended the com-
mon schools and. Houlton academy ; largely interested in timber-
lands of ]Maine; elected treasurer of state in 1885 and re-elected
in 1887 i the same year secured a controlling interest in the Ken-
nebec Journal, pubHshed at Augusta; governor of Maine 1889-1892;
delegate to Republican national convention in St. Louis in 1806;
elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fifth Congress, to fill the va-
cancy caused by the death of Seth L. Milliken ; re-elected to the
Fifty-sixth, Fifty-seventh, Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth and
Sixty-first Congresses, serving from July I, 1897, ^^ March 3, 191 1 ;
elected to United States Senate 1913.

Burleigh, John Holmes, a Representative from Maine; born in
South Berwick, October 9, ivS22 ; pursued preparatory studies • mem-
ber of state house of representatives in 1862. 1864, 18^8 and 1872 :

94 SPR.-\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

delegate at large to the Republican national convention at Baltimore
in 1864; elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and Forty-
fourth Congresses (^larch 4, 1873-March 3, 1877) i ^^^^ i^ South
Berwick, December 5, 1877.

Burleigh, \\^alter Atwood, a Delegate from Dakota Territory ;
born in Waterville, October 25, 1820; attended the public schools;
studied medicine in Burlington. \^ermont, and in New York citv,
and began practice in Richmond, ]\Iaine ; moved to Kittanning,
Pennsylvania, in 1852; declined a foreign mission tendered by
President Lincoln in 1861 ; Indian agent, Greenwood, Dakota Ter-
ritory, 1861-1865 ; elected a delegate to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth
Congresses (]\Iarch 4, i865-]\Iarch 3, 1869) ; elected to the upper
house of the territorial legislature in 1877 and served two terms ;
moved to ]\Iiles City, ^lontana Territory; member of the conven-
tion that framed the state constitution of IMontana ; served in the
first state legislature; prosecuting attorney for Custer county; state
senator from Yankton county in 1893; ^^^^ ^^ Yankton, South
Dakota, March 8, 1896.

Butman, Samuel, a Representative from Maine; date and place
of birth not given; member of the state house of representatives in
1822, 1826 and 1827; elected as a Federalist to the Twentieth and
Twenty-first Congresses (March 4, i827-]\Iarch 3, 1831) ; county
commissioner of Penobscot county in 1846; served in the state
senate and was president of that body in 1856; died in Dixmont
in 1864.

Cameron, Ralph Henry, a Delegate from the Territory of Ari-
zona ; born in Southport, October 21, 1863; received a common
school training; went west and became interested in mining and
stock raising; locator and builder of Bright Angel trail into the
Grand Canyon of the Colorado in Arizona; moved to x^rizona in
1883; sheriff of Coconino county three terms and served one term
as member and one as chairman of the board of supervisors of
that county; elected as a Republican delegate to the Sixty-first
Congress (March 4, 1909-March 3, 191 1).

Carr, James, a Representative from the District of Maine while

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 95

a portion of Massachusetts; born in Bangor, September 9, ij"/"/ ',
member of ^lassachusetts house of representatives 1806-1S11;
elected to tJie Fourteenth Congress (March 4, i8i5-2vlarch 3, 1817) ;
drowned in Ohio river August 24, 1818.

Carter, Luther Cullen, a Representative from New York; born
in Bethel, February 2^, 1805 j nioved to Xew York and engaged in
mercantile pursuits; several years on the board of education of
New York city; retired from business and moved to Long Island,
where he became interested in agriculture; elected as a Union Re-
publican to the Thirty-sixth Congress (March 4, 1859-March 3,
1861); died in Brooklyn, New York, Januar}- 3, 1875.

Carter, Timothy Jars'is, a Representative from Maine ; born
in Bethel, August 18, 1800; studied law, was admitted to the bar
and practiced in Paris; secretary of the state senate in 1833; county
attorney 1833-1837; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth
Congress and served from September 4, 1837, until his death in
Washington, D. C, ^vlarch 14, 1838.

Chamberlain, Ebenezer Mattoon, a Representative from Indi-
ana; born in Orrington, August 20, 1805 ; attended the public schools
and studied law ; moved to Connersville, Indiana, in 1832, where
he completed his studies ; admitted to the bar and began practice
in Elkhart county in 1833 ; member of the state house of represen-
tatives 1835-1837; judge of Elkhart circuit court nine years; elected
as a Democrat to the Thirty-third Congress (March 4, i853-]\Iarch
3' ^^55) 'y resumed the practice of law in Goshen, Indiana, and
died there ]March 14, 1861.

Clapp, Asa William Henry, a Representative from Maine ; born
In Portland, IMarch 6, 1805 ; graduated from the militar}- academy
at Norwich, Vermont, in 1823 ; engaged in business ; elected as a
Democrat to the Thirtieth Congress (March 4, 1847-March 3,
1849) ; died in Portland, March 22, 1891.

Clark, Franklin, a Representative from Maine; born in Wis-
casset, August 2, 1801 ; attended the public schools; engaged in
business in Wiscasset ; member of the state house of representa-

96 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

tives; elected as a Democrat to the Thirtieth Congress (March 4,
1847-^Iarch 3, 1849) '> member of the executive council of Elaine
in 1855 ; died in Brooklyn, New York, August 24, 1874.

Cobb, Stephen Alonzo, a Representative from Kansas ; born
in ^ladison ; attended the common schools ; moved with his father
to ^Minnesota in 1850; entered Beloit college in 1854; remained there
two years and transferred to Brown university, where he graduated
in 1858; settled in \\Vandotte, Kansas, in 1859, and began the prac-
tice of law ; enlisted in the Union army in 1862 ; captain and com-
missary sergeant of volunteers ^lay 18, 1864; brevet major August
* 16, 1865 ; mustered out September 21,, 1865 ; mayor of Wyandotte
1862 and 1868; member of the state senate 1862, 1869 and 1870.

(To be Continued)

SALUTE TO THE TREES

Many a tree is found in the wood
And every tree for its use is good;
Some for the strength of the gnarled root,
Some for the sweetness of flower or fruit;
Some for shelter against the storm,
And some to keep the hearth-stone warm ;
Some for the roof and some for the beam.
And some for a boat to breast the stream ; —
In the wealth of the wood since the world began
The trees have offered their gifts to man.

But the glory of trees is more than their gifts:

'Tis a beautiful wonder of life that lifts,

From a wrinkled seed in an earth-bound clod,

A column, an arch in the temple of God,

A pillar of power, a dome of delight,

A shrine of song, and a joy of sight!

Their roots are the nurses of rivers in birth ;

Their leaves are alive with the breath of the earth ;

Thev shelter the dwellincfs of man ; and thev bend

O'er his grave with the look of a loving friend

SALUTE TO THE TREES

I have camped in the whispering forest of pines,
I have slept in the shadow of oHves and vines;
In the knees of an oak, at the foot of a pahn
I have found good rest and skimber's bahn.
And now, when the morning gilds the boughs
Of the vaulted elm at the door of my house,
I open the window and make salute :
"God bless thy branches and feed thy root !
Thou hast lived before, live after me,
Thou ancient, friendly, faithful tree."

— Henry Van Dyke.

-f

COLONIAL DAYS IN MAINE

98 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

TWO LOVERS OF 3IAINE HISTORY AND RESEARCH

WORK

^^;^^^'* s >-^^^i'"'^ ' -'' ' ^ ^' w >ij si ! ? ' ^ ^'; f ^^'^

*v-^

r^r^3*S«Sli^-,

HON. RUEL ROBIXSOX
Camden. Maine

'*^:,

\ <

■♦er

H""-

SSikJJ

^'^mk^-,

*^ ■■ ^'

JUDGE FRANK B. MILLER
Rockland, Maine

Mr. Robinson is the author of a most excellent and interesting
History of Camden and Rockport, Elaine, published by the Cam-
den Publishing Co. in 1907. He has written many other valuable
Maine historical .sketches, which have been published in maga-
zines and newspapers.

Judge Miller has done much along these lines. In 1892, the
Maine Home Journal of Portland, published a monograph, "Chron-
icles of Cushing and Friendship, Containing Historical, Statistical
and Miscellaneous Information of the Two Towns," of which he
was the author and principal compiler.

THE NEW VOTERS SHOULD STUDY MAINE HISTORY

This idea was expressed by Mrs. Roselle Huddilston of Orono,
in a recent address on "\\'omen's Duties in Polities'* before the
B. & P. W. Club in Bangor, who among other things said :

"I am convinced that as women beginning the new role of voters

THE NEW \'OTERS 99

and public workers there is no one thing tliat we need more than
a deeper appreciation of what our state has stood for and what
it has achieved through its devotion and endowment of its leaders.
Work, without enthusiasm, lapses into drudgery and lacks fruits.
This is highly true in public life and we women of Elaine have
the greatest reason to take heart for the future if we but fill our-
selves with the history of ]^Iaine and her great men. Leaders you
must be, and leaders you can be, if you once catch the spirit that
fills the spirit made splendid by Elaine men. I have observed that
when prominent men from other parts of the country come to
Maine to make addresses, especially if it be a political speech, they
invariably preface their remarks by highly eulogistic reference
to such men as Blaine, Tom Reed, Dingley, Boutelle, Hale, Frye,
and Hannibal Ham.lin, men of nation-wide glory, a glor}' reflected
in turn upon Elaine.

"I venture to say there are few of us who cannot find time for
a brief course of studv in civics, in state historv, and in constitu-
tional government as it obtains today in our state and in the United
States. Right here I want to suggest to your president that it
would be a fine thinsr to ask vour citv librarian to recommend and
have published in the Bangor papers a list of books bearing upon
the histor}^ of Elaine, and her great men, and on civic questions in
general, for the use of those who desire to inform themselves on
these questions."

FRANK HAMLIN

Frank Hamlin, a distinguished lawyer of Chicago, died at his
home in that city, May 3, 1922. He was 55 years of age, having
been born in Bangor, ^Maine, September 26, 1867.

He was the son of Hannibal Hamlin, who was vice president with
Abraham Lincoln, and one of America's greatest statesmen, noted
for his purity of character and high integrity. Like all of the fa-
mous Hamlin family of Maine. Frank Hamlin was closely allied
^Mth the Republican party, and high in it^ councils, but never in-
clined to hold official positions. He was a man of culture, a lover
of books and a student of the world's best literature. He never
lost his love for his native state and was deeply interested in its
historv. He had been a "bound volume subscriber" to the Journal
from its first issue, and an occasional contributor.

loo SPRAGUE'S lOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

GARDINER POST-OFFICES PAST AND PRESENT

An address ddiicrcd before the Gardiner Post-0 ffiee employees, by George
E. Hathdzcay, January soth, iq2J.

At the regular meeting of the Council of Post-Office Employees
held in the "Swing room" of the Government building Saturday
evening, George Hathaway, at the request of Acting Postmaster
Smith, gave an interesting talk regarding the early days of the
Gardiner post-office, of which the following is a part :

"Barzilla Gannet was the first postmaster in Gardiner and he
kept the office in a small store on what is now lower Water street,
where he traded. Later he moved it to the house at the foot of
Vine street, which is now occupied by Judge H. E. Cook. The
following year the office v/as moved to the house of Frederick Allen
on ^lain avenue, where for over 45 years C. T. Stackpole made his
home.

"In 1790 there was not more than one mile of road in Gardiner
where a carriage could travel and the mail was carried on horse-
back to Portland, through Monmouth. In 1809 Seth Gay became
postmaster and moved the office to what was then known as the
North house, which was built by Dr. Gardiner in 1763, and sold
to Mr. North 10 years later. It stood in the heater piece north
of where the Farmers' Union building now stands and was torn
down 40 years ago. At the time Mr. Gay took the office there
was one mail a week from Portland. The postmaster's salary was
$37.50 a year and the entire proceeds from the office amounted to
about $125 per annum.

"The first stage coach came to Gardiner from Brunswick in
181 1. ^Ir. Gay served as postmaster until April, 1835, and was
succeeded by William Palmer, who remained until October i, 184T,
and Thomas Gay was appointed in his place. June 30, 1845, ^^•
Joseph ]\Ierrill became postmaster and removed the office to what
is now the work-room of Charles A. Davenport's jewelry store.
The entrance was from Depot Square through an arch some 12
or i^ feet wide. This arch was closed up years ago and the space
is noH' occunied by Charles E. Taylor's barber shop.

"About the vear i860 the office was moved to where the Music
Shop is now located, and Hon. John P>crry appointed postmaster.
In 1896 it was moved to the Patten block and five years ago the
eighth of this month to its present site.

GARDINER POST-OFFICES loi

"It was while Dr. Merrill was postmaster that envelopes first
came into use. Prior to this the written sheet was folded and sealing
wax used to stick the edges together. Xo stamps were used, but
an impression made with an iron hand stamp with the words 'Post-
age paid' and the amount of postage required filled in with pen
and ink.

"We can' hardly realize what a great change has taken place
.*:ince 1822. At that time my grandfather was a master of a sailing
packet that transported freight, mail and passengers between Ban-
gor and Boston. When I entered the service 22 years ago the num-
ber employed in this post-office was five, including the postmaster.
Since that time eight small post-ofiices have been discontinued in
this vicinity, namely. Gardinerville, \\'est Farmingdale, Chelsea,
Xorth Pittston, Joyce, South and East Pittston and Randolph.
These places are now served by this office and rural carriers. The
number of people now employed in the office is 24. The rural car-
riers Trom this office cover more than 172 miles every day deliver-
ing mail. The post-office system of the United States is the greatest
in the world. In 1900 it had one-quarter of the post-offices on
the globe. In the year 1800 there were less than 1000 offices in
the United States; today there are 52,188 and 320,000 workers are
employed. The annual cost to the government is $600,000,000. The
last count kept by the department showed that in every single hour
in the 24, 1.400,000 letters are mailed. In making up each letter
is handled five times ; it is collected, faced up, stamp cancelled,
postmarked, sorted and tied into packets before landing in the
pouch. It is not generally known that there are stamps of $1, $2
and $5 denomination. The adhesive quality of the stamp comes
by virtue of the sweet potato. Two kinds of gum are used, one
for winter and another for summer. To transport the mail 6^,-
000,000 sacks are in constant use and more than 800.000 miles of
twine are used for the packages of letters, or more than enough to
encircle the earth at the equator 32 times.

I02 SPIL\GUE'S JOURXAI. OF MAINE HISTORY

0LD-TI3IE SHEEP MARKS

In the first part of the 19th century, and until years after the
Civil War, the farmers of 2^Iaine kept large flocks of sheep on
their farms. In those days each had to select a sheep's mark to
distinguish tliem from their neighbor's flocks. Copies of this mark
with the name of the owner of the flock and a description of the
same had to be recorded in the records of the town where the
owner with his flock of sheep resided.

Mr. Charles E. Washburne of Foxcroft has an old record book
of the sheep owners and their marks in the old town of Foxcroft,
before and since 182S. Just when this record commenced is uncer-
tain, because on its third page, Xath'l Chamberlain, town clerk of
Foxcroft, makes this entry under date of January 24, 1828 : "the
foregoing was copyed carefully and correctly from the original
record on a loose paper by me this day."

The first one is John Bradbury, the mark is a Swallow's tail in
the right Ear. Then follows Richard ^lorse ; a crop oft' of the
right ear. Xathaniel Buck; a Swallow's tail in the left Ear. Joel
Pratt; a Crop oft" the Left Ear and a halfpenny the under side of
the right Ear. X"athaniel Carpenter; a Crop off of the right Ear
and a Slit in the same. Benjamin Hearsey; a Crop off of the Left
Ear. Jesse Washburne ; a Slit in the left Ear and halfpenny the
under side of the right Ear.

Other owners of flocks of sheep were: Eliphalet Washburne,
Abel Turner, William Buck, Bela Hammond, Bela Hammond, Jr.,
William ]\Ierrill, Isaac A\>ston, Elijah Buck, Benjamin Buck, Xoal
Hersey, Jr., William Thayer, Aaron Tucker, Moses Buck. Samuel
Chamberlain, Salmon Holmes, Isra Deane, AVilliam Shaw, Isaac
Thayer, Xathan Tobie, Xathaniel Chamberlain, Samuel Pierce,
Amos Morse, Cyrus Holmes, Thatcher Blake, William Pratt, Moses
Bolster, Josiah Pratt, Xathan Gould, William Pratt, Thomas Went-
worth, Pely Weston, Ichabod Chandler, Josiah Chandler, Ichabod
Chandler, Jr., Joseph Crooker, Isaac Trambly, Rushbrook Thayer,
Francis Towne, Silvanus Chandler, Isaac Allen, Ellis Robinson,
Nathaniel Snow, Daniel Buck, Ira Taunce, Ira x\llen, Jacob Jones,
James Hone, Calvin Crooker, Charles Thayer, Joseph Crooker,
Seth Sanborn, Thomas Williams, Hiram Stedman, Jonathan Palmer,
David H. Crafts, Reuben Tucker, Cyrus Dwinal, A. F. Chandler,
Daniel Wvman.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to con- Conducted by Augustus O.
tributions from all teachers and Thomas, State Superintendent of
pupils. i Schools, Augusta, Me.

DEAN WEST ON EDUCATION

[Brooklyn Eagle]

Dean West of Princeton has elaborated for the New York
World the ideas of education which he outlined to the Princeton
students the other day, on which sympathetic comment has already
been made in these columns.

The fuller statement, of course, sticks to the main point that
the colleges, instead of insisting upon thorough knowledge of the
fundamentals try to teach too much and teach it superiicially in
consequence. But the order of arrangement of fundamentals is
new and it lays less emphasis upon the classics than the original
talk seemed to do. This order of importance, from a teacher of
Dean West's experience, is worth emphasis. He puts first "the
studies relative to nature,'' including mathematics and the elements
of the sciences ; second, "the studies relating to collective man-
kind," first history, our own and "the origins of civilized democracy
and justice in Greece and Rome," with "political science and eco-
nomics, so far as needed" ; third, "the studies relative to man indi-
vidually. These are primarily just two — language and literature.
This means English, to be well mastered as an instrument of
thought. And for those who want the best mastery of English
it means and must mean the classics both of Greek and Latin, but at
least Latin." The Dean's championship of the classics is put in
an epigram : "The fact that a boy can't and won't study Latin does
not prove that he is another Lincoln. Lincoln sent his son to study
Latin and Greek, too."

The concentration upon essentials instead of permitting lazy boys
to choose "snap courses from a lot of pleasant sounding electives,
cannot be too much emphasized. It is as important for. the public
schools, which Dean West leaves out of the discussion, although he
Ws of them : "Here our national illiteracy is at its worst." As for

•^

I04 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

secondary schools and colleges, the result of such concentration
would, in Dean West's view, "strongly increase the intellectual
and mental vigor of our colleges, increase the directive intelligence
of our country to its enormous benefit and banish a lot of irresolute,
ill-formed habits of thought and action."

The mind is a machine for thought. It can only think feebly
until it has been trained to think. The fact of training is more
important than the method, as the success of thousands of men
who have never been to college proves. Once trained, the more cul-
ture the mind receives the better, but the substitution of a mushy
and vague general acquaintance with the names of things, times
and seasons is no substitute for the training for which Dean West
pleads. That substitution has been too much encouraged by the
multiplication of electives and the willingness to let our youth pick
up a little learning here and there before their minds were fitted
to digest and correlate it either to the whole field of knowledge
or to the scheme of life which they were planning for themselves.

W'e should study history, not for the time of events, but because
it gives you a picture of ZK.'Iiat people have been. In other words,
history is nothing more than psychology, finished psychology. It
is the product of the human race, what it has done. It does not
make any difference what day any of those battles were fought, or
who was the boss on either side. The important thing is that they
were fought then, the same as they are fought now, and for the
same reason that people are fighting now — because of egotism. If
we will begin to look at history from the standpoint of its relation-
ship to the present day, we shall realize that most of the conclu-
sions which we might make from the great subject of history are
never reached. We pass history examinations to-day by knowing
how to answer the question, "In what year was the war of i8i2?"
Just as Important as that. — Journal of Education.

Millions of young people quit school early because of some physi-
cal handicap. Millions of others are retarded in their school work,
finally graduating with indifferent grades, illy equipped for the
battle of life, and these two classes go out as recruits in that great
army of misfits, the square peg in the round hole, which is responsi-

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS io=

I . ble for most of life's misery.; — R. L. Augustine in Journal of Bdu-
t cation.

PETITION OF HIRA:\I KNOWLTON AND OTHERS TO

THE LEGISLATURE OF 3IAINE IN 1848,

AND REPORT THEREON

To The Hon. Senators and Representati^■es of the State of Maine
in Legislature assembled. The undersigned, your petitioners, be-
ing desirous of improvement in our public schools, and having
known difficulties to arise in some schools on account of a dif-
ference in opinion in relation to the legal rights of teachers, ask
your Hon. body to point out, definitely, by statute the legal rights
and duties of teachers, as in duty bound will ever pray.

Names Names

Hiram Kxowltox Harvey Whitcomb

James Chapman Albert M. Williamson

Selden Gil\y David W. Smith

S. C. HoLBROOK A. H. Smith

S. B. Walton John B. Hayfield

Nath'l Jones Frank Richardson

Otis Richardson Harvey Young

Eben'r Nickerson Andrew Pinkham

Wm. Harlon S. H. Willard

Amos Pattee C. J. Smith

John Pike M. Frizzell

Daniel Elliot, Jr. R. H. Kimball

STATE OF MAINE

THE COMMITTEE on Education
TO WHICH WAS REFERRED the petition of Hiram Knowlton
and others of fiercer praying for a law more clearly defining the
Quties and powers of school teachers

HAVE HAD THE SAIME UNDER CONSIDERATION, AND
ASK LEAVE TO REPORT, THAT LEGISLATION ON that—
SUBJECT IS INEXPEDIENT.

M. B. TOWN SEND, Chairman

io6 SPRAGUE'S JOURX.\L OF MAINE HISTORY

IN SENATE, June 17, 184S
READ AND ACCEPTED.

SENT DOWN FOR CONCURRENCE.

DANIEE T. PIKE, Secretary.
IN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, June 19, 184S.
READ AND CONCURRED.

SAM'E BELCHER, Clerk.

This department desires to hear from schools which are now
teaching Elaine History. Write freely to us. All will be interested.

OLD MAINE HOUSES
Splendid Material for Scholars in Maine Schools Studying

Maine History

An especially fruitful and valuable subject for historical study
and research are the old houses of ]\Iaine. These houses may be
found in nearly e\ery locality, although they are, of course, more
numerous in the older settled sections of our state. Teachers and
pupils of local ]\Iaine history in our public schools may here find
an abundance of subject matter, \\'hich in point of interest amounts
to a well-nigh absolute fascination. Such a study, too, is extremely
valuable in that it may be made the means of perpetuating historical
facts which might otherwise be lost. The local newspaper is always
ready to publish such material when presented in an interesting
manner, and thus valuable historical data may be preserved.

Owing to the fact that these old houses are nearly all built of
wood, the ravages of fire are severe, and every year witnesses the
destruction of far too many of these interesting old places, which
no amount of wealth can ever replace.

Only a few months ago fire completely destroyed the old Mustard
Tavern, so-called, a building rich in historical associations, which
for considerably more than a century had been a land-mark on rhe
old Post Road from P>runswick to Gardiner.

Occasionally we find these old houses torn down and demolished,
either to make place for a new residence, or for more vulgar com-
mercial considerations. The beautiful old mansion known as ^font-
pelier, the stately residence of General Henry Knox in Thomaston

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS 107

was thus destroyed, to the lasting sorrow and regret of the present
<lay residents of that fair old town. Here is a building, which, if
still standing, would have possessed much the same mterest for
Elaine, that Alount \'ernon does for \'irginia. Here General Knox
made his home after he had retired from his duties as Secretary
of War in Washington's Cabinet, on the vast estates formerly be-
longing to General Samuel Waldo. It was his intention to estab-
lish a baronial estate after the custom in England. He entertained
with almost regal hospitality, and every visitor to that region found
a welcome at his hospitable hearth. To make amends for the de-
struction of this fine old house, there is a movement on foot among
the people of Thomaston to raise funds to reproduce it, — an indeed
worthy object, — but of how much greater interest would have been
the original mansion.

Until within a comparatively few years a most interesting old
building stood in South Sanford, on the old road running from
Wells to Shapleigh. This house, too, was torn down to make place
for a more modern structure. It was known as the Emery Tavern,
erected by Colonel Caleb Emery shortly after the Revolution. Here
the gallant Colonel dispersed hospitality to man and beast, and many
an important personage found his way thither. Colonel Emery was
a most important person in the community, the first postmaster of
the town, the village merchant and tavern keeper, justice of the
peace, colonel of the militia and deacon of the church. He was
also the first representative to the General Court from the district
in 1785. He had also taken part in the French and Indian wars
and the Revolution.

This old tavern possessed a peculiar interest In that in 1797 Louis
Philippe of France, accompanied by his two brothers, and by the
Duke of Talleyrand, on their way to Portland, were for two days
entertained here. At this time Louis was not King of France, nor
was it known that he was destined for the throne, but he was travel-
ing incognito under the name of the Duke of Chartres. So ^^ar
•Ts may be learned these important personages visited at this time
Dr. Benjamin \'aughan at his beautiful home still standing in
Hallo well, and were also entertained at Montpelier by General
Knox. The old building possessed further distinction from the
fnct that the famous Lafavette was entertained there on his visit

io8 SFRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

to America in 1825. For many years the house was known as :'-e
Lafayette Tavern. It was a large, square building, two-stontd,
with immense chimneys, which must have contained huge £re-
places ; a most imposing structure for its day. From this ramb'rng
account of several of the old houses of Elaine, it is hoped that teach-
ers and pupils in some of our schools may gain an incentive to in-
vestigate and study in this interesting fi^ld of historical research.

Bertram E. Packard.
Sanford, ^le., ^lay 18, 1922.

I know in the strife of the battle of life
It's easy to fight when you're winning :
It's easy to slave, and starve and be brave,
When the dawn of success is beginning.
But the man who can meet despair and defeat
With a cheer, — there's the man of God's choosing
The man who can fight to Heaven's own height
Is the man who can fight when he's losing.

But to labor with zest, and to give of your best,
For the sweetness and joy of the giving;
To help folks along with a hand and a song:
Why, there's the real sunshine of living.

— Service.

CALLS AMERICA FRIVOLITY MAD

"One great defect of the American people to-day," says Lucy D.
Slowe, principal of a \\^ashington, D. C, school, "is that they do
not make worthy use of their leisure. Attending a dance or looking
at a moving picture is the only way in which most American people
spend their leisure. As a result our art galleries, our libraries, our
great out of doors are unexplored; our dramatic and our musical
taste undeveloped or vicious. It is the sacred duty of the school
to teach children some other way of spending their leisure than
in dancing. America is frivolity mad."

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover, Maine, by
John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher.

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, S2.00. Single copies of current and previous vol-
umes, 50 cents. Bound volumes, $2.50 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

KNOW YOUR OWN STATE

The first number of the Journal was issued April i, 1913, and
is now in its tenth volume.

In our prologue we said: "The Colonial period of IMaine is a
field of immensity as yet only partially explored. Everything per-
taining thereto as well as its annals since, the history of our growth
as a State, of our towns, cities and counties, our religious, political,
social and industrial development altogether comprise a subject not
only vastly important but fascinating as well.

"We believe that the public interest in these matters is increasing
and it is our purpose to endeavor to do an humble part in accentuat-
ing the same.

"Also it is apparent that there has been in recent years an awaken-
ing to the importance of a more thorough, systematic and practical
study of vState and local history among the educators of Maine
and the teachers of schools and colleges. It is our hope that we
may be able to sustain a publication that will be of help in pursuing
such subjects." . .

And those of our readers who have followed its humble career
■ — and such are quite numerous — will confirm our statement, that
we have ever since, worked along this line. \Ve have constantly
insisted that Maine people from the youth to the aged, as a mat-
ter of promoting patriotism and state pride, if for no other reason,

no SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY^ ^ ^:

should know more about !Maine history from the times of 1604
until to-day. Then our leading^ educators in JMaine were shvinar
at its being taught in our public schools. At the present time it
is in the library of every college and normal school in our state,
and in nearly all of the grade and high schools where it is used
as a reference work. The newspapers of Alaine have, without ex-
ception, been our strong alHes in these endeavors, and co-operated
with us.

Dr. Thomas has in his department at Augusta, a large collection
of Maine town histories, written by scholars in the schools of
Maine during the past two or three years. We understand that
he designs to have these assembled and published in a monograph.
It will, if done, certainly be a unique and valuable addition to the
historical literatvire of our state.

Mr. True C. ^lorrill, the' wide-awake superintendent of schools
in the city of Bangor, a few months ago, sent questionnaires to
teachers of schools in Eastern Elaine, asking that they be answered
by their scholars.

The columns of the Bangor Daily News have been open to Pro-
fessor True for the publication of installments of the answers to
these questionnaires.

The frequent appearance of these has deeply interested all of its
readers and infused in the public mind more love for their own
state and history.

These, if published in book form, would also be of vital interest
to all, and accentuate this good work now in progress in !Maine.

Another leading newspaper, The Portland Sunday Telegram, has
for some time been running: in its columns a "Know Your Own
State" department. Prizes are weekly offered to boys and girls,
for answers received each week.

It is evident that it is doing a most important work for the pub-
lic, teachers and scholars of Portland and vicinity.

It may appear slig^htly egotistical on our part, but we trust that
our readers will pardon us for indulging in a belief that the Journal
has done its "bit" towards this awakening of the people of Maine
to the importance of knowing something about their own history.

EDITORIALS ' ' ^: iii

MILLERITES AND ASCENSION ROBES

One of the Journal's esteemed friends and contributors, Dr. W.
Scott Hill of x\ug-usta, Maine, writes us as follows :

"In the last number of the Journal in the article on the Miller-
ites in Maine, you say 'The popular notion that the ^lillerites pre-
pared ascension robes and wore them when they were expecting
to be caught up, was as far as I know, entirely false.' At that
time my boyhood home was near the village of Sabattersville, as
it was then called. I distinctly remember hearing my father's
hired man telling my parents how a few in the village prepared as-
cension robes and wor.e them, on the appointed day. Of this, fact
I have no doubt."

This question was from the time the writer was ten until past
twenty years of age, a subject of more or less controversy m IMaine.
Newspapers would occasionally print stories regarding the Aliller-
ites using ascension robes, which would soon be vehemently denied
by some Adventist correspondent.

While there may have been rare cases when some silly and ig-
norant ones did this, yet we feel very confident that as a sect, at
least, the leaders did not advise or sanction it. The Adventists
whenever such statements were made branded them false and the
work of "scoffers."

The frontispiece of the last number of the Journal was a picture
of Boarstone Mountain in Elliotsville in Piscataquis County, Maine.
It is from a painting by Samuel J. Guernsey of Cambridge,
Mass., done when he was a boy about the time he graduated from
I'oxcroft Academy. Mr. Guernsey is a Dover (Maine) boy, and
I now holding a high place in the Peabody Institute. He is a brother
of Hon. Frank E. Guernsey, ex-congressman, and now a candidate
i for the U. S. Senate.

FROM GOVERNOR BAXTER

"I received the last number of the Journal, and as usual have read
it with much interest. The article on the Cumberland and Oxford
Canal interested me particularly, for I often walk along what once
^vere its banks."

-y"

SPR-\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Sprague's Journal Publications For Sale

Piscataquis Biography and

Frag-ments .... Spragrue $1.00

Accidental Shooting- in the

Game Seaj^on . . . .Sprag-ue .25

The North-Eastern Bound-
ary Controversy and the
Aroostook War. .Sprague 1.50

Sprague's Journal of Elaine
History. Bound vols. 2-4-
5-6-7-8, each 2.50

Reprints from the Journal

Genealog-y of the Simmons

Family Simmons 2.00

Maine Revolutionary Pen-
sioners. .. .Flagg-'s Index 3.00

Baron De St. Castin

Sprague .75

Maine One Hundred Years

(bound) Sprague .75

Sir Hiram ^laxim. .Spracue .75

Robert Bayley, the First
Schoolmaster in Fal-
mouth (Portland) Maine,
and Some of His De-
scendants Talbot .75

Colonel John Allen, a Maine
Revolutionary Patriot. . .
Sprague .75

David Barker Sprague .75

Engagement of Enterprise

and Boxer (1813), Thayer .75

A Bibliog-raphy of Piscata-
quis County Sprai:ue .50

Loyalists of the Kennebec

Thayer .75

Any of the above named books will be sent postpaid upon the receipt
of the price. Address Sprague's Journal, Dover, Maine, or

A. J. HUSTON, 92 Exchange Street, Portland, Maine.

You Can't Go Wrong

In Boosting Maine Strong

The first real action in the state-wide industrial development for
Maine was started by The Lincoln Worsted Company, where a fine
brick factory is now being erected, and you can not only make a
sound, profitable investment, but, help boom Maine by purchasing at
this time for what you can afford of the 8^r accumulative, preferred
stock, of THE LINCOLN WORSTED COMPANY, and receive what
generally goes to bankers, — a fifty per cent, of bonus, in common
stock. Par value of both classes of stock $10.00 per share.

For further particulars address THE LINCOLN WORSTED
COMPANY, LINCOLN, MAINE, L. J. Coburn, Vice President.

Coin and Stamp Collectors

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

Prices I Pay— of every U. S. Coin
iTOrth over face — 15 cts.

WANTED What are your wants? Perhaps

Rare Coins, Stamps and Curios I can supply them

Stamp Catalogues and other Philatelic and Numismatic
literature at publishers' prices

W. B. GOULD

292 Hammond St.

Bangor, Maine

MAINE INLAND SCENERY

H..

*t^^^^

THE M0XL:MEXT ox top of MT. KATAHDIX, THE HIGHEST

POixT IX :\rAixE

Courtesy of B. & A. R. R.

CONTENTS

Mount Ktaadn Sointrtimes Mount Katahdin 115

The Pettingills I37

O Men o-f Maine ( Poem ) 139

Biographical Sketches of Xatives of Maine Who Have Served in the

Congress of the United States 140

The Crowning Jewel ( Poem ) 156

Hescendants of Thomas Loring in Maine 156

A Canadian Lightening Bug — The "Torj-" Soules 159

Maine History in the Schools 162

Editorials 172

YEARS* he Insurance Man of Somerset Co-

-Never a I'ailure — \cver a Law Suit — What more do you want?

Olember Soo. Col. Wars: Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G.. G. A. R.)
CHARLES FOLSOM-JONES. Skowhegan Maine

We have positive evld'-nce of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

\'oL. X July, August, September, 1922 No. 3

MOUNT KTAADN SOMETIMES MOUNT KATAHDIN

(By Georg^e C. "Wing, Jr.)
A True Relation of an Excursion to ;Mount Katahdin

Friday afternoon, August 26, 1921, a company of seven men and
two women left Staceyville to make the ascent of Mount Katahdin
and to inspect the boundary of the Katahdin Park Game Preserve.
The party was headed by W'ilhs E. Parsons of Foxcroft, Commis-
sioner of Inland Fisheries and Game, and consisted of ^Ir. Parsons
;tnd the following named individuals — David F. Brown, Game
Warden, Green\ille Junction ; Hov.ard \\'ood. Chief Warden, Pat-
ten ; \\\ S. Parsons, Game Warden, Foxcroft; ^Nlyrtice ^I. Oakes
of Foxcroft; Lorita W . Brown of Greenville Junction; Leroy Dud-
ley, Katahdin Guide, Staceyville, and W'ilHam Cunmiings, Team-
ster of Staceyville, and George C. W ing, Jr., of Auburn. As inti-
mated, one object of the expedition was to inspect the marking of
the boundary of the Katahdin Park Game Preserve. To make the
region of the Game Preser\e and the reasons for its existence
definite, the rules and regulations of the Katahdin Park Game
Preserve are shown in a foot note.^ The company assembled at

1 STATE OF MAINE
PUBLIC NOTICE

AFTER DUE Nr)TICE AND PUBLIC HEARING
In conformity with the provir:ion.« of Chapter 219 of the Public Law? of
I'M', a.s amendf-d. and denmingr it for the be.«t intere.st.s of the State, the
Conimi.<.«ionf'r of Inland Fisheries and Came hereb\' promul^irat^s the fol-
lowinir regrulations r»latinL:- to the time.~ and place.s in which and the
circum.«tance.s und»-r which wild bird.- and wild animal.s may be taken in
the ffdlowiner de.=;cribed tract or tei-ritory in Piscataquis County, the .«ame
b«-in;r in unoreranized town.^hips. to wit:

To\vnpliij)s :] nnd 4 in th(^ 'Jth Ran£?e, W. E. L. S.. and the easterly part
of To\vn.<hips .3 and 4 in the I'nh Rang:«^\ W. E. L. S., the complete bound-
arie.< of which are {riven below, .«aid tract or territory to be known a.s
the Katahdin Park Game Preserve.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

Sf-ction I. For a period of four year.>j from the l.st day of August, A. D.,
l'*-l. it .shall be unlawful for any person to hunt, chase, catch, kill or
''e.-^troy any wild bird or wild animal within the •limits of the fol-

ii6 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Elmer Davenport's hotel and store at Staceyville and started for
the farm house of ]M. ^I. Tracey. On the way we picked up Eeroy
Dudley. Wt left the Tracey Farm about one o'clock for the Hunt
Farm in the region called ^lattagamon the East Branch of the
Penobscot River. The trail was through the woods and over an old
logging road about seven miles. Saturday morning, x\ugust 27th, we
left the Hunt Farm about eight o'clock and at this place the party
divided. We had a wagon with a pair of horses and two saddle
horses. Howard Wood took the wagon and the supplies and de-
parted for Katahdin Lake Camps, which was also our destination,
with the teamster by the way of Lunksoos and the Wissataquoik.
Leaving the Hunt Farm we were carried down the East Branch
perhaps one half mile or a mile to a ford at which point the East
Branch was crossed. At this point we entered the Gilpatrick Trail
for Katahdin Lake Camps. Wq walked down the East Branch a
few miles then turned west. The trail was entirely through the
woods and by old logging operations. We ate dinner at noon in
the Third Town in the Seventh Range or the northwest corner of
the Eighth Town in the Seventh Range. W^e continued our walk
all the afternoon and at nightfall we arrived at Katahdin Lake
Camps which we found occupied by two men — one Ralph E. Dorr

lowing described tract or territory situated in the county of Piscataquis,
the same being in unorganized townships, to wit:

Townships 3 and 4 in the [nh iCanue. W. E. L. S., and parts of Town-
ships 3 and 4 in the inth Ran^re, W. E. L. S., bounded as follows: —

Commencing- at the northeast corner of Township 4. Ranue 9 on the east-
erly line of said county of Piscataquis: thence southerly on said easterly
line of the county of Piscataquis twelve miles, more or less, to the south-
easterlj- corner of Township 3. Range 9: thence westerly on the southerly
line of said Township 3. lianue 9 and the southerly line of Township 3.
Range 10, to the wagon road leading from Millinocket to Sourdnahunk
Lake. Thence northwesterly and northerly by said wagon road to where
It crosses Sourdnahunk Stream: thence northerly on said Sourdnahunk
Stream to where said wagon road recrosses said stieam to the easterly
side thereof; thence on .<aid waj-'^on road to the northerly line of Township
4, Range 10: thence easterly on the northerly line to Township 4, Ranue 10,
and the northerly line of Township 4, Range 9, to the point of beginning,
including 85,000 acres, more or less.

It shall al.^o be unlawful for any person to have in possession at any
time any wild bird or wild animal, or part or parts thereof, taken within
the above described territory.

Section 2. So much of the rules and regulations of the Department of
Inland Fisheries and Game previously promulgated prohibiting^ the hunt-
ing or having in po.'^.session any wild birds or wild animals on anv lands
in said Township 3, Range 10, lying westerly of the above describ^^d terri-
tory are hereby revoked.

Section 3. Whoever violates any provi.sion of these rules and reerula-
tions shall be subject to the same penalties as are provided by statute for
the unlawful takiner of or having in possession like wild birds and wild
animals durinir closed season in this state.

Dated at Augusta, Maine, this 1st day of August, A. D., 1921.

WILLIS E. PARSONS.
, Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game.

MT. KTAADX SOMETniES MT. KATAHDIX 117

of Orland and a helper. The distance covered was about twelve

miles. Soon after our arrival Wood and Cummings arrived with

the wagon and supplies. At Katahdin Lake we had a view of
Mount Katahdin to the west. Sunday morning, the 28th of August,
I the day appeared dull, overcast and threatened rain. We started for
Chimney Pond seven miles distant. At Katahdin Lake Camps we
I left Cummings the teamster, packed the supplies and necessary arti-
cles of comfort on the two horses which had come with the party
?^ over the Gilpatrick Trail. We lunched at Sandy Pond Stream and
went into camp at Chimney Pond in the Great South Basin of
Mount Katahdin about four o'clock. The walk from Katahdin Lake
[ Camps to Chimney Pond was through a level, boggy, swampy coun-
f try, the greater portion oi which appeared to be burnt over lands,
I although in certain places we walked on ridges which had good
[ growth on them. At several points we passed and crossed Roaring
I Brook and at other points the trail was rough and difficult. This
! trail crosses the easterly line of the Game Preserve which is also
the easterly line of Piscataquis County. This line was marked
with red paint and ^Iv. Parsons devoted considerable time in fol-
lowing it and giving it careful inspection. ]\londay, the 29th, we
made an early start. The day was somewhat overcast. Our desti-
nation was Pamola Peak which is a high peak in the northeast end
of Katahdin Ridge. We climbed steadily, made Pamola Peak,
ascended the Chimney, crossed the Knife Edge, passed to the South
Peak and to the Monument Peak. We then walked from the ^lon-
ument Peak across the broad land on the top of the mountain
to a point I should say in the center of the table land where we
had our lunch. We then walked northerly until we reached the
Horse Back which divides the Great South Basin from the Xorth
Basin. We descended this Horse Back to a point below timber
hne and here we entered the timber and walked through blow
downs and with hard tra\elling to the Chimney Pond Trail over
^^hich we returned to our camp. The day continued overcast.
From Pamola we could distinguish certain lakes and rivers but
clear atmosphere was lacking and the view which I had so much
anticipated from the top of Katahdin was not obtained. However,
what one misses in one direction is made up in another. On our
return to Chimnev Pond the Great " South Basin was filled with

ii8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

roiling, billowing clouds ; the wind was high and piercing. Pamola
Peak was washed and bathed in great drifts of mist and the Great
South Basin presented a picture of wild and majestic grandeur
unsurpassed. We estimated that we walked between ten and
twelve miles in our trip about the mountain. Tuesday we returned
to Katahdin Lake Camps and Wednesday we returned over the
Gilpatrick Trail to Hunt's Farm v.hich we passed and continued
to Kunkasoo where we spent the night, and Thursday, September
1st, we returned to Staceyville.

•^^^

fr^^Up^ »,,^p,^.^i

t-i/-<i ^ ^^Tii'^isJ i.,:t.,i--'.*^''-»i

••S "'-.

■ "> >

A VIEW OF :\1T. KATAHDIN FROM FOSS AND KXOWLTOX POND

This excursion somewhat cursorily described and during which I
experienced the delightful solemnity of the forest, the exhilaration
of a difficult mountain climb, the freedom of the wind and the sky,
made a deep impression on me. a dweller in cities and an admirer
of industrial life. I had beheld lakes and rivers hidden in the
woods. I had climbed a mountain which is strikingly indixidualistic,
austere, isolated in the landscape and with all most alluring. I be-
came interested in its historv, and such details as I ha\e been able
to collect I now present in the form of brief notes, to such as may

MT. KTAADX SO^IETniES MT. KATAHDIN 119

-r

be interested in Katahdin, because, as it is said in Williamson's
History- of Elaine, \'olume i, Page c;o, "Of the mountains in this
state the first for magnitude and height is The Katahdin."

Gexerai. Descriptioxs axd Statemexts

The first mention of Mount Katahdin appears in IMontresor's
Journal, 1775, printed in \'olume i, Page 456, in the Maine Histori-
cal Society's collection. ^Montresor speaking of the view of the
mountains from ^loosehead Lake says, "As we passed along we
had the pleasure of beholding at the same time the most considerable
mountains in this part of the v.'orld. The Onegnla which I
formerly mentioned, the Panavansot Hill, higher, at the foot of
which runs the Penobscot." In a note, page 466, the Reverend ]vlr.
Ballard says — "The Panavansot Hill is Katahdin at the foot of
which runs the Penobscot."

Williamson's History of Elaine, \^olume i, page 90, describes the
ascent of the mountain as follows : — "Prior to the year 1816 the
ascent was on the west or southwest and equal to the hypotenuse of
an angle generally from 35 degrees to 46 degrees with the horizon,
ragged, difficult and fatiguing, and the distance from the upper
margin of the table lands was not less than two miles in direct
course to the summit, though tract travelled was somewhat spiral
and zigzag. But sometime in that year an enormous declivity about
midside of the mountain slid into a distant vallev ... an event
however, which has rendered the ascent in one of its difficult places
altogether more tolerable and in others more easy."

The description in "Gazeteer of the State of Maine" George J.
\^arney, 1881, is evidently taken from Williamson.

Moses Greenleaf's "A Survey of the State of Elaine" 1829, page
47, describes Katahdin as follows : — "Between the eastern and
western branches of the Penobscot, lies the Katahdin.* This
mountain is famous in the traditionary legends of the aborigines,
for the residence of supernatural beings; but in modern times is
remarkable only for its physical features; its almost isolated situa-

• "The name of this mountain ha? been variously written. The Indian
pronunciation would probablv be better expressed by the letters Ktaadn,
all in one syllable with the sound of a as in father, but this pronunciation
•s nt'xt to impossible for ortcans ao^-ustomed only to English: it is written
therefore in such a manner as will most naturally express in English form
the nearest approximation to the Indian Sound."

I20 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :^IAIXE HISTORY

tion, the steepness and ruggedness of its sides, and its great eleva-
tion. Various estimates of its height have been made by different
persons, none of which perhaps are perfectly accurate. ]Mr. Loring.
United States surveyor under the treaty of Ghent, deduces the
height from a series of barometrical observations in 1820. taken by
himself and ]\Ir. Odell, surveyor on the part of Great Britain, and
gives the result as 4,685 feet from the level of the west branch of
Penobscot River, at the confluence of the Abuoljokomegassic. This
is distant about 5 or 6 miles in a horizontal line from the summit
of the mountain, and would make its average ascent from the river
to the summit to be about 500 feet per mile. The elevation of the
surface of the Penobscot at this place, Mr. Loring computes at
650 feet, making the whole height of Katahdin from the level of
the sea, 5,335 feet. — From a series of observations made in 1828,
from ]\Iount A\^aldo, in Frankfort to \\'illiamsburgh. and thence to
Katahdin, its height is computed to be 5,623 feet. Other reported
accounts, but from what data is not known, give it from 6,000 to
6,400 feet."

Record of Ascents

Williamson states that the first ascent of the mountain was in
August, 1804 and was made by seven gentlemen from Bangor and
Orono with two Indians for guides. They ascended the Penobscot
to head of boat navigation in a limpid stream "which received its
principal supply from the sides of the mountain and a gully towards
its top." They found wild fruits, ate freely of them, attained the
summit at five P. M. Were there two hours. It is stated in
Williamson that the elevation affected their respiration. They de-
scended to spruce grov.th where they passed the night. Several
were sick, owing to the fruits. They thought the mountain must be
10,000 feet in height but the surveyors under the Fourth Article
of the Treaty of Ghent made its altitude from the bed of the
River Abalajackomegus and its foot to be only 4,685 feet. Xote on
page go of Williamson states that "General Joseph Treat supposes
Katahdin is about as high as the white Hills. M. Greenleaf, Esq.,
computes the height at 5,623 feet. Survey, Page 47." This refer-
ence in Williamson to the ascent in 1804 is undoubtedly to the
excursion made by Charles Turner, Jr., Esq. Charles Turner, Jr.,
Esq., is described in Massachusetts Historical Society proceedings,

MT. KTAADX SOMETIMES MT. KATAHDIX 121

1879- 1880, Volume 17, Page 206, as "being born in Duxbury, June
20, 1760. His father was for twenty years Alinister of Duxbury.
Charles Turner, Jr., is described as a general favorite — First Post
Master of Scituate, ^^lember of both branches of the Legislature;
in 1808, Congressman ; 1824, Steward of the U. S. Alarine Hospital
at Chelsea. He died at Scituate, May 16, 1839 — 79 years old. In
1802, Charles Turner, Jr., was a surveyor and in this capacity en-
gaged in locating the grants and sales of what were known as
Eastern Lands. The summer of 1804 was one of the seasons in

;^h"

>-^'

'x^:K

^*^/-k

FISHING IS GOOD IX SOURDXAHUXK STREAM IF YOU

WILL DO IT THUS

which he was employed in the interior and north of the District of
Maine as surveyor. The summer of 1804 he ascended Katahdin.
His description of his excursion is printed in the ^Massachusetts His-
torical Society collection. Second Series, Volume 8, Page 112, and it
is believed that this description of Charles Turner, Jr., is the first
printed description of an ascent of Mount Katahdin. So interesting
is it that I quote it in full.

"A description of X'atardin or Catardin Mounting — Being an ex-
tract from a letter, written by Charles Turner, Jun., Esq. in the

122 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

summer of 1804, which was one of the several seasons in which
he has been employed in the interior, and north of the District of
Maine, as a Surveyor.

"On Monday, x-\ugust 13th, 1804, at 8 o'clock A. M., we left our
canoes at the head of boat-waters, in a small clear stream of
spring water, which came in different rivulets from the mountain,
the principal of which (as we afterwards found) issued from a
large gully near the top of the mountain. Catardin is the souther-
most and highest of a collection of eight or ten mountains, extend-
ing from it northeast and northwest. Round this mountain, on the
west, south and east sides is a table land extending about four miles,
rising gradually to the foot of the mountain. This table land is

much elevated and overlooks all the country except the mountains ;
when viewed from the mountain however, it appears like a plane.

Leaving the table land, and following a ridge, we endeavoured to
gain the summit, at the west end, which appeared most easy of ac-
cess. From the head of the table land, which we considered as the
base of the mountain, we ascended on an elevation, making an
angle with the horizon of from 35 to 46 degrees, about two miles.
This mountain is composed of rocks, which appear to have been
broken or split. The rocks, except at and near the top, are of a
coarse grain, of light grey colour, and most of them are crumbling,
and of these crumbles the soil, if such it may be called, is composed.
The rocks near the top are of finer contexture and of a bluish
colour. The table land was formerly covered with wood of
various kinds ; with hard woods near the streams where the soil
was good; but with spruce in other parts, the trees lessening in
height as we approached and ascended the mountain, until they
became dwarfs of only two feet in height, and finally came to
nothing at about a half mile from the summit. The rocks and
soil in the ascent were covered with a deep green moss. The table
land and mountain on the south and east have been burnt over, and
are entirely bare, except near the springs and streams. The ridge
between the streams on the west seemed to have escaped the fire,
and this circumstance enabled us to ascend with great facility. The
south and east sides were from their steepness inaccessible. Having
reached the top, we found ourselves on a plane of rocks with
coarse gravel in the interstices, and the whole covered with a
dead bluish moss. This plane, the westerly part of which was very

MT. KTAADN SOMETIMES MT. KATAHDIN 123

smooth, and descending a little to the northward, contained about
eight hundred acres. The elevation was so great as sensibly to effect
respiration. The day was very calm and sultry, and our toil so
great, that when we had found several springs of very clear, cold
water, our company were inclined to drink of them too freely.
Some felt the ill effects immediately, and others were taken with
vomiting in the course of the night following; indeed our whole
company, which consisted of eleven, found, on the following morn-
ing, our throats sore and inflamed. Whether this arose wholly from
some ill quality in the water, or partly from eating a variety of
fruits, such as raspberries, blue whortleberries, black currants, box-
berries and bog cranberries, which we found in abundance from
the place where we left our boats to near the top, we could not
determine. Though to us, in our thirsty and fatigued condition,
the pure spring brought to our minds the fabled nectar of the
poets, yet we found that it had a very perceptible astringent quality,
and appeared to be impregnated with minerals.

"Having arrived at the highest point, which is towards the east
end, we found ourselves above all the mountains within our horizon.
We could not determine our actual elevation, not having instru-
ments, nor being otherwise prepared to measure the height of the
mountain. From this point our view was enchanting; the air,
however, had, during the day, become a little smoky, which pre-
vented our distinguishing distant objects with that clearness which
we could have wished. The plane or the top of the mountain, being
nearly a mile and a half in length, would have afforded a base or
leg, by which, with correct instruments, we might have determined
with a great degree of exactness, the situation and distances of all
the principal highlands and mountains in the District of Maine, and
the situation and extent of the principal lakes. Here we could see,
due north from us, the lake or cross pond, which is the main reser-
voir of the Aroostook branch of St. John's River, and several
smaller lakes. Here we could see, bearing N. \V. the lake at the
head of St. John's River (the lake that is sketched on our maps of
the District of Maine, N. W. from Moosehead Lake.) West from
us, we could see the south end of Moosehead Lake, and N. N. W^ its
north end, a chain of small mountains lying N. of Piscataquis ^foun-
tains, preventing our seeing its centre. Near the westerly part of

124 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

the mountain, which is connected with the Catardin, we could see
Cheesauncook Lake, extending N. N. E. and S. S. W. about twenty
miles long and live miles broad, which empties into the Penobscot ;
and south of it, a large lake N. of the E. end of the Piscataquis
Mountains, which empties into the Piscataquis River. We counted
sixty-three lakes of different dimensions which discharge their
waters by the Penobscot. S. \V. from us lay the Piscataquis
Mountains, extending E. and \\\ nearly, from the Penobscot to the
Kennebec; and N. of the lands surveyed, lay a small ridge of
mountains, about twenty miles N. of the Piscataquis Mountains.
Amongst the collection of mountains near the Catardin, is one
lying N. N. W. called by the English Fort Mountain, from its
shape ; its base being an oblong square or parallelogram, extending
N. E. and S. \V. and ascending at the sides and ends in an angle of
about 45 degrees to a sharp ridge ; which ridge is about one mile
in length, and is covered with verdure. North of Fort ^lountain
appears an irregular mountain, on the S. side of which, and near
the top, appears an extensive ledge of smooth white rock which
glittered like isinglass. We could clearly discern the high lands,
from the Bay of Chaleur westerly, which divide the District of
Maine from the Province of Quebec. E. N. E. from us lay Peaked
Mountain, over which Bingham's easterly line runs. Blount Desert
was also distinctly in view. W'e could discern the range of high
fertile lands extending N. and S. between the Penobscot and Scoodic
waters ; and those between the Penobscot and Aroostook waters, and
St. John's River. But the sun was now declining in the west, and
we took leave of the summit of the mountain, after having deposited
the initials of our names (William Howe, Amos Patten, Joseph
Treat, Samuel Call, William Rice, Richard W^inslow, Charles Turn-
er, Jun.) and the date, cut upon sheet lead, and a bottle of rum
corked and leaded, on the highest part. We descended the mountain
with cautious steps, until we came among the low spruces, and the
next dav at noon we reached our canoes.

"It is difficult by any orthography, precisely to express the name
of this mountain, and convey the nasal sound which the natives
give. No-tar-dn or Ca-ta-din is as near perhaps as the powers of
the letters will admit.

"The Indians have a superstition respecting this mountain, that

MT. KTAADX SOMETHIES MT. KATAHDIN 125

an evil spirit, whom they call Pamola, inhabits it, at least in the
winter, and flies off in the spring with tremendous rumbling noises.
They have a tradition, that no person, i. e., native, who has attempted
to ascend it, has lived to return. They allege, that many moons ago,
seven Indians * resokitely ascended the m.ountain, and that they
were never heard of afterwards, having been undoubtedly killed by

k." ■».^ -;" '»'■. A, " * - ...

,,, A. • ■:. ..^^ -

m7 '^ ^* .' -

1 ■- ' . VJ

•'C-.i^tK

- ,^

>,■.:

... %* i

^ i^

sr/.

^-.,.

-^> )^'-S4.:

>■

■^-.•-■y

■•'■.,i

■,4fy.

THE CA\'E OX THE TP.AIL KRO>r KIDNEY POND

TO MT. KATAHDIN •

Pamola in the mountain. The two Indians, whom we hired to pilot
and assist us in ascending the mountain, cautioned us not to pro-
ceed if we should hear any uncommon noise; and when we came
to the cold part of the mountain, they refused to proceed ahead—
however, when they found that we were determined to proceed,
even without them, they again went forward courageously, and

i^.'- '■

126 SPIL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF AIAINE HISTORY

seemed ambitious to be ifirst on the summit. On our return to In-
dian Old Town, it was with difficuky that we could convince the
natives that we had been upon the top of Mount Catardin, nor
should we have been able to satisfy them of the fact, so supersti-
tious were they, had it not been for the Indians wKo had accom-
panied us.".

The State of Alaine has had two geological surveys ; the first sur-
vey authorized by Act of the Legislature, Alarch 21, 1836, resulting
in three reports — the first December i, 1836, the second, February
22, 1837, the third February 13, 1839. The second survey author-
ized by Act of the Legislature, ^vlarch 16, 1861, the report of which
is in the report of the Secretary of the Board of x\gTiculture, Sixth
Annual Report of the Elaine Board of Agriculture. In 1890, the
geological department of Colby L^niversity published a catalogue of
Elaine Geological Collections with a brief outline history of the
two surveys of the State by W. S. Bailey, Ph. D., Professor of
Geologv' in Colby University, and T. P. King, student in geolog}-.

The next recorded ascent of Katahdin is by Dr. Charles T. Jack-
son, employed in the first geological survey above referred to. The
report of Dr. Jackson's ascent of Katahdin is not found in the three
reports above referred to, but is found in the "Second Annual Re-
port of the Geology of Public Lands belonging to the two states of
Massachusetts and Maine" by C. T. Jackson, Geological Surveyor,
and is addressed to his Excellency, Edward Everett, Governor of
^Massachusetts. This report was also published in ^Maine under the
same title and is addressed to his Excellency, Edward Kent, Gov-
ernor of Maine, and was printed in Augusta, in 1838. In this
report Dr. Jackson records that "on the 9th of September, 1837, Mr.
Larrabee and myself returned to Bangor where v.e found ^Ir.
Hodge, the Assistant for Massachusetts awaiting our arrival, after
having made his excursion through the public lands to Canada. We
there made preparations for a journey to Mount Katahdin by the
route of the West Branch of the Penobscot River through ?vlilli-
nocket and Parmidumcook Lakes to the base of the Mountain.
The objects of this survey were to make a sectional view of the
banks of the Penobscot and to measure the altitude of Blount
Ktaadn which, as its aboriginal name signifies, is the highest moun-
tain in the state." The report describes the employment of the

MT. KTAADX SOAIETLMES MT. KATAHDIX 127

Indian, Peol ]\Iichael, the provisions of hard bread and pork, the
purchase of a birch canoe and a hght bateau. The 13th of Septem-
ber, the party camped at X"o-ma-ka-nock Island. At this place the
Indian, Peol ^lichael cut his leg with a hatchet and was taken to
Matanawcook Island, where an Indian, Louis Neptune, was em-
ployed to take his place. The 17th of September, the party was
at Xichatow — the Forks — and the i8th the party began the ascent
of the West Branch. From Alillinocket Lake a view of Ktaadn is
thus described — 'AMiile I was engaged in noting the bearings of
this Mountain, the clouds suddenly darted down upon its summit and
concealed it from view while we could observe that a violent snow
storm was paying homage to Pamola, the demon of the mountain.
Presently the storm ceased and the clouds having paid their tribute
passed on, and left the mountain white with snow. This took place
on the 20th of September." On the 22nd of September the party
prepared for ascending the mountain. The course was directed
towards second western side. They were clad in red flannel shirts
and camped half way up the mountain. The 23rd the party started
for the summit. "Snow and sleet drove fiercely against us and
our clothing being wet began to freeze." Two of the party turned
back. The Indian, Louis X'^eptune, placed stones along the path, in
order to more readily find the way down the mountain. At 10
A. M. they reached the table land "where the wind, driving snow
and hail rendered it almost impossible to proceed, but at length
reached the central peak." They estimated that the true altitude of
Mount Ktaadn above the level of the sea is 5,300 feet. "When the
operation (ascertaining the altitude) was completed, finding it was
impossible to make any geological researches amid such a furious
northeast snow storm, we set out on our return from this region of
clouds and snow. Louis declared that Pamola was angry with us
for presuming to measure the height of the ^lountain and revenged
himself upon us by this storm." The descent was made by the
path previously marked by Louis. "Clouds and darkness hung upon
the mountain's brow and the cold blast almost deprived us of
breath." Encrusted with snow the party made its descent, sliding
carefully upon the surface of the rocks. "Our boatmen upon
reaching the head of the slide tumbled down large blocks of granite
that descended with a tremendous fracas, dashing the rocks into

128 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

fragments as they bounded along." Upon returning to their moun-
tain side camp, I\Ir. Larrabee and two men pushed on to the river
and the rest of the men encamped on the mountain side without
food, amid a driving snow storm. On the morning of the 24th the
descent continued, the company enfeebled by hunger, privation and
fatigue. At the base they found chokecherries and blueberries
which they ate and later found relief from an exploring party of
two young men of \\-hom they bought twenty biscuits, a ration of
two biscuits to a man.

The next recorded ascent of Katahdin resulted in literature, a
permanent and famous contribution — that of David Henry Thoreau
in September, 1846, reported in his A'olume "The ^^laine W^oods".
"The Maine Woods" is the classic description of an ascent of
Katahdin. In that volume Thoreau says — ''Ktaadin whose name is
an Indian one signifying highest land was first ascended by white
men in 1804. It was visited by Professor J. W. Bailey of \\^est
Point in 1836, by Charles T. Jackson, the State Geologist in 1837,
and by two young men from Boston in 1845."

I have already discussed the Jackson and Turner ascent and

Professor Bailey's ascent mentioned by Thoreau is described as an

"Account of an excursion to ]\Iount Katahdin, Maine, by J. W.

Bailey, Acting Professor of Chemistry, U. S. ^Military Academy,

West Point," printed in Elaine Monthly Alagazine. \'olume i, page

544, a foot note to which states that the article is extracted from

Silliman's Journal. The Bailey account is valuable with relation to

the geolog}' and botany of Katahdin. Mr. Bailey experienced rain.

like many other adventurers upon the mountain and did not, like

his companions, attain the top. It has an interesting contradiction

of Williamson as to the effects of the altitude. The article is

dated August 31, 1836, and the excursion was made in that month
and year.

As a result of the legislation providing for a second geological
survey Resolve, March 16, 1861, we ha\'e the record of an interest-
ing ascent of Katahdin by C. H. Hitchcock, Geologist, in that year,
reported p 3^3, Sixth Annual Report of the Secretary of the Maine
Board of Agriculture al.-o known as Board of Agriculture Scientific
Survey, and also entitled Agriculture and Geology of Elaine, Sec-
ond Series, 1861. The report records that the party left Mr. Hunt's

i»^*-

MT. KTAADN SOMETHIES MT. KATAHDIN .129

August 13, and proceeded via \\'issataquoik. At noon of the
fourteenth they were at Katahdin Pond in Xo. 3 R 8, 790 feet
above Hunt's farm. They ascended the valley of Avalanche Brook
on the south side of the mountain. Passing up this valley the 15th.
they went up a great slide. At the top of the slide they gained the
great ridge called the "Horseback" and came to the Chimney.
"This is a steep conical peak rising suddenly from the ridge of
towards 80 feet in height but is so steep that we were obliged to
assist one another in climbing . . . Having gained the top we
found ourselves upon the ridge constituting the highland of the
mountain. Its top is undulating, there being several 'chimneys'
to pass over before finally arriving at the very highest point. \\'e
traveled at least three fourths of a mile along a very narrow ridge
whose top was often only a foot wide, while on both sides we
could look down for 3,000 feet over precipices too steep to be
descended with safety." "The general course of the ridge com-
posing the top of r^Iount Katahdin as seen from the summit is that
of nearly a complete circle which is broken on one side. The in-
terior of this arc is called the Basin which is a hollow 3,000 feet
deep, on one side of which is a pond directly under the chimney,
and for this reason called 'Chimney Pond.' They descended into
the Basin, camped at Chimney Pond, and thence proceeded via
Roaring Brook to Katahdin Pond and thence to Hunt's farm,
where they arrived the afternoon of August 17th. The mountain,
according to the best observation, is 5,385 feet above the ocean."

A noteworthy and memorable excursion to Katahdin took place
in August, 1920, and is reported Lewiston Journal, ^lagazine Sec-
tion, issue of October 2, 1920. The party consisted of the follow-
ing: "A. G. S.", Arthur G. Staples of Auburn, editor of Lewiston
Journal, Burt Howe of Patten, Percival P. Baxter of Portland,
Charles P. Barnes of Houlton, Charles H. Fogg of Houlton, Xat
Howe of Ashland, George ^I. Houghton of Bangor, Willis E. Par-
sons of Foxcroft, Howard Wood of Greenville, Rod Dudley of
Staceyville, E. J. Parker of Patten, Oscar Smith, John T. Mitchell,
John Falkins, Lorenzo Hanscom, and Sam E. Connor of Lewiston.
This newspaper story, with its pictures and its rare descriptions,
has served to awaken and renew the interest of the public in
Katahdin and to stimulate the project to make a state park of the
Katahdin Region.

I30 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Other Sketches and Accounts of Visits and Journeys to

Mount Katahdin

Atlantic Monthly, 1862, Volume 10, p. 686, in a contribution
"Life in the Open Air" by the author of ''Cecil Dreeme," John
Brent has a description of an ascent by the Abol route.

Scribner's ^lagazine, 1850, A'olume 11, p. 499, has a description
of the Abol ascent in an article called "The Lake Country of New
England" and states "This narrow ridge running from cone to cone
describes a semi-circle and Ktaadn thus encloses within its heart of
broken rock a great gulf of awful depth".

The Lewiston Journal in its ^Magazine Section, October 6, 1917,
has "Climbing ]\It. Katahdin, the Sentinel of the Elaine Woods",
by C. L. Knight.

The Sunday Herald, Boston, November 16, 1919, has "Climbing
Ktaadn" — "The best mountain in the wildest wild to be had on
this side the American continent", by ^lervin J. Curl. This descrip-
tion is claimed to be the first record of an ascent by a newspaper
writer, and its value is enhanced by two pages of pictures in the
rotogravure section of the same edition.

The Evening Post, New York, October i, 1920, has a description
of an excursion made by Mellinger E. Henry of Ridgeheld, New
Jersey, in 1916, who with his father, a man more than 70 years of
age, attained the summit of the mountain without guides via Hunt's
Trail.

Foreword, issue of October 2, 1020, No. 40, has a descriptive
story with cuts "}^Iount Ktaadn" by William Francis Dawson, and
the same periodical for April 2, 192 1, No. 14, has another sketch
"Ktaadn Revisited" by W^m. F. Dawson, with pleasing photographs.

The Lewiston Journal in its magazine section, July 30, 1921, has
a description by P. G. Canham of a trip headed by "Cap" Davis of
Greenville, a lad ten years old and five Auburn men who made the
ascent of the mountain from the west.

"In the Maine Woods, 192 1". a Bangor and Aroostook Railroad
publication has "O'er Katahdin's Rugged Sides", by Sam E. Connor,
"Mt. Katahdin's Magic Allurement", by Frederick Bulkeley Hyde,
"Some Notes on the W'est Branch Canoe Trip and an Ascent of
Mt. Katahdin", by R. G. Davis, "The Mt. Katahdin Country",
unsigned.

MT. KTAADX SOMETIMES :MT. KATAHDIX 131

The Appalachian ^lountain Club publication, Appalachia, has the
following, "The Routes to Ktaadn", by Professor Charles Hamlin,
Vol. 2, p. 306-331, 18S1 ; "Excursion Xorth of Ktaadn", \^ol. 3, Xo.
3 ; "An Autumn Visit to the Sourdnahunk ^Mountains and Ktaadn",
Vol. 4, Xo. I ; "Ktaadn Basin" Excursion, 18S6, A'ol. 5, X^o. i ;
"Explorations in the Mcinity of Ktaadn", \^ol. 5, X'o. 2 ; "Xotes on
Recent Visit to Ktaadn", \'ol. 8, Xo. 2 ; "An Early Ascent", by
Edward Everett Hale, Vol. 9, Xo. 4; "A Winter Ascent of Mt.
Ktaadn," Vol. 13, Xo. 3; "The West Branch Route to Mt. Ktaadn,"
Frederic S. Davenport, A'ol. 14, p. 340; "The Eastern x\pproach to
Mt. Ktaadn," W. F. Dawson, \^ol. 14, p. 353.

Hunt Farm

The many references to Hunt Farm on the East Branch of
Penobscot may lead the reader to be interested in the following
description of that place.

The Report of an Exploration and Survey of the territory on
the Aroostook River during the Spring and Autumn of 1838, by
E. Holmes, has the following, p. 10.

"Around the mount of this stream ( Wissataquoik) is a large
body of intervale 4and, while on the opposite side on the east the
land rises gradually into a large swell covered with hard wood.
Two settlers, ^lessrs. Hunt and Dace, have got very good farms
under cultivation here. They are at present the highest up of any
on this bank of the Penobscot and are the last inhabitants that the
traveller finds as he proceeds up the river."

Second Annual Report of the Geolog}' of the Public Lands, by
C. T. Jackson, under date, October 6, 1837, has the following:

"Arrived at Mr. William Hunt's, twenty-four miles above Xick-
atow and passed the night there. This gentleman has prepared for
himself at this place a very good farm on which he raises supplies
of provisions for the lumber cutters. He has dwelt here five years
and has brought the soil into a good state of cultivation and during
the present summer has raised one hundred bushels of wheat and an
abundance of potatoes and hay." > .

Names— Ktaadx — Katahdix— Pamola

William Willis, in a study of "The Language of the Abnaquies
or Eastern Indians," published in IMaine Historical Society Collec-

132 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY

tion, \^ol. 4, p. 105, gives "Ktaadn Sockbasin, pronounced thus —
Ka-tah-din — and said it meant large mountain or large thing."
Sockbasin is quoted p. 103 as "an intelligent Indian of the Penobscot
tribe, gave me the definition of several Indian terms in 1840."

The C. H. Hitchcock description of ^It. Katahdin, before re-
ferred to p. 39S, Sixth Annual Report of Secretary of ]\Iaine
Board of Agriculture has the following : —

"There is a very high peak northeast of Katahdin, near the
northeast end of the ridge which has a very broad sloping summit.
As this has no name, we venture to suggest that it be called ]\Iount
Pamola from the nanie of the Indian Deity of the mountains. The
Indians formerly supposed that Pamola would be very angry if

Of*

. ■ - «^ - ; . -— J • jc . ■ ^-

' •' ii:v • "* -» ■ -• '*.'•.'■ -^-"i. i* j-^ ''ilia. ''^ -i ^

ON THE THOROUGHFARE BETWEEN MUD POND
AND CHAMEERLAIN LAKE

any person attempted to climb the mountain ; hence like Mt. Wash-
ington, the top of Katahdin was considered sacred. The Indian
with Dr. Jackson when he visited the mountain 25 years ago, de-
clared Pamola sent the violent snow storm upon him for presuming
to measure the height of the mountain."

Situation

A- G. Xorcross, C. E., Maine Forestry Department, who compiled
Map of Mt. Katahdin Region, Piscataquis County, Maine, January,
1920, places the mountain proper in townships 3 and 4, Range 9,
but adds that part of its western slope is in township 3, Range 10.
In whatever township it may be, the mountain is within the limits
of Piscataquis County.

.-K^*

##■■■.<■

MT. KTAADN SOMETIMES ^IT. KATAHDIN 133

^ " Elevation

Greenleaf's Survey of ^Nlaiiie, 1S20, p. 47, gives 5,335 and 5,623.

Second Annual Report of the Geology of the Public Lands be-
longing to the States of Elaine and ^lassachusetts, 1838, by C. T.
Jackson, p. 17,- gives 5,300.

Sixth Report of Secretary of Elaine Board of Agriculture, 1861,
2nd Series Scientific Survey, p. 358, gives 5,385.

Geological }vlap of Xorthern Maine, by C. H. Hitchcock, 1862,
printed in Scientific Survey, above, at p. 376, gives 5,385.

Varney's Gazeteer, 1881, gives 5,385.

Colby's Atlas of Elaine, 1814, gives 5,248.

Bangor 8z Aroostook Railroad Publication "In the Maine Woods
192 1," in a sketch map by Parker B. Field, reproduced by permis-
sion of Appalachian Mountain Club gives 5,273.

- f

Pictures and PiioTOGRArns

William F. Dawson of Lynn, ^Massachusetts, has many copy-
righted photographs of the mountain.

B. L. Call of Dexter, ]\Iaine, has made many splendid photo-
graphs for the Bangor and Aroostook Railroad.

Sam E. Connor of Lewiston, Maine, has collection of photo-
graphs, many of which have been published in newspaper descrip-
tions.

Frederick Bulkeley Hyde of Washington, D. C, has made photo-
graphs which have appeared in published descriptions of the moun-
tain.

The following rare plates and prints are of interest.

Plate VII, ]\Iount Ktaadn, from W. Butterfield's (Oct. 8, 1836)
near the Grand Schoodic Lake, accompanying First Report on the
Geology of the State of ]\Iaine. Also appears in Atlas of Plates
accompanying first report.

Second Annual Report on the Geology of the Public Lands be-
longing to the States of Maine and Massachusetts has

1. V^iew of ^It. Ktaadn bearing X. 2y degrees E. from W^est
Branch of Penobscot.

2. View of !Mt. Ktaadn from the summit of Sugar-loaf Mt.
bearing S. 6 degrees W.

134 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Kataiidix as a Public Park

The first reference to the mountain as a pubhc resort appeared
in Sixth Annual Report of Secretary of ]Maine Board of Agricul-
ture, otherwise Scientific Survey, 1861, p. 399, and is as follows:

"The path travelled by us from the Hunt farm to the top of
Katahdin was struck out by Air. Keep, to whom the state donated
a quarter of a township in consideration of his services upon the
mountain lands. If a good carriage road could be built from the
Hunt farm to Chimney Pond in the Basin, and a good foot or
bridle path from there to the summit, an immense number of visi-
tors would be attracted to Alt. Katahdin, especially if a Hotel
should be built at Chimney Pond, the most romantic spot for a
dwelling house in the whole state. As the roads are now con-
structed, it is easier for travellers to ascend from the west branch of
the Penobscot, because less time is required away from the wcter.
With the roads thus constructed travellers would hardly know that
they v/ere climbing a high mountain. With the present conven-
iences, lovers of adventure and recreation will find a trip to Aliunt
Katahdin invigorating and fraught with pleasure."

Mr. Keep, above mentioned, was the Reverend Alarcus R. Keep
of Ashland, wlio is described p. 339 of the report, as one "who has
done so much as a pioneer explorer of Katahdin and made known to
the public the characteristics of that grand old mountain in regard
to the sublime and extensive prospect seen from its summit, its
peculiar geological structure and the rugged toil required to ascent
to its pinnacle."

Honorable Frank E. Guernsey, AI. C, April 17th, 1916, intro-
duced in Congress a bill authorizing the Secretary of .\g.iculture to
examine, locate and report to National Forest Reservation Com-
mission for purchase such lands in the region of Mt. Katahdin as
in his judgment may be suitable for a National Park. This bill
v/as endorsed by Alaine Sportsmen's Fish and Game Association.
Comment was made on this Act in Sprague's Journal of Alaine
History, Vol. 4, p. 37, and endorsed by editorial in that publ'cation.
Vol. 4, No. I, June, 1916.

The influence of Lewiston Journal story "Katahdin— the Highest
Mountain in the Wildest Part of New England — The Story, of a
Seventy-five Alile Trip to its Summit told in Plain Prose with

MT. KTAADX SOMETIMES MT. KATAHDIN 135

^.lany Adventures" by "A. G. S." — Artliur G. Staples of Auburn,
issue of October 2, 1920, has been noted, but attention is again
directed to it as bearing on the project to make Katahdin a pubHc
reservation.

Percival P. Baxter, President of the Senate, gave an address
"Mount Katahdin State Park" at the Annual Meeting of the
Maine Sportsmen's Fish and Game Association, January 27, 1921,
in Augusta. ^Vlr. Baxter brilliantly described the mountain, outlined
the project for the proposed park and made an earnest appeal for
its creation. The address was ordered printed by the Senate and
its pages are quickened by plates from the photographs of William
F. Dawson. ]\Ir. Baxter, as Governor, in his messages to the 80th
Maine Legislature, February 9, and Alarch 10, 192 1, directed atten-
tion to the purchase of the mountain for use as a State Park, and a
measure for the establishment of a park in the region of Blount
Katahdin appeared in the 80th Elaine Legislature, but it failed to
pass.

In 1921-2 the citizens of Piscataquis county petitioned \\'illis E.
Parsons, Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game, to establish
a Katahdin Park game preserve, which was done.

The boundaries of this preserve were changed somewhat, from
the original survey. The following is an exact description of its
tinal location : ' . . • . .

J March 31, 1922.

On the foregoing petition of John F. Sprague and others, after
due notice and full hearing, it is hereby ordered and decreed that the
j)rayer of the petitioners be granted and that due notice of the
same be given and rules and regulations be promulgated as fol-
lows : —

STATE OF MAINE
PUBLIC NOTICE

In conformity with the provisions of Chapter 219, of the Public
Laws of 191 7, as amended, and deeming it for the best interests of
the State, the Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game hereby
promulgates the following rules and regulations relating to the times
and places in which and the circumstances under which wild birds
and wild animals may be taken in the following described tract or
territory in Piscataquis County, the same being in unorganized town-
'*^hips, to wit :

136 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Townships 3 and 4 in the 9th Range, W. E. L. S. and a part of
Townships 3 and 4 in the loth Range, W. E. L. S., and a part of
Township 4, Range 11, W. E. L. S., the complete boundaries of
which are given below, said tract or territory to be known as tl"ie
Katahdin Park Game Preserve.

RULES AND REGULATIONS

Section i. For a period of four years from the ist day of ^lay,
A. D., 1922, it shall be unlawful for any person to hunt, chase,
catch, kill or destroy any wild bird or wild animal within the
limits of the following described tract or territory situated in the
county of Piscataquis, the same being in unorganized townships, to
wit: —

Townships 3 and 4 in the 9th Range, W. E. L. S., and parts of
Townships 3 and 4 in the loth Range, W. E. L. S., and a part of
Township 4, Range 11, W. E. L. S., bounded as follows: —

Commencing at the northeast corner of Township 4, Range 9, on
the easterly line of the county of Piscataquis; thence southerly on
the easterly line of the county of Piscataquis, twelve miles, more or
less, to the southeasterly corner of Township 3, Range 9 ; thence
westerly on the southerly line of said Township 3, Range 9, and
Township 3, Range 10 eleven miles, more or less, to Sourdnahunk
Lake, twelve miles, more or less, to the north line of Township 4,
Range 10; thence easterly along the northerly line of Township 4,
Range 10, and Township 4, Range 9, twelve miles more or less, to
point of beginning, including 90,000 acres, more or less. It shall
be unlawful for any person to have in possession at any time any
wild bird or wild animal, or part or parts thereof, taken within the
above described territory.

Section 2. Whoever violates any provision of these rules and
regulations shall be subject to the same penalties as are provided by
statute for the unlawful taking of or having in possession like wild
birds and wild animals in this state.

Dated at Augusta, Maine, this 31st day of ]\Iarch, A. D., 1922.

WILLIS E. PARSONS,
Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game.

Ackno\vledt?mr-nt i.s hereby made of courtesies which have made these
notes possible rrom

Massachusetts Historical Society. >raine Statf I^ibrarv.

Maine Historical Society. Auburn Public Library.

Department of Inland i-'isheries and Game. Willis E. Parsons, Com-
missioner.

THE PETTIXGILLS 137

THE PETTINGILLS

(From an interview with George S. Potting-ill in the Lewiston Journal)

"The first Pettingill to come to this country was Richard, who
came from England to Salem while the witchcraft craze was in
full blast. Then came his son INIatthew, and ^latthew the second,
Abraham Pettingill was next in line and then came David and son
David. This David Pettingill was my great grandfather and he
was the second man to come to Lewiston, following Paul Hildredth
within a few months. He settled on the Webster road, a short dis-
tance out of the present city and the old house still stands. Then
came John, and his son John was my father, my son Arthur is the
next generation and his two daughters, Hillis and Arlette, are the
last of the name.

"The David Pettingill who first came to Lewiston lived here
alone in a camp one winter. ^Irs. Paul Hildredth came to visit
them and while she was there her house was burned. Hildredth and
his wife then went to New Gloucester for the winter and David
Pettingill and his wife remained in Lewiston alone. One day
while grandfather David was gone, an Indian came to the camp and
wanted to come in. She was a brave woman and at once gave the
savage welcome. He proved to be a friendly Indian and a scout
with old Joe Weir, the famous Indian fighter. In a short time Joe
Jepson, another scout, came and the two nearly ate her out of
house and home. Her husband soon came and the three men were
ample protection to grandmother, had she needed any protection,
'""nee then the Pettingills have been a numerous family until the
present generation.

A part of the Deputy Inspectors of Fish for the State of Maine
in the year 1822 were :

Portland. Anthony Fernald, Anthony Knight, Samuel Chase.

Rath, Jonas Smith, James Foster.

Hallowell, ]\Ioses Palmer.

Gardiner, Aaron Perkins.

Georgetown. James Riggs, Closes Riggs, Thomas Emmons.

Edgecomb, Closes Jewett, Samuel Tarbox, John Hodgdon, Jr.,
William P. Harding.

Roothbay, Renjamin Hodgdon, Tyler Hodgdon, Thomas Pierce,
Ebenezer Decker.

138 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

"I have always admired the sturdy character of the early men
of business in Lewiston. Chief among them all was John P. Frye.
He was a noble type of man, and there have been few like him.
Among the prominent public men, William Pitt Fessenden took the
lead. What a contrast with today ! Those men were not governed
by the commercial spirit, as so many public men now are.

THE THOMAS RUGGLES HOUSE AT COLUMBIA FALLS,

MAINE

(Contributed by Hon. C. B. Donworth of Machias)

There is standing in Columbia Falls an ancient edifice known as
the Thomas Ruggles house, and was built in i8 18-19. For many
years it was conspicuous as being the most artistic interiorly finished
house east of Bangor, and in past years has been an object of inter-
est-to antiquarians. It still stands practically the same as when
built over icxd years ago, although considerably dilapidated. The
descendants of Thomas Ruggles, residing in Columbia Falls late
last year organized a corporation known as Ruggles Historical
Society, and the heirs of Elizabeth Ruggles have presented the
property to the society. - . •.

COPY OF RECITAL In deed Rebecca W. Wilson et als (Heirs
of Elizabeth Ruggles) to Ruggles Historical Society, a corporation
located at Columbia Falls in Washington County, which deed con-
veyed the old Ruggles house and lot situated in Columbia Falls.
Deed dated January 16, 1922, recorded in Washington Registry in
book 351, page 91.

COPY OF RECITAL APPENDED TO DESCRIPTION.
"The described premises are part of the real estate that was con-
veyed to Thomas Ruggles by Nathan Bucknam by deed dated Nov-
ember 29, A. D., 18 1 7, and recorded in the Registry of Deeds for

said county of Washington in book 10, page 255, and upon which
said described parcel said Thomas Ruggles erected in 1S18-19, the
said dwelling house, still standing on its original site, and which
dwelling house v/as the residence of said Thomas during the re-
mainder of his life, and after his death the residence of his son

THE THO:^lAS RUGGLES HOUSE 139

I'rederick A. Ruggles, and later of the latter's daughter, the said
Elizabeth Ruggles. The said dwelling house has long been an ob-
ject of historic interest. Ever since its erection it has been a
noted structure, and earlv became famous for its stately and

' ^ _ ml

dignified exterior and for it artistic interior finish and elaborate
ornamentation, standing practically unaltered for more than a cen-
tury, a monument to the social prominence and refined taste of said
Thomas Ruggles. The grantee, Ruggles Historical Society, having
been organized in his honor and to perpetuate his memory, it is
•Peculiarly fitting that the title should now rest in said Society to the
end that said historic structure may become the home of said
. ganization. "" " .

RUGGLES HISTORICAL SOCIETY is a corporation organ-
ized at Columbia Falls, on December 20, 1821, by the descendrnts of
Thomas Ruggles, to wit: John P. Crandon," Charles F. Wilson,
George W. Bucknam, Fred F- Crandon, Eva A. Bucknani,\Mary R.
Chandler, Grace E. Crandon, Bertha" AI. Chandler and ^larcia E.
Crandon, all of Columbia Falls, Jolin. P. Crandon is President,
Fred F. Crandon, \ . President, Charles F. Wilson, treasurer, and
Mary' R: 'Chandler, 'Clerk and Corresponding; Secretary, Certifi-
cate of organization is- recorded in .Corporation book H, page 380,
of Washington County Records. • ' . ' v, .■ . ,' . .^ •

:• -'\.

(

"^ ,'"

■t '

- ^ O MEN OF MAINE

O men of Maine ! we celebrate ,. "«

A race, of honest, gifted minds; '
We praise the. true, the good.and great. - :--
.fj'o group of nobler, loyal kinds,- ~ . - -
■With mission more predestinate • • •-
Than men of Maine.

O men of Maine ! three hundred years
, Of soldiers, poets, men of state,
Who held the coast, who conquered fears.
Who builded sure. We venerate
Tho.^e lives, the deeds ; those hopes and tears
Of men of Maine.

I40 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Women of Elaine! who shared those deeds,
We share with thee great gratitude ;
Still by thy help the State succeeds,
With thy wise aid is hope renewed ;
In work and peace with thee Elaine leads —
Women of Maine.

— Justin Henry Shaw.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF NATIVES OF MAINE
WHO HAVE SERVED IN THE CONGRESS OF THE

UNITED STATES

(By John C. Stewart)
(Continued from Vol. 10, No. 2, p. 96)

Speaker of the Kansas house of representatives in 1872; elected as
a Republican to the Forty-third Congress (March 4, 1873-March
3, 1875) ; died in Kansas City, Kansas, August 24, 1878.

Coburn, Stephen, a Representative from Maine; born in Bloom-
field, now Skowhegan, November 11, 1817; graduated from Water-
ville, now Colby, college in 1839; studied law and was admitted to
the bar in 1845; practiced in Skowhegan; member of the state
board of education 1849- 1852; elected as a Republican to the Thirty-
sixth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Israel W^ashburn, Jr., and served from January 2, 1861, to March
3, 1861 ; drowned in Skowhegan, July 4, 1882.

Comstock, Solomon Gilman, a Representative from Minnesota ;
born in Argyle, ^lay 9, 1842; educated in Maine Wesleyan seminary
at Kent's Hill ; studied law and was admitted to the bar ; located at
Moorhead, Alinnesota, in 1870; attorney for Clay county 1870-
1878; member of the state house of representatives 1875, 1876, 1878,
1879, 1880 and 1881 ; state senator 1882-1888; elected as a Repub-
lican to the Fifty-first Congress (March 4, 1889-March 3, 1891):
resumed the practice of law in Moorhead; member state normal
school board 1807-1905 ; member board of regents of the Univer-
sity of Minnesota.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 141

Cutts, Richard, a Representative from the District of ]\Iaine
before the separation from ^Massachusetts ; born on Cutts Island,
Saco, June 28, 1771 ; graduated from Harvard college in 1790;
studied law; engaged in commercial pursuits; member of the Mas-
sachusetts state house of representatives in 1799 and 1800; elected
as a Democrat to the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and
Twelfth Congresses (March 4, 1801-March 3, 1813) ; defeated for
election to the Thirteenth Congress ; appointed superintendent gen-
eral of military supplies ^larch 4, 1913, which office he held until
March 3, 1917, when he was appointed Second ComptroUor of the
Treasury, which position he held until 1829; died in Washington,
D. C, April 7, 1845.

Davis, Samuel, a Representative from the District of Maine
before the separation from Massachusetts; born in Bath, in 1774;
engaged in mercantile pursuits; member of ^Massachusetts state
house of representatrves in 1803 and 1808-1812; elected as a
Federalist to the Thirteenth Congress ( ^larch 4, 1813-^Iarch 5^
1815) ; again a member of ^lassachusetts state house of representa-
tives 1815 and 1816; died in Bath, April 17, 1831.

Deering, Nathaniel Cobb, a Representative from Iowa ; bom in
Denmark, September 22, 1827 ; attended the common schools and
North Bridgton academ.y; member of state legislature 1855-1856;
moved to Osage, Iowa, 1857; for several years a clerk in the
United States Senate resigning in 1865 ; that same year was ap-
pointed a special agent of the Post Office Department for the dis-
trict of Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, and served until 1869,
when he resigned ; appointed national bank examiner for the state of
Iowa in 1872, which position he held until February, 1877; elected
as a Republican to the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh
Congresses (March 4, 1877-lMarch 3, 1883) ; died in Osage, Iowa,
December 11, 1887. . \ ' _ , ' '

Din^ley, Nelson, Jr., a Representative from Elaine; born in Dur-
ham, Fcbrunn,' 15, 1832; graduated from Dartmouth college in
t8^3 : studied law and was admitted to the bar but left the profes-
sion to become proprietor and editor of the Lewiston Journal in

142 SPRAG JE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

1856; member of the state house of representatives 1862-1865, iStS
and 1873; speaker of the house in 1863 and 1864; governor of
Maine in 1874 and 1875 ; delegate to the national Republican con-
vention in 1876; elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh Con-
gress September 12, 1881, to till the vacancy caused by the resigna-
tion of William P. Frye; re-elected to the n-ine succeeding Con-
gresses, and served from December 5, 1881, until his death; chair-
man of the Committee of Ways and Cleans during the Fifty-fourth
and Fifty-fifth Congresses; died in Washington, D. C, January 13,
1889. --- ■- . .- ' - - :■: • .-.

Doan, William, a Representative from Ohio ; horn in Maine but
place and date are not given ; his residence in Ohio is not given ;
elected as a. Democrat to -the Twenty^sixtli and ■ Twenty-seventh
Congresses (March 4, 1839-March 3, 1843) \ <^ate and place .of
death not stated^- ' '" .-...

f . • - \ ^ _ • - ' — -;: -.:: V -\

«^ \ Dryden, John. Fairfield, a Senator from New. Jersey; born in or

- hear Farmington, August 7, 1839 ' moved with his parents to ^las-

sachusetts, fitted for college at Worcester, ^Massachusetts, and

graduated from Yale college in 1865 ; made a special study of life

insurance and, in 1875, at J\"ewark, - Ne^v Jersey, .originated and

-L founded" the Prudential insurance company of America becoming

it's first secretary, and,! in 1881, its president; one of the founders of

the Fidelity trust company; identified with the management of

various ' street railways", banks and other financial enterprises in

'♦New' Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania; presidential elector in

'-1896 and 1900; elected as a Republican to the United States Senate

• to fill thfe vacancy caused b}' the death of .W^illiam J. Sewell, and

served from January 6, 1902, to March 3, 1907; died in Newark,

New Jersey, N'ovember 24, 191 1.

Dunlap, Robert PInckney, a Representative from !Maine ; born i'l
Brunswick, August 17, 1794; graduated from Bowdoin collec:c in
181.S ; studied law, admitted to the bar in 1818 and beg?n prartice
in Brunswick; member of the state liouse of representatives 1821-
1823; member of the state senate 1823-1832; president of the eenate
four years ; member of the executive council in 1833; governor

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 143

1834-1838; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-
ninth Congresses (^larch 4, 1843-jMarch 3, 1847) » collector of cus-
toms, Portland, 1848-1849; president of the board of overseers of
Bowdoin college; died in Brunswick, October 20, 1859.

Dunnell, Mark Hill, a Representative from ^linnesota; born in
Buxton, July 2, 1823; graduated from Colby college in 1849; prin-
cipal of Norway and Hebron academies five years ; member of
Elaine house of representatives in 1854 and of the state senate in
1855 ' state superintendent of common schools in 1855, 1857, 1858
and 1859 ; delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1856
at Philadelphia; commenced the practice of law in Portland in i860;
entered the Union armv as colonel of the fifth Maine infantrv in
1861 ; United States consul to \'era Cruz, Mexico, in 1862 ; removed
to Minnesota in January, 1865 ; member of Minnesota house of
representatives in 1867; state superintendent of public instruction
from April, 1867, to August, 1870; elected as a Republican to the
Forty-second and to the five succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1871-
^larch 3, 1883) i re-elected to the Fifty-first Congress (March 4,
1889-March 3, 1891) ; located in Washington, D. C, died in Owa-
tonna, Minnesota, August 9, 1904.

Eastman, Ben C, a Representative from A\''isconsin ; born in
Strong, October 24, 1812; attended the public schools, studied law,
was admitted to the bar and practiced in Elaine and New York
City; moved to Platteville, Wisconsin, in 1840; secretary of the leg-
islative council of Wisconsin Territory 1843-1846; elected as a
Democrat to the Thirty-second and Thirty-third Congresses (March
4, 185 1 -March 3, 1855) ; died in Platteville, Wisconsin, February
2, 1856.

Evans, George, a Representative and Senator from Maine : born
in Hallowell. January 12, 1797; graduated from Bowdoin college in
1815; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1818; member of
the state house of representatives and served as speaker in 1829;
elected to the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-
fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses (^March 4, 1829-
March 3, 1841) ; elected as a Whig to the United States Senate and

144 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

served from ^larch 4, 1841, until ^larcli 3, 1847; defeated for re-
election; member of the commission to ascertain the claims against
Mexico 1849-1850; attorney general of Maine 1850, 1854 and 1856;
died in Hallowell, April 5, 1867.

Fairfield, John, a Representative and Senator from Maine ; born
in Saco, January 30, 1797; received a limited schooling; studied law
and was admitted to the bar in 1826; appointed reporter of the state
supreme court in 1832; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty- fourth
and Twenty-hfth Congresses (March 4, 1835-March 3, 1839") ; gov-
ernor of Maine, 1839-1843 ; elected to the United States Senate to
fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Reuel Williams ; re-
elected, and served from March 4, 1843, ^^i^til his death in Washing-
ton, D. C, December 24, 1847.

Farley, Ephraim Wilder, a Representative from Maine : born in
Newcastle, August 29, 1817; graduated from Bowdoin college in
1836; studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice in
Newcastle; member of the state house of representatives in 1843 ^^^
1851-1853; elected as a ^^ hig to the Thirty-third Congress (March
4, 1855-^Iarch 3, 1857) ; defeated for the Thirty-fourth Congress;
member of the state senate in 1856; died in Newcastle, April 3, 1880.

Farwell, Nathan Allen, a Senator from ]\Iaine ; born in Unity,
February 24, 1812 ; attended the public schools ; studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar and began practice in Rockland ; member of the
state house of representatives in i860, 1863 and 1864; member of
the state senate in 1853, 1854, 1861 and 1862; president of the
state senate in 1862; delegate to the National Republican Convention
in Baltimore in 1864; appointed to the United States Senate to fill
the vacancy caused by the resignation of William Pitt Fessenden ;
subsequently elected to fdl the \ccancy and served from October zj,
1864, to March 3, 1865; delegate to the Philadelphia Loyalist con-
vention in 1866; died in Rockland, December 9, 1893.

Felch, x\lpheus, a Senator from Michigan ; born in Limerick,
September 28, 1806; pre[)ared for college in Phillips Exeter academy
and graduated from Bowdoin college in 1827; studied law. was ad-

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 145

niitted to the bar and practiced iir Houlton 1830-1S33; moved to
Monroe, Michigan, in 1833, and continued practice; represented
Monroe county in the state legislature in 1835, ^^3^ ^"<i ^^37 > ^tate
bank commissioner 1838- 1839, and rendered great service in stamp-
ing out the so-called "wild-cat" banks; auditor general of the state
in 1842; appointed associate justice of the iNIichigan supreme court
in 1842; removed to Ann Arbor, ^lichigan, in 1843 > elected go\ernor
as a Democrat in 1845 ; served as governor from January 5, 1846, to
^larch 3, 1847, ^vhen he resigned to take his seat in the United
States Senate; served as Senator from March 4, 1847, to ^larch 3,
1853 ; president of the commission to settle Spanish and ^^lexican
war claims 1853-1856; died in Ann Arbor, ^Michigan, June 13, 1896.

Fessenden, Samuel Clement, a Representative from Maine ; born in
Xew Gloucester, March 7, 1815; graduated from Bowdoin college
in 1834, and from Bangor theological seminary in 1837; was or-
dained and installed as pastor of the Second Congregational church,
Rockland, the same year and served until 1856; studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar and began practice in Rockland in 1858; appointed
judge of the Rockland municipal court; elected as a Republican to
the Thirty-seventh Congress (March 4, 1861-March 3, 1863) ; ex-
aminer in the United States patent office 1865-1879; United States
consul at St. John, Xew Brunswick, 1879-1881 ; died at Stamford,
Connecticut, April 18, 1882.

Fessenden, Thomas Amory Deblois, a Representative from Alaine ;
born in Portland, January 23, 1826 ; graduated from Bowdoin col-
lege in 1845 '■ studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice
in Auburn in 1S48; delegate to the Rei)ublican National Convention
in 1856; member of the state house of representatives in i860 and
1868; county attorney for Androscoggin county 1861-1862; elected
as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress to fill the \'acancy
caused by the resignation of Charles W. Walton, and served from
December i, 1862, to March 3, 1863; died in Auburn, September
2S, 1868.

Fletcher, Loren, a Representative from Minnesota; born in Mount
Vernon, April 10, 1833 ; attended the public schools and ^Maine A\\\s-

146 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

leyan seminary; removed to Bangor in 1853 and was employed by a
lumber company; moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1856, and
engaged in mercantile and manufacturing pursuits, chiefly in lumber
and flour; elected to the state legislature in 1872, and was seven
times re-elected, serving the three last terms as speaker ; elected as
a Republican to the Fifty-third, Fifty-fourth, Fifty-flfth, Fifty-sixth
and Fifty-seventh Congresses (March 4, 1893-^Iarch 3, 1903) ; re-
sides (1911) in Minneapolis, ^linnesota.

Flye, Edwin, a Representative from Maine ; born in Newcastle,
March 4, 1817; prepared for college but engaged in mercantile pur-
suits and shipbuilding; was a member of the state house of repre-
sentatives in 1S58 ; many years president of First National bank of
Damariscotta ; delegate to the Republican National Convention in
1876; elected as a Republican to the Forty-fourth Congress to hll
the vacancy caused by the resignation of James G. Blaine, and
served from December 4, 1876, to March 3, 1877; died

Foster, Stephen Clark, a Representative from Maine ; born in
Machias, December 24, 1799; attended the public schools, learned
the blacksmith trade and became a ship builder; member of the
state house of representatives 1834-1837 and in 1847; member and
president of the state senate in 1840; elected as a Republican to
the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1857-^rarch
3, 1861) ; died in Pembroke, October 6, 1872.

Frye, William Pierce, a Representative and Senator from Maine;
born in Lewiston, September 2, 1831 ; graduated from Bowdoin
college in 1850; studied law, was admitted to the bar and prac-
ticed in Lewiston; member of the legislature in 1861, 1862 and
1867; mayor of Lewiston, 1866-1867; attorney general of Maine,
1867-1869; elected a trustee of Bowdoin college in June, 1880;
presidential elector in 1864; delegate to the Republican National
Conventions in 1872, 1876 and 1880; elected chairman of the Repub-
lican state committee in 188 1 ; elected as a Republican to the Forty-
second, and to the five succeeding Congresses, and served from
March 4, 1871, to March 17, 1881, when he resigned; elected to
the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna-

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 147

tion of James G. Blaine ; re-elected in 1SS3, 1889, 1895, 1901 and
1907, and served from March iS, 1881, until his death; elected
President of the Senate pro tempore February 7, 1896; re-elected
^larch 7, 1901, and December 5, 1907, and served until his death;
member of the commission which met in Paris, France, September,
1898, to adjust terms of peace between the United States and
Spain; died in Lewiston, August 8, 191 1.

Gerry, Elbridge, a Representative from ]Maine ; born in Water-
ford, December 6, 181 3; studied law and was admitted to the bar
in 1839; began practice in W'aterford ; clerk of the state house of
representatives in 1840; county attorney for Oxford county in
1842 and 1843; niember of the state house of representatives in
1846; elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-first Congress (March
4, 1849-March 3, 185 1 ) ; moved to Portland and practiced his pro-
fession until his death, April 10, 1886.

Gibson, Paris, a Senator from Montana; born in Brownfield,
July I, 1830; graduated from Bowdoin college in 185 1 ; member of
the state legislature; located in Minneapolis, ^Minnesota, in 1858;
built the first flour mill in the city with W. W. Eastman ; later
built and operated the "Xorth Star" woolen mill in Minneapolis;
located in Fort Benton, Montana, in 1879, where he became inter-
ested in the first flock of sheep driven into northern ^lontana ;
founded the city of Great Falls in 1882 and was its first mayor;
delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1889; elected to
the state senate in 1890; elected as a Democrat to the United
States Senate, March 7, 1901, to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of William A. Clark, and served from ^larch 7, 1901,
to March 3, 1905.

Gooch, Daniel Wheelwright, a Representative from Massachu-
setts; born in Wells, January 8, 1820; graduated from Dartmouth
college in 1843; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1846;
practiced in Boston, Massachusetts; member of the state house of
representatives in 1852 and of the state constitutional convention in
1853; elected as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth,
Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth and Thirty-ninth Congresses, and

:"'•-., f •

148 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

served from ]\Iarcli 4, 1857, to September i, 1865; did not take his
seat in the Thirty-ninth Congress as he had been appointed navv
agent of the port of Boston in 1865 ; President Johnson removed
him from that office in less than a year ; re-elected to the Fortv-
third Congress (]\Iarch 4, 1873-March 3, 1875) ; defeated for re-
election to the Forty-fourth Congress; pension agent in Boston,
iMassachuselts, 1876-1886; died in Alelrose, ^Massachusetts, Novem-
ber II, 1891.

Goodwin, John Noble, a Representative from Maine and a dele-
gate from Arizona Territory; born in South Berwick, October 18,
1824; graduated from Dartmouth college in 1844; studied law, ad-
mitted to the bar in 1848, and began practice in South Berwick;
member of the ^^laine state senate in 1854; elected as a Republican
from Maine to the Thirty-seventh Congress (]\Iarch 4, i86i-]\Iarch
3, 1863) ; mo\ed to Arizona Territory in 1863, having been appoint-
ed chief justice of the territory, which position he held until
September, 1865; appointed governor of the territory February 2,
1864, and resigned in September, 1865 ; elected as a Republican
delegate from Arizona Territory to the Thirty-ninth Congress
(March 4, 1865-AIarch 3, 1867) ; resumed the practice of law in
New York city; died in Paraiso Springs, California, April 29,
1887.

Grovcr, La Fayette, a Representative and Senator from Oregon;
born in Bethel, November 29, 1823; attended Gould's academy,
Bethel, and Bowdoin college 1844-1846; studied law in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, and was admitted to the bar in 1850; moved to
Oregon in August, 1851, and l^egan practice in Salem; elected by the
territorial legislature prosecuting attorney for the second judicial
district, and as auditor of public accounts for the territory, 185 1-
1852; member of the legislature in 1852; ai)i)ointed by the Depart-
ment of the Interior as a commissioner to audit the spoliation
claims growing out of the Rogue River Indian war in 1854; again
a member of the legislature in 1855 and speaker of the house; ap-
pointed by the Secretary of War a member of the board of com-
missioners to audit the Indian war exj)enses of Oregon and \\'ash-
ington in 1856 ; delegate to the convention which framed the con-

«?■ ■ v.- ^ ■•'■.•- f-.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 149

stitution of Oregon in 1857; elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-
titth Congress and took his seat February 15, 1859, serving until
March 3, 1859; governor of Oregon, 1870-1877, when he resigned;
elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from
March 4, 1877, to ]\Iarch 3, 1883; died in Portland, Oregon, May
10, 1911.

Guernsey, Frank Edward, a Representative from IMaine ; born in
Dover, October 15, 1866; attended the common schools, Foxcroft
academy. Eastern Maine conference seminary in Bucksport, Elaine
W'eslevan seminarv at Kent's Hill and Eastman's business colles^e,
Poughkeepsie, Xew York ; studied law and was admitted to the bar
in Dover in 1890; treasurer of Piscataquis county 1890-1896; mem-
ber of the state house of representatives 1897-1899; member of
the state senate in 1903 ; delegate to the Republican National Con-
vention in Chicago in 1908; elected as a Republican to the Sixtieth
Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Llewellyn
Powers ; re-elected to the Sixty-first Congress and ser\ed from
December 7, 1908, to ^^larch 3, 191 1. Re-elected to the Sixty-
second Congress.

Hale, Eugene, a Representative and Senator from ]Maine ; born
in Turner, June 9, 1836 ; completed a preparatory course but did
not enter college ; studied law in Portland, was admitted to the bar
in 1857 and began practice in Ellsworth; was nine successive years
county attorney for Hancock county; member of the state house of
representatives in 1867, 1868 and 1880; elected as a Republican to
the Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-third, Forty-fourth and Forty-
fifth Congresses (March 4. 1869-^Iarch 3, 1879) ; declined the ap-
pointment of Postmaster General in 1874; delegate to the Republi-
can National Conventions in 1868, 1876 and 1880; declined a cabinet
portfolio tendered by President Hayes; elected as a Republican to
the United States Senate in 1881 and re-elected in 1887, 1893, 1899
and 1905; served from March 4, 1881, to ]\Larch 3, 191 1; member
of the National Monetary Commission ; died in Washington, D. C.

Hall, William A., a Representative from Missouri ; born in
Maine (date and place not stated) ; went to Mrginia and then to

ISO SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Missouri in 1841 ; presidential elector in 1844; judge of the circuit
court in 1847 » delegate to the state constitutional convention in
1861, elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh Congress to till
the vacancy caused by the expulsion of John B. Clark ; re-elected
to the Thirty-eighth Congress and served from January 20, 1862,
to Alarch 3, 1865 ; delegate to the Democratic national convention in
Chicago in 1864.

Hamlin, Hannibal, a Representative and Senator from Alaine ;
born in Paris, August 2^, 1809; prepared for college but, because
of the death of his father, was obliged to take charge of the home
farm until he became of age ; in a printing office for a year as a
compositor; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and
began practice in Hampden and continued until 1848; member of
the state house of representatives in 1836, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1840
and 1847, ^"^^ served as speaker in 1837, 1839 and 1840; elected as
a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses
(March 4, 1843-^Iarch 3, 1847) J elected as a Democrat to the
United States Senate in 1848. to fill the vacancy caused by the death
of John Fairfield; re-elected in 1851 and served from ^lay 26, 1848,
to January 7, 1857, when he resigned having been elected governor
as a Republican ; resigned the governorship a month later, having
been elected United States Senator as a Republican, and served
from ]\Iarch 4, 1857, to January 17, 1861, when he resigned; elected
Vice President on the RepubHcan ticket with Abraham Lincoln,
and presided over the Senate from }^Iarch 4, 1861, to !March 3,
1865 r appointed collector of the Port of Boston, ^Massachusetts, in
1865 b^^t resigned in 1866; again elected as a Republican to the
United States Senate in 1869; re-elected in 1875, and served from
March 4, 1869 until March 3, 1881 ; United States ^Minister to
Spain 1881-1882; chosen a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in
1870; died in Bangor, July 4, 1891.

Hammons, David, a Representative from Maine; born in Oxford
county (town not given), May 12, 1808; attended the public
schools, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and began
practice in Lovell ; member of the state senate in 1840-1841 ; elected
as a Democrat to the Thirtieth Congress (March 4, 1847-March 3,
1849) ; resumed practice in Bethel and died there November 7,
1888.

BIOGIL\PHICAL SKETCHES 151

Hammons, Joseph, a Representative from New Hampshire ; born
in Cornish, ^larch 3, 1787; attended the pubhc schools, studied
medicine and began practice in Farmington, Xew Hampshire ;
elected to the Twenty-tirst and Twenty-second Congresses (]\Iarch
4, 1829-March 3, 1833) ; postmaster at Dover, N. H., 1833-1836; died
in Farmington, X. H., March 29, 1836.

Harper, Joseph Merrill, a Representative from New Hampshire ;
bom in Limerick, June 21, 1787; attended the public schools,
studied medicine aiid began practice in Canterbury, New Hamp-
shire, in 1811;. served in the war of 1S12 as assistant surgeon in
the fourth infantry; member of the state house of representatives
in 1826 and 1827; served in the state senate 1829-1830, the last year
as president of the senate and ex-officio governor from February
until June, 183 1 ; relected as a Democrat to the Twenty-second and
Tweoty-third Congresses (^larch 4, 183 1 -March 3, 1835) ; died in
Canterbury, New Hampshire, January 15, 1865.

• '^Herrick, Aaron, a Representative from New York ; born in
Lewistom, January' 21," 1812; attended the public schools ; became
a prfnfer; established ''The "Citizen" at Wiscasset in 1833; moved
to New York City in 1836; established the "New York Atlas" in
1838, which he continued until his death; alderman -.1854-1^56;
naval store keeper for the Port of New York 1857-1861 ; elected
as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress (March 4, iS63-]March
'*3,' 1865) ; delegate to the- National Union Convention In ' Philadel-
phia in 1866; died in New York City, February 5, 1868.

" : Herrick, Ebenezer, a Representative from Maine; born in Lin-
coln "county •(•town not given), -'October 21, 1785; attended the
publix:- 'schools; member of the state constitutional convention in
1820, and of the state senate the same year; elected to the Seven-
teenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Congresses (March 4, 1821-
March 3, 1827); state senator 1828-1829; died in Lewiston, May
7, 1839.

< .. ''-

Hersev", Samuel Freeman,, a Representative from Maine; born
in Sumner, April 12, 1812; graduated from Hebron academy in

152 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ^lAIXE HISTORY

183 1 ; engaged in banking and lumber business in Elaine, Alinnesota
and Wisconsin; member of the state legislature in Elaine in 1842^
1857, 1865, 1S67 and 1869, and of the executive council in 185 1
and 1852; delegate to the Republican National Conventions in i86a
and 1864; elected as a Republican to the Forty-third Congress and
served from ^larch 4, 1873, until his death in Bangor, February

3> 1875-

Hilborn, Samuel Greeley, a Representative from California ; bom
in Minot, December 9, 1834; attended the common schools, Hebron
academy, Gould's academy at Bethel and graduated from Tufts
college in 1859; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1861, and
located in \^a]lejo, Solano county, California ; member of the sen-
ate of that state 1875-1879; member of the constitutional conven-
tion of 1879; appointed United States district attorney for the dis-
trict of California in 1883 and moved to San Francisco ; located in
Oakland in 1887; elected as a Republican to the Fift>'-second Con-
gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Joseph ^Ic-
Kenna; re-elected to the Fifty-third Congress but his seat was suc-
cessfully contested by \\'arren B. English on April 4, 1894; re-elect-
ed to the Fifty- fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses and served from
December 5, 1892, to ^larch 3, 1899; died in Washington, D. C.^
April 19, 1899.

Hill, Mark Langdon, a Representative from Maine; bom in.
Biddeford, June 30, 1772; attended the public schools; served in.
both branches of the ^Massachusetts legislature before the separa-
tion of Elaine from that state; judge of the court of commort
pleas in 1810; elected a Representative from Massachusetts for the
District of Maine to the Sixteenth Congress (March 4, 18 19-
March 3, 1821); elected from Maine to the Seventeenth Congress.
(March 4, 1821-March 3, 1823); postmaster at Phippsburg; col-
lector of customs at Bath ; overseer of Bowdoin college severaf
years; died in Phippsburg, November 26, 1842.

Holland, Cornelius, a Representative from Maine ; born in Maine
(place not given) July 9, 1783; studied medicine and practiced in.
Canton; a delegate to the constitutional convention in 18 19; m€m~

BIOGR.\PHICAL SKETCHES " 153

ber of the state house of representatives in 1820 and 182 1 ; member
of the state senate in 1822, 1825 and 1826; elected to the Twenty-
first Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
James \\\ Ripley; re-elected to the Twenty-second Congress, and

served from December 6, 1830, to March 3, 1833 ; died in Canton,
June 2, 1870.

Howard, Volney E., a Representative from Texas ; born in Nor-
ridgewock about 1808; studied law, was admitted to the bar, moved
to Mississippi and began practice in Vicksburg; was several years
editor of the ''Mississippian''; fought duels with Sergeant S. Pren-
tiss and Alexander V, ]\IcXutt; moved to San Antonio, Texas, in
1847 »' elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-first and Thirty-second
Congresses (^larch 4, 1849-^Iarch 3, 1853) ; sent on a mission to
California by the President and took up his residence in that state ;
died in Santa Monica, California, May 14, 1889.

Howe, Timothy Otis ; a Senator from Wisconsin ; born in Liver-
more, February 24, 1816; studied law, was admitted to the bar and
practiced; served one term in the state legislature; moved to Wis-
consin in 1845 > elected judge of the circuit and supreme courts of
Wisconsin in 1850 and resigned in 1855 ; elected as a Union Repub-
lican to the United States Senate and was twice re-elected, serving
from. I^Iarch 4, 1861, to ^larch 3, 1879; appointed one of the dele-
gates to the International ^lonetary Conference in Paris, France, in
1881 ; appointed Postmaster General, December 20, 1881, took
charge of the office January 5, 1882, and served until his death in
Kenosha, Wisconsin, February 25, 1883.

Ilsley, Daniel, a Representative from the District of Maine prior
to the separation from Massachusetts ; born in Falmouth, now
Portland, ^lay 30, 1740; received a liberal schooling; became a
distiller; major and mustering officer at Falmouth; member of the
Massachusetts state convention that adopted the Federal constitu-
tion ; elected as a Democrat to the Tenth Congress (March 4, 1807-
March 3, 1809) ; <^ied in Portland, ^lay 10, 1913.

Jewett, Daniel Tarbox, a Senator from Missouri ; born in Pitts-
field, September 14, 1807; graduated from Harvard law school,

154 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

admitted to the bar in Maine and practiced in Bangor; city solicitor
1834-1837; engaged with his brother, Albert G. Jewett, in operating
a steamboat line on the Chargres river, Isthmus of Panama, 1850-
1853; went to California and engaged in gold mining two years;
returned to Bangor and practiced law until 1857; moved to St.
Louis, IMissouri, in 1857 and continued in practice; one .of the
organizers of the Republican party in ]Missouri ; member of the
state legislature in 1866; appointed as a Republican to the United
States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Charles D. Drake, and served from December 19, 1870, to January

20, 1871 ; resumed practice and died in St. Louis, October 7, 1907.

Kavanagh, Edward, a Representative from Maine ; born in
Newcastle, April 2'/-, 1795 ; attended Georgetown college, D. C,
and graduated from the ^lontreal seminary in 1820; studied law,
was admitted to the. bar, and began practice in Damaris.cotta ; mem-
ber of the state house of representatives 1826-1828; secretary of
the state' senate in 1830; state senator and president of the senate
,i842-i8'43; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-second and Twen-
ty-third Congresses (March 4, 1831-^Iarch 3, 1835) ; defeated for
^ the Twenty-fourth" Congress; appointed ' by President Jackson
'charge d'affaires to Portugal, March"3, 1835, and served until- 1841 ;
one of the joint commission on the Northeastern boundary in 1842 ;
acting: governor of ]Maine 1843-1844; died in Newcastle, Ja'nuary

21, 1844. _ ■ - - =?'•. !;-/-'H'' " : '' - •'

. . • (To be Continued) . - ' ' • •,.*,;/- .; .^' "

V-' . ^

A REAL SON OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN

MAINE

The Official Bulletin of the National Society, S. A. R. in its June (-1922)
issue says: - .; _ . . ' ■

The Maine Society boasts among its members, Osborne T. x\llen,
the only real son of the American Revolution now living in Maine,
who was born when his father, James Allen, was 74 years old.
He was the youngest of 14 children. The eldest Allen did not die
until he was nearly 105, so that Osborne T. Allen was about 30
years old at the time of his father's death.

A REAL SON OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 155

Mr. Allen has heard his father tell of incidents of the Battle of
Trenton, of fighting at Fort Griswold, and of a seven days' march
when he was forced to go without shoes during the latter part of
the distance, his feet swollen and bleeding from the hardships of
the journey; also of the War of 1812, in which he fought.

His father was born in New London, Conn., and was only 14
years old when he went into George Washington's army. When
he first came to Maine he settled in Scarboro, where he married
Abigail Berry, his first wife. He then lived eight years in Port-
land, and from that city moved to Canton, where he has spent the
greater part of his life.

From his father he acquired some musical training and inherited
in no small degree his musical talent. He learned to play the
violin when a boy and played the horn in an army band during the
Civil War, in which he saw active service.

Mr. Allen was at Antietam, Gettysburg, Saint Alary's Heights,
PVedericksburg, ^Missionary Ridge, and Chancellorsville. On the
march from Gettysburg to Rappahannock Station he sustained a
sunstroke, which sent him to the hospital and finally home. Two
brothers, Charles D. and Lorenzo W., also served in the war with
him.

Some two years ago the Elaine Sons of the American Revolution
appointed Justice A. M. Spear, of Gardiner; E. Converse Leach, of
Portland, and O. B. Clason, of Gardiner, as a committee to go be-
fore the Legislature and obtain an appropriation of $600 from the
State for the purpose of erecting a bronze tablet on the Maine
marker at Valley Forge in commemoration of the Maine soldiers
who lost their lives in the Revolutionar}^ War, to replace the old
one, the funds at the time the first was erected not being sufficient
to place a satisfactory one there. The committee was successful
and the money was appropriated. The Maine Society then ap-
pointed a committee to attend to all the details, and the result is a
beautiful memorial, bearing the seal of Elaine, a pine and a cone,
together with a suitable inscription written by ex-Governor Cobb.

Governor Baxter has authorized Chairman Berry to proceed with
the work, provided it does not cost more than the amount appro-
priated, $600. The metal to be used is regulation U. S. statuary
bronze, which is the highest grade that there can be produced for
the work. It is expected that the memorial will be placed in posi-
tion some time in July.

156 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

This year the Sons of the American Revolution and the Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution participated in the ^lemorial Dav
Exercises. The following members of the former order have been
selected as a committee to assist in the plans for the observance
of the day: James AI. L. Bates, \Mlliam R. Gay, and \\'alter Wood.

THE CROWNING JEWEL

I view with pride each shining state,

I marvel at their beauty;
Serene and glorious and great —

My homage is love's duty.

Each state a jewel, the whole a crown,

Impressive, rich and vast ;
Each state a gem of wide renown —

From first unto the last.

From gulf to gulf, from coast to coast,

Each one a shining gem ;
Forty and eight, a brilliant host —

A royal diadem.

A crown of states that all may share,

A wondrous prize to gain ;
But brightest jewel beyond compare

Is the glorious State of Maine.

W. S. McKee, Augusta, Me.

DESCENDANTS OF THOMAS LORING IN MAINE

(Contributed by Mary Loring Gilman of Dover-Foxcroft)

I. Thomas Loring. Deacon in the Congregational Church at
Axminster, Devonshire, England. Came to Dorchester, ]\Iass.,
Dec. 2^, 1634. Married in England, Jane Newton, who died Aug.
25, 1672. He died at Hull, Mass., x-Xpr. 4, 1661.

DESCENDANTS OF THOMAS LORING 157

2. John Loring, ist. born Axminster, England, Dec. 22, 1630.
Came with his parents to Dorchester. ^larried (i) Dec. 16, 1657,
Mary, daughter of Nathaniel and Sarah (Lane) Baker. She died
July 13, 1679. ^Ir. Loring married (2) Airs. Rachel Buckley. He
died Sept. 19, 1714, at Hull. He was the father of eighteen
children.

3. John Loring, 2d. Born at Hull, Mass., June 28, 1680, the
son of John and Rachel Loring. ]^Iarried Dec. 2, 1703, Jane,
daughter of Nicholas and Experience (Collier) Baker. She was
born in 1687, died Dec. i, 1724. Mr. Loring died Feb. 26, 1720.

4. Rev. Nicholas Loring. Born at Hull, Sept. i, 171 1. Was
graduated from Harvard in 1732. Married Mar. 29, 1737, Mary,
daughter of Col. Sylvester and Elizabeth (Rogers) Richmond.
She was born Nov. 29, 1713, died Sept. 15, 1803. Mr. Loring was
ordained Nov. 17, 1736, and preached for 27 years in the First Con-
gregational Church at North Yarmouth, Maine ; his only pastorate.
He had an annual salary of one hundred and fifty pounds. He died
at North Yarmouth, July 31, 1763.

5. Bezaleel Loring, ist. Born at North Yarmouth, Apr. 13,
1739. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Jonas and Mary (Chandler)
^lason, who was born ]\Iar. 13, 1740. She died Oct. 24, 1810, "a
great lover of History." Mr. Loring died June 29, 1822.

6. Bezaleel Loring, 2d. Born at Cousin's Island, Elaine, Aug.
28, 1770. Married Dec. i, 1796, Lydia, daughter of Capt. John
and Hannah (Parsons) Haskell, of New Gloucester. She was
born Apr. 29, 1778, and died April 26, 1869. Mr. Loring died
Jan. 29, 1837, in Guilford, ]\Iaine.

7. Charles Loring, ist. Born New Gloucester, Feb. 8, 1808,

died in Guilford, Jan. 27, 1873. He married Nov. 24, 183 1,

Louisa, daughter of Isaac and Bethula (Haskell) Smith. She

died Feb. 8, 1879. Mr. Loring was a prosperous and respected

farmer. He filled various offices of trust in the town of Guilford,

and served in the State Legislature. His sons, Frank and Charles,

married sisters, Nellie and Anna Huntington. His daughter Ellen

married Caleb True ci Guilford: his daughter INIary, married

Augustus W. Gilman of Foxcroft, Maine.

*****

158 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

All but two of the children of John Loring 2d, settled in No.
Yarmouth, the present Lorings of Elaine being descended from
them.

Little's Genealogical History of the State of Maine gives the
following regarding Rev. Nicholas Loring:

"During his ministry the Indians frequently attacked the place,.
once near the meeting-house, June 20, 1748, and one, Ebenezer
Eaton, was killed. The neighbors, including ^Ir. Loring, seized
their guns and gave chase. The savages dropped a tomahawk,.
which their pursuers picked up and gave the minister as a reward
for his valor. ]\Ir. Loring has been represented as tall and slender
and of rather delicate physique, but this incident shows that he
was not lacking in courage." . .

.... "Mrs. Loring was characterized by good sense, dignified
deportment, and precise dress, and was called ]\Iadam Loring,
after the fashion of the day.- There were ten children, all of
whom live'd to adult vears. These were trained to habits of in-
dustry and economy that they might be examples to the flock.
In warm weather they went to meeting bare-footed, that those who'
could not have shoes mig^ht not stav auav."

.... "When Mr. Loring died, a special town-meeting was called
August I, 1763, and the following vote was passed, which throws
a flood of light on the customs of the times : \'oted, that Colonel
Jeremiah Powell, Deas. Jonas ^lason and David ^Mitchell, be a
Committee for providing such things as the town may order for
the Rev. Mr. Loring's funeral. That Fans, Gloves, Shoes, Rib-
bons, Buckles, Buttons, \'eils and Hoods for the four daughters ;
Hatbands, Buckles, and Gloves for the three eldest sens ; and a
Fan, Gloves, and Handkerchief for Bezaleel Loring's wife be pro-
vided by the Committee at the expense of the town. \"oted, that
the widow Loring be put in decent mourning, at the discretion of
the Committee. \^oted. that the Committee provide four crape-
gowns for the four daughters of Rev. ^Ir. Loring. Voted that the
three youns^est sons be clothed in mournins:, at the discretion of
the Committee. Voted, that Rin'^s and Gloves be provided for
the six pall-bearers, and Gloves for the porters, or under-bearers.
\V^ted that the Committee provide what other things are necessar}^

for the funeral, at their discretion."

*****

^i>

DESCENDANTS OF THOMAS LORING 159

Jonas IVIason was born at Lexington, IMass., Oct. 21, 170S, and

died in New Gloucester, Elaine, Alar. 13, 1801. He lived at

Charlestown, ]\Iass., and later at No. Yarmouth, Alaine. In the

latter place he was Selectman, Justice of the Peace, Judge of the

Court of Common Pleas, and Deacon in the First Congregational

Church for 64 years. He served as a private in the Revolution,

from January, 1777, to ]\Iarch, 1778, enduring the hardships of

the winter at Valley Forge, in spite of his seventy years.

*****

Col. Sylvester Richmiond was born at Little Compton, R. L,
formerly Dartmouth, Alass., in 1672. He was considered a very
well-to-do man for those days. He held a number of negro slaves,
one of whom he gave as a waiting woman to his daughter ]\Iary
when she married Rev. Nicholas Loring. Others were set free
at his death and settled on land in Dartmouth. In his will, his
son is charged to see that "Natt and Cate," probably old house ser-
vants never came to want. Colonel Richmond died in 1754 at
Dartmouth. His first wife was Elizabeth Rogers (John y2,
Thomas i) of ^Mayflower descent. They had eleven children.
His second wife was Deborah (Cushing) Loring.

A CANADIAN LIGHTENING BUG— THE *TORY"

SOULES

There v.ere three quite distinct branches of the Soule family
among the "Tories" during the Revolution in the New York
Colony. Record of the signing of the Oath of Allegiance has
been procured by the author of this article. Some of these, at
least, had ser\'ed in the British army and record of that fact has
been procured. These families had acquired good lands along
the shores of the Hudson and had established comfortable homes
for themselves and children ; but when the victory crowned the
Colonial arms, these farms were confiscated and their occupants
Hivitcd to "Git up and git." Some of them went on shipboard
upon vessels provided by the British and sailed for Nova Scotia,
while others made the voyage across lake Champlain, their objec-

i6o SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

tive being "Lower Canada.*' After landing and when they had
opened their clearings and built their log cabins, and when tlie
somewhat uncertain line had been established, these "good old
Soules" found themselves three miles south of the Canadian Bor-
der. However, some of them settled within Isle of Wight County
and became wealthy farmers.

Nearly contemporary with this removal of the "Alburg Soules"
there was another family that appeared upon the scene. Joseph
Soule, son of Timothy Soule, Esq., removed from Spencertown,
N. Y., with several grown-up sons and daughters and sat down in
the town of Fairtield, \'ermont. There was a local tradition
among the members of this last mentioned family that their head,
Joseph Soule, had served with honor in the Colonial army and as
they rubbed elbows v.ith their kindred who represented the Alburg
branch they sometimes called them "Tories.*' This fling caused
considerable bitterness on the part of the latter family and cold-
ness existed between the two branches. However, Time discloses
much and makes the crooked straight. An examination of the
official Canadian documents discloses the fact that Joseph Soule
and his sons were red hot "Tories" during the Revolution and
after their escape from New York they made haste to "Pray" for
grants of land in "Lower Canada." There their names appear
along with testimonials to prove that they were loyal to the King
during the Revolutionary struggle and were now among the so-
called "United Empire Loyalists." Excelsior! If these Fairfield
Soules had been loyal to the Colonial cause during the Revolution,
pray tell why they made haste to leave the locality and why these
Colonial families (?) were on their knees praying their enemies
for grants of land in Canada? And some of their united prayers
were answered and I have abstracts from the record in Toronto
showing the very "Lots" and "Concessions*' granted to them; and
some of them settled there and are now respectably represented in
families on the Pacific coast. Thi^ disctosure, though at a late
day proves that it is not good policy to cry "Mad dog" till we
know the canine, is, afilicted with the rabbies.

The third branch of the Soule family removed to Nova Scotia,
soon sold their land grants in Annapolis county Tor some of them)
and vfemoved to.. "L^pper Canada,"' now Ontario, where they were

A CANADIAN LIGHTENING BUG

i6i

granted extensive lands whose records are duplicated in the writ-
ers' hands. These families were of the best stock descended from
the ancient Norman ancestors and were among the best pioneers
in the Province. Their posterity was analogous to the figurative
"sands on the seashore" and are now scattered almost Continent-
wide. They have encouraged education and every institution cal-
culated to advance the spiritual and commercial interests of the
Province as well as to throw their influence on the right side since
they settled, many of them, within the United States.

The writer has spent much of his time and considerable money
for the last ten years in his investigation of the Sole-Soule-Soules-
Sowle families and has assembled an enormous collection of rec-
ords and reliable information concerning them; his researches
reaching backward more than i,ooo years, almost to the selvage of
history. This search has disclosed what he had long believed was
the fact, viz., that the distinguished family on the Scottish Border
mentioned by Sir \\'alter Scott and other historians under the
name of "Soulis" were pure-blooded Soules of the ancient Norman
blood and the examination of the early charters signed by them
[)rove that their names were spelled distinctly "Soule." These
powerful barons who were alHed with the Bruces and Baliols, and
two of them claimants for the crown of Scotland, had letters of
safe conduct between Scotland and England to France signed by
their sovereigns and spent their winters in the sunny valleys of
Xormandv, where thev owned extensive chateaus.

G. T. RiDLON, Sr.

i )

162 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to con- Conducted by Augustus O.
tributions from all teachers and Thomas, State Superintendent ol
pupils ! Schools, Augusta, Me.

GOOD NEWS FROM STANDISH

One of the most entertaining and interesting little brochures
regarding the history of a ]\Iaine town that we have seen for many
a day has recently appeared upon our table, entitled, ''Facts About
Standish."

It is enclosed in tasty paper covers, has 16 pages of text relatini,'
to its early history, present industries, prosperity and progress, and
12 pages of local advertisements. It has five authors, three
males, and two females, as follows : Beulah Storah, Helen Usb.er.
and Weldon Lowell, Alfred Dolloff, and Robert Burnham. They
are five bright members of the eighth grade of the Albion Howe
school of Standish.

It is also pleasing evidence of the increasing interest in the cause
of teaching the history of ?vlaine, to Elaine scholars, in ]\Iaine
schools. From it we take the following poem :

THE PINE

Let others have their maple trees

With all their garnered sweets ;
Let others choose the mysteries

Of leafy oak retreats.
I'll give to other men the fruit

Of cherrv and of vine,
Their claim to all I'll not dispute

If I can have the pine.

I love it for its tapering grace,

Its uplifts, strong and true;
I love it for its fairy lace

It throws against the blue ;
I love it for its quiet strength

Its hints of dreamy rest,
As stretching forth my weary length

I lie here as its guest.

GOOD NEWS FROM STAXDISH 163

No Persian rug for priceless fee

Was ere so richlv made
As that the pine has spread for me

To woo me to its shade.
No kindly friend hath ever kept

More faithful vigil by
A tired comrade as he slept

Beneath his watchful eye.

But best of all I love it for

Its soft eternal green,
Through all the winters' winds that roar

It ever blooms serene,
And strengthens souls oppressed by fear

And troubles multiform,
To turn amid the stress of tears _^

A smiling face to storm.

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING LOCAL HISTORY

(By Nellie "Woodbury Jordan)

No teacher in the Pine Tree State need lack material for stimu-
lating interest in the study of local history. Elaine placed her
name on the records of the new world several years before the
MayfloVver touched New England shores. It is reasonably certain
that Sebastian Cabot and his sailors gazed on the beauty of ^It.
Desert and Frenchman's Bay in 1498. A stone cross, erected on
Allen's Island near Thomaston, marks the spot where Weymouth's
men made their first landing in 1605, and the Popham Colony in
1607 ^^'as a rival for a time of Jamestown. In 1623, only three
years after the Pilgrims stepped over the threshold of Plymouth
Rock, settlements had been made at Saco, Sheepscot, Damariscotta,
Pemaquid, Monhegan and other places. The Pilgrims established
a trading-post at Cushnoc (Augusta) in 1628 which lasted for
thirty-five years, and furnished a source of revenue that enabled
them to pay their obligation to the London merchants.

About the middle of the 17th century, Massachusetts, taking
advantage of the disorder caused by Elaine being under six differ-
ent governments, saw an opportunity to enlarge her territory and

i64 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ^lAINE HISTORY

annexed the southern part under the name of Yorkshire. From
this time until 1820 the history of }daine and ^Massachusetts is so
intertwined that because of the prominence of the latter, events
which occurred in the former have been recorded as the history
of ^Massachusetts.

Every child should become familiar with the story of the earlv
explorers, Verrazano, Gomez, Thevet, Rut, Ingram, Gosnold,
Pring, De ^lonts, Champlain and Captain John Smith ; with the
name and location of the early settlements at ]Monhegan, Pema-
quid, Pejepscot, Richmond's Island, Falmouth, Scarborough, Saco.
York, Castine, Alachias. Xo more fascinating stories are to be
found than those dealing with Indian life and piracy within our bor-
ders. Probably few know that Samoset, the friend of the Pilo:rims.
was the sachem of Pemaquid and one of the captives Weymouth
carried to England, or that Squanto was a native of ]Maine. The
m}thical Xc^rumbega supposed to be the home of a great Elaine
Indian chieftain, was searched for on the shores of the Penobscot.
Simon the "Yankee Killer" was a name that struck terror to the
hearts of the colonists and the story of Anthony Brackett's family
is akin to that of the Dustins of Haverhill. Tales of Captain
Kidd's hidden treasure are still heard along our coast.

Prominent white settlers who blazed the trails, withstood bloody
persecution and political intrigue and made the state a safe dwell-
ing place for their families and posterity should become familiar
names, among them Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the founder of Alaine;
James Phips, Christopher Levett, Rev. Robert Jordan ; Dominicus
Jordan, the "Indian Killer;" Sir \\'illiam Phips, Anthony Brackett,
Thomas Purchase, Cleeves, Tucker and Baron Castine.

Sixteen tov»'ns in the State were settled or incorporated in the
17th century and eighty-one in the i8th which is evidence enougli
that historical secrets must have become hidden in old diaries,
books, newspapers, deeds, mortgages, documents, coins, flags, cos-
tumes, furniture, dishes, cooking utensils, farm implements,
coaches, pictures, tomb-stones, houses, churches, etc. Such pos-
sessions in these old towns furnish abundant opportunity for re-
search within the ability of the children of the upper grammar
grades and the personal element in this method of development
makes the study of history one of pleasure rather than one of
drudgery.

This article simply aims to suggest a few subjects that will

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHIXG LOCVL HISTORY 165

arouse an interest in local history with the hope that responsive
chords may be set vibrating in the hearts of our youth and result
in a deep love and pride for the State, which is a good foundation
for worthy citizenship.

Maine's earliest days are linked with those of the Stuart and
Tudor sovereigns of England, Pring making his explorations dur-
ing the reign of James I ; Gosnold in Queen Elizabeth's time and
Charles I granted Gorges his province extending from the Piscata-
qua to the Kennebec in 1639. Thus it will be seen that the oldest
towns are on the coast and in the southern part of the State.

Kittery's history dates from 1647. It is the birthplace of the
two Sir William Pepperells, and the Pepperell-Sparhawk man-
sion built in 1GS2 is in truth an ancient landmark. George Wash-
ington's diary records that at one time he visited Kittery Point.
South Berwick contains the old Hamilton house which has
sheltered the illustrious John Paul Jones, the founder of the
American navy. This section of the State frequently heard the
war cry of the savage echoing through the forest and in 1675 it
was ruthlessly ravaged.

In York, first called Agamenticus and later Gorgeana, may be
seen the old goal of colonial days, for York was the shire town
from 1716 to 1735, and before that, Gorgeana was the first incor-
porated city in America with a mayor and other necessary officers.
Alfred, the present shire town was settled in 1764 and the court-
house built in 1806. Here may be seen a tavern of "ye olden
time" and several dwelhng houses of colonial architecture. A tree
is still standing which, tradition holds, was once used for a whip-
ping-post.

From the windows of the train wending its way from Alfred to
South Waterboro, one catches a glimpse of the buildings in Shaker
\'illage on the hill above ^lassabesic, better known as Shaker Pond.
There are two Shaker settlements in Elaine, the other at Sabbath
Day Lake in Xev/ Gloucester.

On Sullivan Street in Biddeford is standing the law office of
James Sullivan. How many people who pass that quaint struc-
ture know anything about the Sullivan family or that a town in
Maine is named for one of the brothers? John Adams' diary
records the fact that he visited James Sullivan in July, 1770. Old
houses, churches, town halls throughout the county, rubbing elbows
\\'ith modern structures, attract attention by way of contrr.st and

i66 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

furnish the incentive for discovering historical facts that have
been hidden long years.

The library of the ]vlaine Historical Society in Portland is a
treasure mine, with its books and relics including Father Rasle's
strong-box, Rev. Robert Jordan's baptismal font, the pot of coins
of the Tudor period dug from the soil of Richmond's Island, a
remnant of the ]\Iargaretta and others too numerous to mention
here.

The First Parish Church in the heart of the business section is
the oldest church building in the city. Not far distant, peering
from behind shady elms, is the Wadsvvorth-Longfellow house where
visitors from all over the world place their names on the register
during the summer months. Lafayette was once a guest in the
home of General W'ingate, now the Sweatt ^lemorial Art IMuseum.
The cemetery on the Eastern Promenade was originally taken
from the Cleeves farm. Here were laid to rest the bodies of the
first citizens of Portland. The graves of the captains of the Boxer
and Enterprise, referred to in Longfellow's poem, "The Sea Fight
Far Away'' lie here side by side. Across the valley on Bramhall
Hill is the last resting place of Elijah Kellogg. On the opposite
side of the harbor on the Cape Shore, Portland Head Light was
built in W'ashiuiJ^ton's administration and for over a centurv has
extended its welcome or farewell to mariners homeward or sea-
ward bound.

Portland has suffered destruction by Indians in 1676, by the
Fren.ch and Indians in 1690, by the British under command of
Captain ^lowatt in 1775 and by fire in 1866. This beautiful city
is the birthplace of many of ^^laine's famous men and women.

Radiating from the city are roads over which stage-coaches in
the long ago carried passengers to the outside world. A few
taverns are still to be seen that once were well known hostelries.
In the Stroudwater section is the Broad Tavern now a dwelling
house. Here too are the Tate and Patrick houses and the home
of the late Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens, once National President of the
W. C. T. U. The old time garrison would never be recognized
as such in its modern camouflage of an attractive residence. The
ruin of the Cumberland and Oxford Canal is plainly visible. This
was once a busy thoroughfare connecting Harrison and Bridgton
with the sea.

Scarborough is the birthplace of Maine's first governor and the

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING LOCAL HISTORY 167

first home of the O'Brien family which made its name remembered
in our histor}- by the heroic deed the sons performed in the cap-
ture of the ]\Iargaretta at ^lachias.

In a short walk from Gorham's "Square" one may see an old
graveyard with its rows of slate markers inscribed with dates of
the Revolutionary period, a municipal building of long standing,
a shaft at the corner of the Congregational Chapel giving a brief
statement of the town's original name (Narragansett), date of
settlement, etc. Near by are the Congregational Church, and Gor-
ham Academy among whose alumni are enrolled the names of
many of ]\Iaine's foremost citizens; the old McLellan house (one
of the first brick houses built in the State from brick manufactured
on the spot) described in such an interesting manner in Elijah
Kellogg's "Good Old Times." The late Hon. James P. Baxter, a
native of Gorham, gave the town a beautiful public library and on
the adjoining lot stands the house in which he was born. Gorham
children should enjoy the subject of history with such a rich field
to work in.

On Orr's Island in Casco Bay may be seen the house in which
lived the Pearl of Orr's Island, the heroine of Harriet Beecher
Stowe's story of that name, and in Brunswick, while Professor
Stowe, her husband, taught in Bowdoin College, she wrote Uncle
Tom's Cabin, the book that stirred the nation to a bitter struggle.
Brunswick cannot be mentioned without calling to mind a few of
Bowdoln's illustrious sons ; Longfellow, Hawthorne, Enoch Lin-
coln, Elijah Kellogg, Closes Owen, Gen. Chamberlain, Thomas B.
Reed, Robert E. Peary, Governor Baxter and a long list of men
whom this State and others delight to honor.

In Harpswell stands the simple shaft of granite with its appro-
priate inscription erected to the memory of Elijah Kellogg; the
beautiful colonial church in which he labored many years; the town
hall across the road surrounded by the church-yard with It quaint
epitaphs on the moss-covered stones.

Freeport contains the old Jameson Tavern, where It Is said the
Act of Separation was signed, and many an old home that has an
interesting story waiting to be written. Gardiner offers themes for
study in its name, Its old Episcopal Church and colonial homes.

Teachers living In towns near i\ugusta are to be commended
for accompanying their pupils to the State House, and no doubt
many a youth has learned a splendid lesson of patriotism as he has

i68 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

looked upon the tattered silken folds of the flags that were borne
in the thick of great battles. The beautiful poem written by Moses
Owen inscribed on a bronze tablet in the rotunda should be mem-
orized by our school children and the story told them of how it
came to be written. Every picture hanging on the walls is a his-
tory lesson in itself and the library contains a valuable collection
of material, selections from which will be made to fit the needs of
rural communities desiring such books where a library is not
readily accessible.

The State House and the Blaine ^lansion are situated on land,
the title to which was derived directly from the Pilgrims. The
Blaine house was a gift to the State from James G. Blaine's
daughter, Harriet Blaine Beale, in memory of her son, Lieut.
Walker Blaine Beale, who gave his life in the \\'orld \\'ar. Gov-
ernor Baxter has secured pictures of both James G. Blaine and
Walter Blaine Beale and had them placed near the bronze tablet
in the mansion.

Across the Kennebec is Fort \\'estern, at one time one of
Maine's important strongholds. Here in 1775, came Benedict
Arnold with Aaron Burr, a member of his staff, and Daniel Mor-
gan, among his troops, to spend a week in rest before plunging into
the wilderness to attempt the capture of Quebec. A monument
erected in 1912 by a military organization of Connecticut in honor
of Connecticut members of Arnold's expedition, marks the spot
at which the troops rallied to begin their march north. Hon. Guy
P. Gannett has given a sum of money for the purpose of restoring
Fort Western as it was in 1754 as a memorial to his mother, a
direct descendant of Captain James Howard, first commander of
the fort. It was dedicated July 4, 1922.

The famous old Pownalboro House in Dresden is an historical
shrine well worth a visit. John Adams' voice was frequently
heard in colonial days pleading causes within its walls and it was
here that James Sullivan of Biddeford tried his first case.

At Winslow, one catches a glimpse of the blockhouse, the last

remnant of Fort Halifax, as the train speeds by and visions of
fugitives pursued by Indians are easily brought to mind. A block-
house at Fort Kent on our northern border is a silent reminder
of the "bloodless Aroostook War." It is the property of the Elaine
Historical Society. Old Fort William Henry, at Pemaquid Beach,
has been restored to its original appearance.

f.-^

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING LOCAL HISTORY 169

Over in Oxford County in what was formerly the Pequawket
country is Lovell's Pond where in Alay, 1775, occurred the tight
that has been celebrated in verse and story. The Fessendens and
Ex-Gov. Dana were born in Fryeburg and Daniel Webster taught
school in the Academy. Paris Hill was the home of Hannibal
Hamlin, Vice President of the L^nited States during Abraham
Lincoln's administration.

At Damariscotta is located the oldest Catholic Church building
in New England. In 1913, the third centenary of the Roman
Catholic Church in Elaine was celebrated and a beautiful new
edifice dedicated at Bar Harbor to commemorate the establishment
of the St. Sauveur mission in 1613.

The history of Castine is a most fascinating storv^ French,
Dutch and English have held sway there. It has figured promi-
nently in the Colonial, Revolutionary and 1812 Wars. Proud citi-
zens have written histories and stories and placed tablets' at num-
erous places in the town describing the incident that occurred on
the particular spot, so that one may read and learn while on
pleasure bent.

The capture of the ^largaretta engraved *'^Iachias" on the scroll
of Maine history. The Burnham Tavern, where plans were made
for the daring deed is still standing. On St. Croix Island a mem-
orial has been erected to mark the site of De Mont's Colony, estab-
lished in 1604. On the summit of the hill in Eastport is a stone
structure — all that is left of Fort Sullivan, occupied in 1808 by
United States troops and captured by the British in 1814. A short
distance from this easternmost city is the reservation where dwell
the Passamaquoddy tribe of Indians. The Penobscots live on In-
dian Island in the Penobscot River. During the summer months
these Indians are seen at the numerous pleasure resorts selling
baskets.

Suggestions for historical themes and projects are unlimited.
There is no town in the State that does not have something to
offer in the way of worthy achievement which will furnish splendid
material for study, and this knowledge should be passed on from
one generation to the next, ''lest we forget" the noble deeds of our
forebears.

The pupils in our schools should know something of the work
of the men and women whose names are inscribed on Maine's roll
of honor. Thirty-seven of the fifty-two men who have held the

I70 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

office of chief-executive have been reared within the borders of the
State. She has furnished more than a score of governors for
other states, supphed the Nation with the bravest of officers and
men for army and navy. The world of hterature, science and art
is richer for the contributions of many of her sons and daughters.
There is reason for a thrill of pride when the following names are
mentioned : General Knox, Henry Dearborn, Commodore Preble,
Israel Washburn, \\'illiam Pitt Fessenden, Lot AI. ^lorrill, James
G. Blaine, Nelson Dingley, Jr., Thomas B, Reed, Henry W. Long-
fellow, John and Jacob x\bbott, Artemus Ward, Benjamin Paul
Akers, James H. Hanson, Neal Dow, Nathaniel Parker WilHs,
David Barker, Holman Day, Melville W. Fuller, Wm. P. Frye, Sir
Hiram ]\Iaxim and his son Hiram P., Seba Smith, Edgar \\'ilson
Nye, Elijah Kellogg, Noah Brooks, Robert E. Peary, Elijah P.
Lovejoy, C. A. Stephenson, Cyrus H. K. Curtis, Frank Munsey.
James Phinney Baxter, Sarah Orne Jewett, "Fanny Fern," Har-
riet Prescott Spofford, Rebecca Sophie Clark, Kate Douglass Wig-
gin, Lillian Nordica, Emma Eames, Dorothea Dix, Mrs. L. M. N.
Stevens, Elizabeth Akers Allen, Gen. Chamberlain, Gen. O. O.
Howard, Col. Frank ^I. Hume, Major William C. Southard, nor do
these names exhaust the list.

In the words of H. M. Sylvester **A famous country indeed!
A land of pictured skies, of limpid waters, of lovely homes and
gracious hospitalities. Hapf)y is that person whose charms are
drawn within the infinite charms of dear old Elaine, — the sough-
ing song of the wind through her pines; the rhythmic lapping of
the tides along her picturesque shores; the eternal lesson of her
restless waters where with the coming of every day and night —
sun, moon and stars write in liquid glory the mystery of the ages.
Blessed is the man whose character has been nurtured in the
cradle of her hills and valleys, whose rugged lines and full round-
ed contours have found like expression in his native strength and
grace, his clear integrity and wide-eyed charity; his notable mag-
nanimity and unflinching courage, his sturdy manhood and his
great heart, the golden heart of her towering pines."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The "Maine Book," H. E. Dunnack.

Maine, Resources, History and Government, Glenn W. Starkey.

Maine, My State, Research Writers' Club.

SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING LOa\L HISTORY 171 ^ ,

Maine In History and Romance, Lewiston Journal.

The Trail of the ]Maine Pioneer, Lewiston Journal.

Histor}' and Government of Elaine, W. W. Stetson.

History of Maine, John S. C. Abbott.

Young People's History of Elaine, Varney.

History of Elaine, \\'illiamson.

A History^ of Maine, L. C. Hatch.

Maine Coast Romance, H. ]\L Sylvester.

Susanna and the Wool ^^'itch, Rev. Geo. S. Delano.

Forest and Shore, Chas. P. Illsley.

Collections of the Elaine Historical Society.

Histor}' of the District of Elaine, Sullivan.

Twenty Years at Pemaquid, J. Henry Cartland.

Sprague's Journal of Alaine Histor}'.

Mt. Desert, Geo. E. Street.

The Stor}' of Pemaquid, James Otis. .. ■

The Country of the Pointed Firs, Sara Ome Jewett.

Beginnings of Colonial Elaine, H. L. Burrage.

History of Gorham, ^IcLellan.

Good Old Times, Elijah Kellogg.

The Latchstring, Walter Emerson.

Up in Maine, Holman Day.

Pine Tree Ballads, Holman Day.

Kin O'Katahdin, Holman Day.

Maine in Verse and Story, Geo. A. Cleveland.

Stories of Maine, Sophie Swett.

Town and County Histories.

Sebastian Rale, A Maine Tragedy of the Eighteenth Century,

John F. Sprague.
The Northeastern Boundary Controversy and The Aroostook War,

John F. Sprague. . . - .

Nellie Woodbury Jordan.

Letter from Hon. Franklin ]M. Drew, Lewiston, !Maine :

"I always find the Journal interestiner and instructive. I was particu-
larly interested in your address advocating- the teaching- of Maine history
in the public schools. Maine is rich in historical matter. No better way
to inspire the love of our state and country than the study of their
history — The love of one's home, state and country is the sure foundation
^f patriotism. ^Vhat better way to Americanize the children of foreign
horn parents than to teach them American history. I hope you will be
able to continue the publication of the biographical sketches of natives
'~'f Ma:ne, who served in Congress. It will increase the pride of the
State."

^M^-"^"^^

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover-Foxcroft,
Maine, by John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher.

Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, $2.00. Single copies of current and previous
volumes, 50 cents. Late bound volumes, $2.50 each.

Volumes 1 and 3, not less than $5.00 each.

^■^'■oL^.^^.<-.^:*i^-»-i,£-

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

The Saunterer in the Portland Sunday Telegram recalls that
among his mother's books was one entitled Fern Leaves or Notes
from Fanny's Portfolio. Although then too young to appreciate
the merits of those bright essays, the Saunterer found enjoyment
in reading them. ]Many years later in a publishing house in Bos-
ton, he had the pleasure of seeing the author, Mrs. Sarah Payson
Parton, the iiith anniversary of whose birth fell on July 7, of
this year. She was born in Portland, Elaine, July 7, 181 1, daugh-
ter of Nathaniel Willis, founder of the Eastern Argus and later
of the Youth's Companion, and sister of Nathaniel P. Willis, poet
and prose writer. In 1844 she was left a widow in Boston, with
two children to support. She was in needy circumstances when
a lively essay signed Fanny Fern was published in 185 1, and which

EDITORIALS 173

led to a series of essays which speedily gave her a competence.
She published two novels, Ruth Hall and Rose Clark, both widely
read. In. 1856 she married James Parton, the historian whom she
had met in her brother's newspaper office in New York. She
wrote for the Xew York Ledger for 18 years, her remuneration
being $100 a column. ^Irs. Parton was a large woman of com-
manding appearance. She died in Xew York, October 10, 1872.

HIGH HONOR FOR A MAINE GIRL

A cablegram received in Portland July 8, 1922, from England
announced the fact that ^liss Esther Cloudman Dunn, daughter
of Superintendent and ]\Irs. Charles Dunn, Jr., of the State
School for Boys has been given the first degree of Doctor of Phil-
osophy. The many friends of ^liss Dunn and her parents will
all join in sincere congratulations.

Miss Dunn's degree is awarded following two years of special
study at the L^niversity of London, and involved a new type of
examination with which English universities have hitherto been
* unfamiliar. It not only entitles her to the coveted Ph. D." after

her name, but also to the right to wear the new academic dress
just devised for those who attain that degree in English institutions
of learning.

This gown is of crimson broadcloth cut in the usual fashion of
academic gowns, but with sleeves, hood and facings of cerise
satin. The cap is of what is known as the "beef-eater type," so-
called after the famous "beef-eater" hats worn by the guards of
the Tower of London, from which it is copied. It is of crimson
velvet, with a soft crown, and a flat and slightly drooping brim.

The degree of doctor of philosophy to which Miss Dunn has
just attained was established by the Senate of the L'niversity of
London in the fall of 1919, when ]\Iiss Dunn was arriving in
London for a course of special study. She was the first to enroll
for it. She remained abroad for a vear at that time and then
returned to resume her duties as an instructor at Bryn ^lawr. In
192 1, Miss Dunn presented to the English club at Bryn Alawr a
resume of her first year's work in London, and as a result of
the literary merit of this offering was granted the foreign fellow-
ship of Bryn ^lawr, which carries with it the sum of $1,500 annu-
ally for foreign study.

174 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

She again sailed for England in the summer of that year, an J
has devoted another year to preparation for her doctor's degree.

The examination to which she submitted as candidate for the
degree, includes a thesis, submitted to the examiners on the 15th
of May, which was 270 pages in length, and dealt with Ben
Johnson and His Circle. It covered the period of English litera-
ture immediately preceding the Elizabethan period and involved
a research of London of that social life of London of that day,
into the dramatic life, the sports and pastimes of the period, and
even into court life in the reign of James I and the first Charles.
This research was carried on for 51 months in the British iMuseum
Library, and in the inner, or locked library, the privilege of ad-
mission to which is accorded to very few. Two visits to Oxford
and one to Cambridge also were included.

Miss Dunn's thesis will form the basis of a book on that period,
publication of which is assured at a later date.

Miss Dunn is sailing for this country on the 15th of the month,
will sever her connection with Bryn Alawr and join the Smith Col-
lege faculty in the fall as assistant professor of English.

She is a graduate of Cornell L^niversity, where she took her A.
B. degree in 191 3, teaching for one year thereafter at Reading
high school, and then going to Bryn Mawr, where she became a
reader in English. During the years 1917 and 1918 she was act-
ing director of first and second year English in the place of Dr.
Savage, head of the department, who was absent at war. She
attained her foreign fellowship from Bryn Mawr, in 1921.

Ethel (^lorrill) McCollister makes the following suggestions in
a recent number of the Lewiston Journal:

In the city of Seattle, Washington, with its population of
350,000, live a large number of ]\Iaine-born people. The public
library contains 350,000 volumes with a circulation of some
2,000,000 for the year 192 1, and there is not one volume of Maine
history ; neither is ^Maine credited with taking any part in the Revo-
lutionary war by the Sons of the American Revolution. There-
fore I would respectfully suggest: —

That the journal conduct a subscription list, or that financially

EDITORIAL 1/5

responsible person donate to the Seattle Public Library some vol-
umes of Maine hi:^tory, resources, and attractions. Any of the
following would be adapted to the purpose: Williamson's "His-
tory," "]\Iaine, ^ly State." "3klaine in History and Romance,"
"Trail of the ]Maine Pioneers," and similar publications, also the
Lewiston Journal Saturday ^Magazine and Sprague's Journal of
Maine History.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL FOR JUNE

(Justin Henry Shaw in Portsmouth. X. H. Times)

An interesting and yaluable part of the current number of
Sprague's Journal of Maine History, and among many other good
features, is the printed address of the editor, Hon. John Francis
Sprague, delivered before the Department of History, at the Mame
Teachers'* Convention in Portland, October 2y, 192 1.

The subject is "Should Maine History be Taught in the Public
Schools?*' The answer is made inspiring enough in the affirma-
tive. Reasons enougli are gi\en. And it is shown also that the
teaching of Elaine history in the schools has become a fact, and
that Dr. Thomas, the state superintendent, is making the work
worth while.

The Rev. Henry O. Thayer contributes a fine article on "The
Lithgow Imnn'grants," that involves considerable state history.

There is a good beginning of "Biograi)hical Sketches of Natives
of Maine who have Ser\ed in the Congress of the L'nited States,"
by Hon. John C. Stewart of York. There are 37 subjects in this
first article. This is an excellent compilation of information in
that respect.

There are numerous short sketches on interesting matters of
state history ; and suggestions for historical work, and valuable
selections from various sources.

•The current number T quarterly for April, ]May and June, 1922)
is No. 2 of Yol. X.

SAYINGS OF SUBSCRIBERS

^Trs. Florence Hunt Libby, Newton Highlands, ?^Iass.

"I enjoy much the Jouinal visits."

'. I'll

■ f
i

176 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ]\1AINE HISTORY

Kenneth \\'. Brown, Old Town, ]\Iaine :

"In looking over some old newspapers recently I found one called
The Bangor Journal, dated November 9, 1839. In it was the following
quaint epitaph taken from an English paper:

" 'Epitaph on a Tomb-stone erected over the Marquis of Anglesea's
leg which was lost at the battle of Waterloo.

He rests — and let no saucy knave

Presume to sneer and laugh.
To learn that moulding- in the grave

Is laid a British (call.)

For he who writes these lines is sure

That those who read the whole.
Will find such a laugh is premature,

For here too lies a (sole.)

A leg- and foot to speak more plain.

Rest here of one commanding,
"Who, though his wits he might retain.

Lost half his understanding." "

Eugene Edwards, Lisbon Centre, ]\Iaine :

"Apropos to the Adams prophecy at the time of the 'set off' that 'Maine
probably would become a region of mediocrity' the following- incident may
serve to please.

"It was on the steamer Frank Jones, during a trip down east, some
/ears ago. It wasn't exactly a cheerful kind of a day, not the sort one
would select to exhibit the beauties of tlie Maine coast. In the cabin an
elderly gentleinan, a young man, and apparently his 'best girl' were
peering through tlie mist in a discouraging effort to sight land. Now and
then the cottage of a fisherman looined out of the fog; the landings weie
deserted except by a few tarpaulined roustabouts, and worst of all
the young fellow with the girl had a grouch. It began with the weather
and continued until it included all Elaine and the inhabitants thereof.
'Say,' he said, turning to the elderly gentleman, "Don't you think the
people of Massachusetts are superior to the people of Maine?' For the
first time the sunshiny face of the girl was clouded. 'Possibly,' replied
the stranger, surprised yet modestly, and without the suggestion of a
smile. 'You see Massachusetts is benefitted by transplantation. Her best
brains come back to her from Maine and New Hampshire.' The little g'irl
jumped up and down and clapping her hands cried: 'Goody! Goody!
Goody I' Put 'her fellow' had no farther comparisons to offer, no ques-
tions to ask. He was beautifully and appropriately dumb."

J. W. Elms, Wilmington, Del. :

"I note on page 239 of the Journal (Vol. 7) reference is made to an
extract from a Brunswick telee-ram of 1869, regarding Prof. Packard of
Bo"v\doin College. I'rof. Packard's great grandson is a member of our
State of Maine Society, and he was natuially very much interested in
seeing this reference to his g-reat grandfather.

"Since starting to read the Journal, I have begun to learn something
of my own state, which part of my education has been sadly neglected."

Hon. Charles E. Gurnev, Portland, !Me. :

"By the way, that is a remarkable thing that a recent number of the
Journal contained about the Statement of Archie Lee Talbot, that Pilgrims
formerly' owned the land on which our Maine State House sits. If that is
so, it has wonderful possibilities in it."

Hon. Bertram L. Smith, Justice Penobscot Superior Court :

"May the Journal live long and prosper."

Mrs. Nellie C. Thornton, Houlton, Maine :

"I am enclosing check for ?2.00 to renew the Journal. You are doing a
valuable work for posterity and the Journal will grow more indispensable
than ever, with the passage of time. I look for its arrival with keen
interest and cannot afford to miss a number."

MAINE INLAND SCENERY

if* \- . .

^t< p

..»j« ?'

* ■^ « .j*?^

IN NORWAY. ;MAINE

(Higgins)

CONTENTS

Father Pierre Biard. Superior of the. ^fount Desert Jesuit Mission

of Saint Sauveur 170

Hon. Horace Mitchell 192

Biographical Sketches of Natives of Maine Who Have Served in

the Congress of the United States 106

Pamoi'a 215

Maine Archaeologry 220

Melody in IMaine 221

Daughters of Cincinnati 222

Captain William Edward Dennison 224

Maine History in the Schools 220

Editorials 237

YEARS the Insurance Man of Somerset Co-

-Never a Failure — \ever a Law *»uit — What more do you wantf

(Member See. Col. Wars; Sons Am. Rev.; Past A. A. G.. G. A. R.)
CHARLES FOLSOM-JONES. Skowhegan Maine

We have positive evidence of the reliability of advertisers on these pages

'J-i V- ..iJ. i' r«"-

•x^/i.-''.'

I— I
<:

^>
I— t

l-H

O
>

r. J >:>(-.- ,^^*^ ••^v- ' - '

* w- - ■'V . 'f^'iiii I " TiiMrtiMil*" "V" I..—.,-. Ml •

2^ ^

c ;::
o ""

c
1^

:2;

<
X

Sprague's Journal of Maine History

Voiv. X October, Xovember, December No. 4

FATHER PIERRE BIARD, SUPERIOR OF THE MOUNT
DESERT JESUIT MISSION OF SAINT SAUVEUR

(By AVilliam Otis Sawtelle)

^ Among the men whose names are associated with the early
history of the Elaine Coast, the Jesuit Father Pierre Biard has
received but scant recognition. The reason for this neglect is not
far to seek. As has been well said by an eminent English his-
torian, Mr. W. L. Grant, writing of Samuel de Champlain,*
*'Thc exclusive attention paid to the English colonists has glori-
tied ^lassachusetts at the expense of [Maine.'' Or, in other words,
while the exploits of the early English have been extolled and
magnified, those of the French, within our limits during the same
period, have been minimized or passed over in silence. Today,
Pierre Biard should be honored as the historian of the first

settlement on Mount Desert Island.

Born at Grenoble, France, in 1567, Biardf entered the Society
of Jesus on June 3, 1583. In 1608, he was called from the chair
of Scholastic theology and Hebrew at the University of Lyons by
Father Cotton, confessor of King Henry IV, to take charge of the
Jesuit Mission about to be established in Acadia. That he was
selected from a large number of candidates, goes to show the high
estimation placed u[)on his abilities by those in authority.

Though Biard has had many detractors who would make much
of his personal quarrels at Port Royal with the commander,
Biencourt, a headstrong youth of nineteen, there seems little reason
for believing that the learned and accomplished professor of He-
brew and Theology was any less the gentleman in the wilds of
Acadia, than within the walls of the University of Lyons.

• "Vovas-es of SamiK-l de Champlain." Scribner. 1907, W.L.Grant ed. p. 9.
t Thwaito.s. "J -.suit Ilel.." 71:1J2: 1:1!)7-201. See aUo art. by Kev. T. J.
Campbell. S. J., Catholic bncycl. 2:541.

i8o SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

At the hands of some American historians Biard has, to say ihe
least, received unkind treatment ; and the fact that Argall on his
second trip north, forcing Biard to accompany him, was told by
a Frenchman at Port Royal that the Jesuit was a Spanish spy. a
statement for which no real evidence has ever been forthcoming,
but persisting to this day, has characterized* as "one who turned
traitor to his former associates."

Since De ]\Ionts, the grantee c;f Acadia, together with many of
his colonists were Calvinists, the appointment of Biard and ]\Iasse
as missionaries to that country was violently opposed by them,
while Bicncourt the commander at Port Royal and Lescarbot, the
jovial historian of the St. Croix settlement good CathoHcs though
they were said to have been, resented the presence of tlie Jesuits
among them. "Two years at Port Royal convinced our Fathers"
reads the old record, "that it was impossible to make this the center
of their mission, partly because of the difficulty to draw to that
place a great concourse of Savages, partly because of the trouble
caused by those in command. They transferred the seat of their
mission to another part of the same Coast under the 45th degree,
30 minutes of Latitude and this upon command of the King.
This establishment took the name of Saint Sauveur."

Thus did Pierre Biard and his companions leave Port Royal for
Mount Desert where their names will forever be associated with
that beautiful slope now known as Fernald's Point. ^^loreover,
in that monumental work, "The Jesuit Relations," the writings of
Father Biard comprise the greater part of the first four volumes.
Aside from being a record of the activities of the Society of Jesus,
during the period covered, Biard's work must be recognized as the
most important first hand information relating to Eastern ]\Iaine
that is in existence. It is true that the Jesuit occupation of ]\Iount
Desert was but an incident, and very brief at that ; even so, there
is good reason for according to Biard, the honor that is his due.
An estimation of a man's character, based upon his own corre-
spondence shows him more as he really was. Conclusions drawn
from expressions of individual opinion are not always to be trusted,
especially when those opinions arc biased, partisan and hostile.

• James Tru3lo\v Adam.s, *The Founding of New England," Atlantic
Monthly Press, 1921. p. 56.

FATHER PIERRE BIARD i8i

In Biard's Relation of 1616, much of general interest is to be
found, and though writing at Port Royal, many statements apply
equally well to Eastern ]^Iaine. His descriptions of the country
are minute, his meteorological studies and conclusions derived from
them well indicate the scientitic character of his mind, while some
of his observations upon things in general are too good to be passed
over. For example, after writing at length on the manners and
customs of the Indians, he adds :

"I have nearly forgotten the most beautiful part of all; it is
that they bury with the dead man all that he owns, such as his
bag, his arrows. Ins skins and all his other articles and baggage,
even his dogs if they have not been eaten. ^tloreovcr, the sur-
vivors add to these a number of other such offerings as tokens
of friendship. Judge from this whether these good people are
not far removed from this cursed avarice which we see among
us; who, to become possessed of the riches of the dead, desire
and seek eagerly for the loss and departure of the living.'

Writing of the desirability of living m dwellings that have been
built sometime, occupying cleared places where there was "a good
circulation of air," Biard comments upon the custom of the eleven
men of De Clout's St. Croix company, the only ones wliom disease
did not attack during that winter of privation and suffering, adding :
"These were a jolly company of hunters who preferred rabbit
hunting, to the air of the fireside; skating on the ponds, to turning
over lazily in bed; making snow balls to bring down the grjme. to
sitting around the fire talking about Paris and its good cooks."
To this argument for a healthy outdoor life, Biard adds his own
testimony, prompted by his two years' experience at Port Royal.
"Our poverty," said he, "certainly relieved us of two great evils,
that of excessive eating and drinking and laziness. For we always
liad good exercise of some kind, and on the other hand, our
stomachs were not overloaded. I certainly believe that this medi-
cine was of great benefit to us."

His interest in this new country to Vvhich he had come seems to
have been great. Often he too, refers to the wonderful possi-
bilities, under proper development of this wilderness of forest and
savage. "We are all created by and dependent upon the same prin-
ciples," he muses. "We breathe under the same sky; the same

i82 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

constellations intlucnce us; and I do not believe that tlie laud,
which produces trees as tall and beautiful as ours, will not pro-
duce as fine harvests, if it be cultivated." Once in a while a per-
sonal touch is given and vivid descriptions of hardship and pri-
vation appear in his pages. The early snow fall, the bitter gales,
the heavv rains and the Januarv thaw, the Northwest winds which
bring the "insufferable cold," ail are carefully recorded. He then
continues :

"But whatever I saw here was extreme poverty. Some wretched
cabins, open in many places ; our food, peas and beans, rather
scarce in quantity ; our drink, pure water ; the clothes of our
people all in rags ; our supplies found in the woods from day to
day; our medicine, a glass of wine on great holidays; our restor-
atives, perchance a trifle from the chase of a little feathered game;
the place uninhabited, no footprints upon the paths, our shoes only
fit for the fireside. After this, go and say there is no winter in
Canada. But at least do not say that the water there is not ex-
cellent, and the air not healthful; for it is certainly wonderful
that, notwithstanding all these discomforts, we always kept our
health. . . ."

An occasional flash of quiet humor here and there, not unmixed
with philosophy, enlivens his narrative. Good advice is offered to
those who contemplate coming to America and the following para-
graph contains a moral not without a m.odern significance.

"I say this . because prudence is of great importance to those
who go to clear new lands, as we Frenchmen are so willing to
go there with our eyes shut and our heads down ; believing, for
example, that in Canada, when one is hungry, all we have to do
is to go to an Island, and there by the skillful use of a club,
right and left, we can bring down birds each as big as a duck,
with every blow. This is well said, as our people have done this
more than once and in more than one place. It is all very well,
if you are ne\er hungry except when these birds are on the Islands,
and if even then you hap[)en to be near them. But if you are
fifty or sixty leagues away, what are you going to do?"

After describing somewhat in detail, certain Indian customs of
dress, or more properly speaking, the lack of it, Biard alludes to
the fact that the Indian women were ornamented with "chains,

FATHER PIERRE BIARD 183

gew gaws and such finery after their fashion/' adding paren-
thetically, "by which you may know that such is the nature of
the sex everywhere, fond of adornment." But this last state-
ment of Biard is offset by another, which, out of justice to the
author, should also be quoted. Commenting upon the well known
propensity of the Indian to feast as long as there was anything
in sight to eat, and upon his lack of thought for the morrow,
Biard says : "To speak of restraint when they are not at war,
is equal to proposing a riot. If you tell them that they will be
hungry in the winter — they will answer you, 'It is all the same
to us, we shall stand it well enough ; we spend seven and eight
days, even ten sometimes, without eating anything, yet we do
not die.' Nevertheless, if they are by themselves and where
they may safely listen to their wives (for women are every-
where better managers), they will sometimes make some store-
house for the winter. . . ."

Of Biard's attempts to learn the Indian language an amusing
account is given. He refers to his instructors as "our gentlemen
Savages," who, to pass away the time, made abundant sport of
their pupils, always telling them a lot of nonsense. "And yet
if you wanted to take advantage of this fun, if you had your
paper and pencil ready to write, you had to set before them a
full plate and a napkin underneath. For to such tripods do the
oracles yield, without this incentive, both x\pollo and Alercury
would fail them ; as it was, they even became angry and went
awav, if we wished to detain them a little. \\'hat would you
have done under the circumstances?" If Father Biard's Superior
ever replied to this c^uestion, the answer is not on record.

The foregoing extracts from Biard's writings, taken at ran-
dom, go to show the type of man that he was, well educated,
keen, observing and above all, human. ]\Iany such might be
given, but these few must suffice. If a more lengthy quotation
from his correspondence is desired, reference may be made to an
important communication, still preserved in the Jesuit archives at
Rome, written in Latin to the Very Reverend Father Claude
Acquaviva, General of the Jesuits, often referred to as the second
founder of the Order. As a report of the happenings which fol-
lowed the destruction of the ^vlount Desert mission, it is valuable;

r!W,?.V^i;V

i84 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :yIAIXE HISTORY

as an example of the literary ability of Father Biard, it is con-
vincing.*

"Amiens, !May 16-26, 16 14.
"^ly Very Reverend Father,
"Pax Christi,

"Since, thanks to a special blessing of God and to the prayers
of your Fatherhood, we have quite recently escaped from various
most serious dangers, both gratitude and duty compel me this
day to throw myself, as fully as I can at the feet of your
F'atherhood, filled with most lively thankfulness and most earn-
estly, in order to present to you my regard and to prove to you
my affection. I must, in fact, look upon myself as chosen by
the Lord Himself, both to repent and to show the triumph of
Grace, so very great are the dangers from which I now see
myself delivered, to my great joy and surprise — but this is scarcely
the time to mention all the events in detail ; and I think your
Fatherhood must have heard many things already from Father
Ennemond Masse ; leaving other things aside, I shall be content
to tell you today, how, after our capture by the English in New
France, t we were dragged from place to place and finally restored
to our Countrv.

"During the last year, 161 3, we were in all, as your Fatherhood
knows, four (Fathers Biard, ^lasse, Ouentin and Brother du Thet)
members of the Society in Xew France. At that time, we laid at
last at a suitable place, the foundations for a new establishment,
and for a new Colony. "Just then, all of a sudden. I know not
by what fortuitous chance (for certainly it was not a premedi-
tated plan) the English of Virginia throw themselves upon our
coast, take possession, with great fury, of our ship, whilst almost
all our defenders were busy on shore. After some resistance,
we were compelled to surrender ; two Frenchmen were killed in
the fight and four wounded, without counting our brother du Thet,
who was mortally wounded. He died piously in my arms the next
day.

* Thwailes. "Jesuit Rel.." 3:5, ffive.s Latin oriyrinal. See also. Tyler,
"Narratives of Early Viri-'inia." p. 227 and Brown. "Genesis of the U. S..'
2:700. An account of the difficulties at Port Royal, differing: from Biard's,
is found in Lescarbot, ed. of l^;l8. Le.scarbot, to put it mildly, was most
unfriendly to Biard.

t At Fernald's Point, the Saint Sauveur of the Jesuits, entrance of
Somes Sound, Mount Desert.

FATHER PIERRE BIARD i8

"When the vessel was taken and everything else stolen, they did
us priests and Jesuits a great favor, by not taking our lives ! How-
ever under such circumstances, life is something more cruel even
than any kind of death. Stripped of everything and in want of
everything what could we have done at this place so completely
deserted and uncultivated ? The Savages,* to be sure, came to
us secretly at night. They grieved over our misfortune, and
promised most heartily and sincerely, that they would do for
us all they could do, but such was the state of things and the
nature of the place that we saw notliing but Death around vis
or a wretchedness worse even than death. We were thirty people
suffering the same anguish. What made our Englishmen less
cruel was that one of our boats, evading their vigilance, had
escaped. They saw themselves compelled to spare us, because
thev knew verv well, that there were witnesses now abroad who
could testify to the violence they had done. They feared the lex
talionis and the vengeance that our King might take. They told
us at last (a noble favor indeed!) that for us thirty who re-
mained, they would leave at our disposal a boat, in which we might
sail along the coast and try to meet some French vessel, that could
take us back to our own countrv. Thev were shown that this
boat could not hold more than 15 persons, but they would not
grant us any more, not even one of our own vessels.

"There was no time to lose. In this perplexity, each one did
what he could for his safety. Father Ennemond ]\Iasse got with
14 others into the boat, of which we have spoken, and God has
protected him, as your Fatherhood has already learned.

"I went to see the English Commander, and obtained for myself
and Father Jacques Quentin, my companion, as well as for Jean
Dixon, who had been admitted into the Society, and for one
servant, that we should be carried to some island near by, where
the English are in the habit of fishing, and that we should be
recommended to these fishermen in order that they might carry
us to England, from whence we could easily return to France.
I obtained this, I say, as a promise, but they did not keep their

* Asticou's .subject.^. Thoir summer encampment was at Manchester's
Point. Northeast Harbor. Evirl»-nces of Indian, occupation are still to be
lound on t'-rnald's Point. I am indebted to Mr. Francis Young- of South-
west Harbor for pointing: out the location of several "fire holes" in that
vicinity. "SV^ O. S.

i86 SPRAGUE'S JOURXAL OF MAINE HISTORY

word. In fact, we and the other. Frenchmen who remained,
fiteen in number, were taken straight to Virginia, nearly 250 post-
leagues from where we had been taken prisoners. There new
dangers ! The Governor of this fort wanted to hang us all, but
especially the Jesuits. The Captain, who had taken us prisoners,
opposed this, pleading the promise he had given. This pledge or
the fear of the King finally prevailed.

"This Captain was afterward ordered to return to that part of
New France where he had plundered us, to destroy all French
vessels that he might find there, and to burn all forts and all houses.

**In fact, the French had there still two settlements, that of Saint
Croix, and that of Port Royal, where I had lived two years.
They fitted out three ships* for this expedition, tvro of them had
been taken from us ; the third, larger and fitted for war,
was that which had made us prisoners. They allowed only eight
Frenchmen to get on board these vessels; with the intention of
availing themselves of the first opportunity to send us back to our
native land. These ships sailed first to the place where we had
been made prisoners, and the English destroyed the crosses which
we had erected, but the punishment was not long delayed ; before
we left one of them, convicted I know not of what crime, was
hanged at the very same place. A Cross avenged the Crosses !
We found here also new dangers. The English, as I have said
above, wanted to sail to the settlement of Sainte-Croix, altho' there
was nobody there; but they had left there a supply of salt. I was
the only one who knew the way, and the English knew that I had
lived there formerlv. Thev asked me to show them the wav. I
do all I can to invent pretexts and to escape from their demands.
But I achieved nothing. Seeing clearly that I would not conduct
them there, the Captain broke out into great wrath, and the danger
became more imminent for me, when they unexpectedly discovered
the place without me. They plundered it and reduced everything
to ashes. Besides, they succeeded on this occasion in catching a
Savage who led them to Port Royal. If this accident relieved
me of a great danger, it exposed me likewise to another, that was
still greater. In fact, after they had plundered and burnt Port

* The Jonas. "Mayflower of the Jesuits," Her Pinnace and the Treas-
urer, Arg-all's ship.

FATHER PIERRE BIARD 187

Royal, which thev found, I do not know whv, abandoned bv the
French, one of the very men who had left this post brought a
charge against me. He said I was a true and pure Spaniard and
did not dare to return to France, because of certain crimes which
I had committed there. The Captain, already inimical, seized this
new pretext to rage, and asked his companions what they thought
of it. Did it not seem just to them, that I should be cast on shore
and there abandoned? The opinion of the majority prevailed:
They wanted me to be carried back to ^'irginia, and that there,
in due form, and according to law, I should be restored to the
gallows from which I had escaped. Thus was I saved for the
time at least ; we at once resumed our voyage to A'irginia ; but
two days later we were assailed by such a tempest that our ships
were dispersed. We do not know what has become of the others.

"x\fter having battled with the storm for three weeks, the Cap-
tain of our ship seeing how many things were wanting, especially
water, and that there was no hope of reaching Mrginia soon,
determined to take refuge at the Portuguese islands called the
Azores. This decision once formed, I, who thought I had escaped
the rope that was prepared for me, fell once more into still greater
and very much greater peril, since now I had companions who
shared it with me. In fact, the English as they came near these
islands, began to reflect that they were lost, if we were discovered,
we priests and Jesuits ; that we would be set free by the Catholic
Portuguese and that they, on the contrary, would be punished as
pirates and persecutors of priests. This anxiety troubled us much.
A\'hat were we going to do ? Would they throw us into the water ?
Would it be enough to hide us? In the midst of this anguish and
r these hesitations the Captain sent for me and explained the matter
to me. I replied, that for myself the greatest misfortune in my
death was that I should become the occasion of a crime for others.
I promised him, that, if he wished to conceal us, I would further
his wishes in all sincerity.

"What thoughts did the Lord instill in his mind, that he should
trust my words? I really do not know, but what I do know, is
that if he had forseen the dangers which he had to face thereafter,
he would not have listened to me.

"He conceals us therefore in the depth of the hold. For three

i88 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

weeks we did not see daylight ; but in the harbor of the island
of Fayal there arose so many difficulties and the ship was so often
examined, that it is astonishing we should not have been discovered;
the Lord permitted it for the greater Glory of our Society. The
English themselves saw clearly, that if we had desired to show
ourselves and to denounce them, we had frequent opportunities to
do so. They subsequently, in England and even in the presence of
their ministers, praised our loyalty in keepmg our word, to the
great surprise of the enemies of the Faith.

**The English, after their escape from this danger, decided to
sail for England rather than for Virginia, which was much farther
off. They were in want of all that was most necessary for such
a voyage.

"We steer therefore in the direction of England. The voyage
was long and unpleasant. Fogs and darkness made us lose the
right way, and we were driven to Wales, not far from Ireland.
Our Captain had gone on shore in the little town of Pembroke,
in order to procure provisions, when certain appearances made
him to be looked upon as a pirate and he was thrown into prison :
in order to clear himself he protested that he was no pirate, and
in support of his innocence, he appealed to the two Jesuits who
were on board his ship, saying that if they were questioned, they
would know the truth. What goodness of Divine Providence I
We were in the middle of winter and everything was wanting on
board! If we had not received some assistance we should have
perished from cold and suffering. What happened? They im-
mediately sent for the Jesuits and brought them into town, to the
great astonishment of everybody. They questioned us as wit-
nesses ; we depose that we knew, that is to say, that the Captain
was a King's officer and not a pirate, and that his conduct towards
us was an act of obedience and not the result of his own will.

"Our Captain was thus restored to liberty, and we with him.
They kept us in town with great consideration, until an answer
should come from London. We had long to wait. During this
time we had frequent controversies with the ministers, but more
frequently still with simple Protestants. Everybody was at liberty
to call on us, altho' we were not allowed to leave the house. In
everything else we were well treated, as I have said before.

FATHER PIERRE BIARD 189

"At last we receive order to embark for London. It was a long
voyage, and there occurred several very provoking delays. Not
to enumerate all these details, let it suffice to say that the King of
England sent us to the town of Dover and made us cross from
there to Calais, in France. The Governor of the town of Calais
and the ]Mayor received us very kindly and kept us three days,
to recover from our fatigues. We reached afterwards Amiens
where we now are.

*AVe have thus been prisoners for nine and a half months,*
always on board ship, with the exception, as I said, of the days
we spent at Pembroke. For three months we received daily only
two ounces of bread and a small piece of salt fish, and water which
was almost always brackish. Hence we were surprised not to be
taken sick, wliile the majority of the English were sick and some
of them even succumbed. Surely the Lord has kept us, thanks
to the prayers of your Fatherhood and those of our Society. ^lay
Heaven in His goodness turn all this to His greater glory, to the
improvement of my life, and to my salvation. I hope for that,
assisted by the prayers and the blessings of your Fatherhood, which
I implore most humbly and on my knees, and with all the fervor
of which I am capable.

*'May the Lord Jesus always protect Your Fatherhood and deign
to grant you His ^lercy, my \'ery Reverend and very kind Father !

"Your Fatherhood's obedient son and unworthy servant,

"PIERRE BIARD.
"Amiens, ]\Iay 26th, 1614."

L'pon Biard's return to France, he was obliged to face a terrific
storm of vituperative abuse. It was said that he and Masse had
become so incensed at Biencourt, because of his abusive treatment
to them, that they out of malice, had piloted Argall to Port Royal,
that he might destroy it. Poutrincourt and Lescarbot, whose
dislike of the Jesuits was well known, believed these charges,! and
Poutrincourt took it upon himself to address the French admiralty

* This is an impoitan^ stat.-ment. From it an approximate date of
Arsrall's attack upon Saint iSiuveur may be deduced. Eiard'.s letter -was
written about the middle of .May. 1614. Hi.- enforced stay at ppmbroke
wa.s about four wt'cks. Hence it must have br-en early in July, lhl3, that
the Ene:lish broke up the French settlement at ^Mount Desert.

t This "complaint" presented to the Judf^e of thr- Admiralty of "Guyenne
au sie«-e de la Kochtlle" is dated July 18, H'jU. The text in full is given
by Brown, "Genesis of the U. S.." 2:726.

190 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ]\IAIXE HISTORY

courts, in July of 1614, upon the subject. But the Jesuit Fathers
had a defender in Samuel de Chaniplain,* who discredited the
slander and showed that Argall had compelled an Indian to pilot
him to Port Royal, thus vindicating the Fathers.

Quietly resuming his teaching at Lyons, after six years of event-
ful interruption, the missionary spirit would not yield to the pro-
saic routine of a professorial calling, and Biard bade farewell to
academic surroundings to devote the remainder of his life to wel-
fare work among his fellow men. In Christian service to the last.
he died in harness, a chaplain in the King's army at Avignon.
November 17, 1622.

Father Biard's associate at Port Royal and at Blount Desert,
Father Enemond IMasse, was born at Lyons in 1574 and entered
the Society of Jesus at the age of twenty-two. AMien chosen
with Biard for service in America, he was secretary to Father
Coton. After escaping from Argall he returned to France and
labored hard to restore the mission in Canada. His vivid and
glowing descriptions of the vast held which New France ottered
for active service, so inspired many of the younger Jesuits that
they begged to be sent there to work among the Indians.

So when the gray gowned Recollects, after ten years of arduous
labor in the missionary fields of Quebec, realizing that the harvest
was plenty but the laborers few, sent an invitation to the Jesuits
to come over and help, a ready response was received, and in
1625 three priests of the Black Gown, Fathers ^lasse, Brebeuf and
Lalemant,t sailed up the St. Lawrence, the first Jesuits in that
region. Father ^lasse's enthusiastic eulogies had sown the seed,
which in full harvest was to }ield the most remarkable examples
of self denial, personal sacrifice and martyrdom, to be found in
the annals of history.

]Masse and his companions labored unceasingly among the In-
dians until the capture of Quebec by Sir David Kirke in 1629,
when they were taken prisoners and obliged to return to France.

*Th\vaites. 'Meruit Relations," 1:318 note.

•^ Father Charles Lalemant. In the preface to one of hi? published
letters. Paris. ir,32 (Th\vaiLe = . "Jpsuit Relations." 4:233) Lalemant is men-
tion»'d as having- been at "Pentai^ouet" with La Saus.saye. This is an error,
since Biard makes no nnention of Lalemant in his Relations. "The O'Cal-
lag^han Ii»-print," Alban\-, IST*"', contains this mistake which has been copied
by m.any wiit< rs. For an intf-restin^r account of th'^ first Jesuits at Quebec,
see George H. Locke, "When Canada Was New France," p. 98.

FATHER PIERRE BIARD 191

At the restoration of Canada to the French, by the terms of the
treaty of Saint Germain-en Laye, for the third and last time Masse
set out for the shores of America. Grown old in the service, he
could now no longer labor among the Savages so he lived at Sillery,
a suburb of Quebec which he built as a reservation for Indian:
who had become converted. His kindly oversight of the details
of the mission and his eager willingness to be of service, won for
him the affectionate title of "Father Useful."

On May 12, 1646, while on his way to confess the garrison of
Fort Richelieu, in preparation for the celebration of a feast day,
this w^orthy man who had seen service at Port Royal and at Mount
Desert, died by the wayside. A monument to his memory stands
on the site of the chapel built by the Commander de Sillery as a
memorial to him and the brief inscription bears testimony that
Pierre Ennemond Masse, S. J., the first missionary in Canada, was
buried in 1646 in the church of St. Alichell on the domain of Saint
Joseph of Sillery.

Of Father Jacques Quentin, who was held a prisoner with Father
Biard, on board the Jonas during the long cruise to the Azores and
to Milford Haven, but httle is on record. He was born in Abbe-
ville, February 1572 and entered the Jesuit order on June 30, 1604.
He reached France with Biard in May of 1614 and never returned
to America. He died April 18, 1647. Of Brother Jean Dixon,
Biard's servant, even less is known. He entered the order of
Jesuits in 1613, just prior to the sriling of the Jonas and after
his return to France, is lost to sight.

Brother Gilbert du Thet, the fightinc: Jesuit who gave his life
in the fut:le defense of Saint Sauveur, found his last resting place
on the Inland of the Desert Mountains somewhere on Femald's
Point ; forerunner of that black gowned army, fearless messen-
gers of the faith, explorers and scientists as well as priests, whose
chronicles are numbered amon'^ the most remarkable historical
narratives that America possesses.

I I

■■i I '

I02

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

HON. HORACE iMITCHELL

Born March 13. 1857

Died October 9, 1922

(Bv Justin Henry Shaw)

Hon. Horace Mitchell of Kittery, whose name has been promi-
nently identified with the business and politics and the many affairs
of his town for more than thirty years, and who was widely known
in the coimtry as a summer-hotel man, a promoter of corporations,
a former representative in the legislature and state senator, and
a leading farmer, and standing high in many fraternal circles,
died at his home, the historic Sparhawk Mansion on the Pep-
perrell Road, Kittery Point, early Monday morning, October 9,
1922, at the age of 65 years, 6 months and 27 days. The passing
of Mr. ^litchell was the result of a cerebral hemorrhage with
which he was stricken Friday night, October 6, and from which
he never rallied in any respect.

Mr. Mitchell suffered a serious breakdown in health in October
1919 and for a while was regarded as being in a serious condition,
but gradually he seemed to improve and becyme active again in the

•

HOX. HORACE MITCHELL 193

many matters in which he was interested, and he even managed
L second strenuous attempt to secure the nommation for Congress
from the First !Maine District in the summer of 1920. The death
of Mr. jMitchell removed, as might be expected, a man who was
able to accomphsh for Kittery's material welfare and progress
more than any person m its history.

The funeral was held at tlie Sparhawk ^Mansion on Thursday
afternoon, October 12, at two o'clock. The religious service was
conducted by the Rev. John Graham, minister of the First Congre-
gational Church of Kittery Point, a close personal friend to Mr.
Mitchell, and a fellow-^Mason, and there was also elaborate ^Masonic
ser\^ices, both at the home and at the grave in the Free Baptist
cemetery in Kittery Point. ^lore than 400 representative men of
tlie state and surrounding communities were present at the services.

Horace Mitchell was born on the Haley Road in Kittery Point
on the date above stated, the son of the late Reuben and Hannah
(Sayward) Mitchell, and his ancestors on both sides were among
the earliest settlers in Kittery and the southern parts of Elaine, and
the name of Mitchell is very often mentioned in the records of
the town and in its history.

He received his education in the schools of Kittery, including
the Kittery High school, and in the New Hampton (N. H.) Lit-
erary- Institute and Business College, and later he fitted himself
for teaching. He was master of grammar schools in Kittery^ for
thirty-three terms, and he also taught one term in York.

H.is start in business life was as a clerk in the ^Marshall House
at York Harbor, and he was later so employed in the Hotel
Wentwortii at Xew Castle, N. H. For five summers he was a
successful manager of the Hotel Pocahontas at Gerrish Island, and
finding this business to his liking in 1890 he erected the Hotel
Champernowne at Warehouse Point, so called at that time, but
since then its identity has been mostly lost by the more important
name of the hotel.

Mr. Mitchell's first vote was for a republican president. He
represented Kittery in the Elaine House in 1891, and then Kittery
and EHot as class tov/ns in 1893, 191 1» 19^3 ^rid I9i9- He was
nominated for state senator by acclamation in 1895 ^^^ ^^'^s elected,
serving two years. In 1896 the governor of Maine appointed him

194 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

to the commission to examine the state treasurer's accounts, and
in 1897 he served as chairman of the same commission. He was
postmaster at Kittery Point during President Harrison's adminis-
tration and held the office for a number of years thereafter. He
was always republican.

Mr. Mitchell since 1901 conducted the corporation business estab-
h'shed by the late Frank E. Rowell, Esq., and it became the leading
headquarters of promoters in the state. Since his retirement from
the hotel business, which was taken over by the necessities of the
United States Housing Corporation in the development of the Navy
Yard, during the war, he has been mostly engaged as a farmer,
on two or more laige farms at East Kiltery. In this work he
took a great pride, and he had a handsome stock and valuable
fowl. Under his management the farms have been productive ar ^
profitable.

His first wife was Miss Lucy A. Frost, daughter of the late
Mr. and Mrs. iVaron Frost of Pembroke and Eliot, Me. By this
marriage there was one daughter, now Mrs. Ethel May Hale of
Haverhill, Mass. His first wife died a number of years ago.

December 25, 1901, he was married to Miss Mnry Gertrude
Chase, a talented daughter of the late Mr. and Mrs. James Edward
Chase of Kittery. She was well known before her marriage as
an elocutionist and reader, and is a graduate of the Emerson
School of Oratory of Boston. By this marriage there was one
son, Horace ^Mitchell, Jr., who is a student in Bowdoin College.

Mr, Mitchell was a promoter of the Portsmouth, Kittery & York
Street Railway, built in 1897; ^"^ ^^'^^ active in the organization
of the Agamenticus Water Company, which later was absorbed
by the Kittery Water District, and which system is known as one
of the best water supplies in New England.

The people of Kittery gave him the unusual honor of naming
a central school house at Kittery Point for him, while he was yet
living. He was a trustee of Traip Academy and had repeatedly
been a superintendent of schools and was a member of the school
board.

His last great service to the town were his efforts in the Legis-
lature to bring about the erection of the great Memorial Bridge over
the Piscataqua River between Kittery and Portsmouth, N. H., in

4 ;

M I

'I j

HON. HOR.\CE iMITCHELL 195

which the United States and New Hampshire have joined with
Maine in now building. In this matter he ably assisted Governor
^lilHken of Maine and Governor Bartlett of New Hampshire, and
with Hon. Aaron B. Cole, then state senator from Kittery, was
active in the progress of the case before the Elaine and New
Hampshire delegations in Washington. It is regretted that he died
before he was able to see the construction completed.

The Kittery Navy Yard was one of his hobbies, and he was a
constant and consistent friend to the entire naval establishment,
and had many friends among its officers and its workmen.

His first attempt to secure the nomination for Congress was in
1918, when he was defeated by Hon. Louis B. Goodall of Sanford.
His second campaign for the nomination in 1920 has already been
mentioned. He also tried for the nomination for councilor in 1906
and failed. He would have creditably filled either of the positions
he sought and his failure to go to Congress was doubtless a great
disappointment to him.

Mr. Mitchell was a generous and cordial entertainer during the
years of his ownership of the Hotel Champernowne and later at
the Sparhawk Mansion, which was a few hundred yards north
from the hotel. The Sparhawk Mansion was the headquarters of
President Taft and the presidential party of distinguished men to
Kittery, October 23, 1912. President Taft wrote his name on the
Vv'all paper at the head of the Colonial stairs. ]\Ir. \\'illiam Dean
Howells, whose summer home for years was close by, was fre-
quently a guest of the Mitchell home. 'Sir. ]\Iitchell was an excel-
lent speaker, a tireless worker in whatever he engaged, a friend
to education, simple and frank, genial in his manners, and a loyal
friend. He did all that his time permitted to encourage the study
of history. It is impossible to relate in any personal sketch his
many acts in that respect, or more than outline his work in other
respects.

The organizations of which he was a member and in many an
officer, were: Past blaster of Naval Lodge, F. & A. M., Kittery;
P. H. P., Royal Arch Chapter of South Berwick ; Maine Council,
R. & S. Masters of Saco ; ]\Iaine Commandery, No. 4, Knights
Templars of Biddeford; New Hampshire Consistory, S. P. R. S.,
32nd degree; Kora Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. of Lewiston;

196 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAI. OF MAINE HISTORY

Piscataqua Chapter^ O. E. S.; Past Grand of Riverside Lodge,
No. 72, I. O. O. F. ; P. C. P. of Dirigo Encampment, I. O. O. F. ;
Canton Hayes Xo. 7, P. M., I. O. O. F. ; P. C. C, Constitution
Lodge, Knights of Pythias of Kittery ; a member of Rising Star
Commandery, L'^. O. G. C. of Kittery and Grand Keeper of Records
of the Golden Cross of Elaine for 37 years; Kittery Grange,
P. of H. ; York Pomona; State of Maine Grange; and a member
of St. Aspinquid Tribe, I. O. R. M. of Kittery.

Upon the date of his death the Portsmouth, N. H., newspapers
paid him unusual and sincere tributes in editorials. The Ports-
mouth Times well said : "For more than thirty years he gave the
best in him for Kittery, and his passing takes away a citizen whose
place cannot be filled and Greater Portsmouth has lost a true
friend." TJie Portsinouth Herald fittingly said also: "He led
a life so full of business activities that he had no time to criticise
others. He was an inspiration to the community in which he
lived." ' . -

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF NATIVES OF MAINE
WHO HAVE SERVED IN THE CONGRESS OF THE
UNITED STATES

(By John C. Stewart)
(Continued from Vol. 10, Xo. 3, p. 154)

Kendall, Charles West, a Representative from Nevada ; born in
Searsmont April 22, 1828 ; attended Phillips academy, Andover,
Massachusetts and Yale college ; studied law, was admitted to the
bar and began practice in Sacramento, California; member of the
state house of representatives 1861-1862; moved to Hamilton,
Nevada ; elected as a Democrat to the Forty-second and Forty-
third Congresses (^larch 4, 1871 to ]vlarch 3, 1875).

Kidder, David, a Representative from Maine ; born in Dresden
December 8, 1787; pursued classical studies with private tutors,
studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in
Bloomfield; removed to Skowhegan in 1817, and to Norridgewock
in 1821 ; county attorney of Somerset county 1811-1823; elected as
c*. Whig to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Congresses (March 4,

BIOGR.\PHICAL SKETCHES 197

1823 to March 3, 1827); returned to Skowhegan in 1827; state
representative in 1829; died in Skowhegan November i, i860.

Kimball, Alanson M., a Representative from Wisconsin; bom
in Buxton ^larch 12, 1827 ; pursued academic studies ; moved to
Wisconsin in 1852 and engaged in farming and mercantile pur-
suits; elected to the state senate 1863-1864; elected as a Republican
to the Forty- fourth Congress (March 4, 1875 ^o March 3, 1877) ;
defeated as a Republican candidate for the Forty-fifth Congress.

King, Cyrus, a Representative from ]^Iaine while a part of ^lassa-
chusetts; born in Scarborough, September 16, 1772; pursued clas-
sical studies in Phillips academy, Andover, Massachusetts and
graduated from Columbia college in 1704; studied law in New
York City with Rufus King and served as his private secretary
while minister to England in 1796; completed his law studies in
Biddeford, was admitted to the bar in 1797 and began practice
in Saco ; elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth
Congresses (March 4, 1813 to Alarch 3, 1817), died in Saco, April
25, 1817.

King, Rufus, a Delegate from Alassachusetts and a Senator from
New York; born in Scarborough, March 24, 1755; pursued clas-
sical studies and graduated from Harvard college in 1777; studied
law in Newburyport, ^lassachusetts ; served in the Revolutionary
war;. was admitted to the bar and began practice in 1780; state
representative in 1782; Delegate from ^lassachusetts in the Conti-
nental Congress 1784- 1787; delegate to the state constitutional con-
vention in 1787; delegate to the Federal constitutional convention
in 1787; moved to New York City in 1788; member of the state
houhc of representatives in 1789-1790; elected as a F'edcralist to
the United States Senate in 1789; reelected in 1795 and served from
July 16, 1789 until May 18, 1796 when he resigned; minister to
Great Britain May 20, 1796 to ]May 18, 1803; Federahst candidate
for vice-president in 1804 and defeated; again elected to the United
States Senate in 1813; reelected in 1819 and served from ]\Iarch 4,
1813 to March 3, 1825; defeated as the Federalist candidate for
governor of New York in 181 5 and for President of the United

198 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

States in 1816; cgain minister to Great Britain May 5, 1825 to
June 16, 1826; died in Jamaica, New York, April 29, 1827.

Knowlton, Ebenezer, a Representative from iMaine; born in Pitts -
field, New Hampshire, December 6, 1815; moved with his parents
to IMontville, Maine in 1825; completed preparatory studies ; studied
theology; member of the state house of representatives 1844-1850;
speaker of the house in 1846; elected as a Republican to the Thirty-
fourth Congress (March 4, 1855 to March 3, 1857) ; died in Mont-
ville, September 10, 1874.

Knowles, Freeman, a Representative from South Dakota; born
in Harmony, October 10, 1846; attended Bloomfield academy,
Skowhegan ; enlisted in the sixteenth ]\Iaine regiment June 16.
1862; served three years and nineteen days in the army of the
Potomac; captured at the battle of Reams Station August 18, 1864
and kept a prisoner in Libby, Belle Island and Salisbury, N. C,
until the war closed ; moved to Denison, Iowa ; admitted to the
bar in 1869; moved to Nebraska and began the publication of the
Ccresco Times; moved to the Black Hills in 1888 and began the
publication of the Meade County Tiiues in Tilford; moved to
Deadwood and began the publication of the Evening Independent;
elected as a Populist to the Fifty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1897
to March 3, 1899) ; resumed newspaper work in Deadwood, South
Dakota and died there June i, 1916.

ADDENDUM

The following pages were inadvertently omitted by the publisher
from' Mr. Stewart's Biographical Sketches as follows:

Allen, Elisha Hunt, a Re{)resentative from Maine; born in New
Salem, Massachusetts, January 2S, 1804; graduated from Williams
college in 1823 ; studied law ; was admitted to the bar and began
practice in Brattleboro, \^ermont in 1825 ; removed to Bangor and
was a member of the state house of representatives 1836-1841, and
,m 1838 was speaker; elected as a Whig to the Twenty-seventh
Congress (March 4, 1841 to IMarch 3, 1843); defeated for re-

^v'

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 199

election; member of the state house of representatives in 1846;
moved to Boston in 1847 ^^^ resumed the practice of law ; elected
to the state house of representatives in 1849; appointed consul for
Honolalj, and was prominently connected with the government
of the Hawaiian Islands as chief justice, as regent, and as envoy
to the United States in 1856, 18O4, 1870 and 1875 ; died in the
White House in \\'a5hington, D. C, January i, 1883.

Appleton, John, a Representative from Maine ; born in Beverly,
I^Iassachusetts, February 11, 1815; graduated from Bowdoin col-
lege in 1834; studied law, was admitted to the bar and began
practice in Portland in 1837; engaged in editorial work on Eastern
Argus; chief clerk of the Navy Department and also of the State
Department ; United States minister to Bolivia from March 30,
1848 to May 4, 1849; elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-second
Congress (March 4, 185 1 to March 3, 1853) ; secretary of lega-
tion in London from February 19, 1855 ^^ November 16, 1855 and
served in October as charge d'affaires ; Assistant Secretary of State
from April 4, 1857 to June 8, i860; minister to Russia from June,
i860 to June 7, 1 86 1 ; died in Portland, August 22, 1864.

Bailey, Jeremiah, a Representative from Maine ; born in Little
Compton, Rhode Island, ]\Iay i, 1773; graduated from Brown
university; studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began prac-
tice in Wiscasset ; member of the state house of representatives
1811-1814; Judge of probate 1814-1835; eleced as a Whig to the
Twenty- fourth Congress (^larch 4, 1835 to March 3, 1837) ; col-
lector of customs of Wiscasset 1849-1853; died in Wiscasset, July

6. 1853-

Blaine, James Gillespie, a Representative and a Senator from
Maine; born in West Brownsville, Washington county, Pennsyl-
vania, January 31, 1830; graduated from W'ashington college,
Pennsylvania in 1847; taught for a time in Western military insti-
tute, Blue Lick Springs, Kentucky ; returned to Pennsylvania ;
studied law and in 1852- 1854 taught higher branches in Pennsyl-
vania institute for the blind in Philadelphia ; went to Maine in
1854; edited the Portland Advertiser and the Kennebec Journal',

200 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAI. OF MAINE HISTORY

member of the ]\Iaine house of repres.entatives from Augusta 1859-
1862; speaker 1861-1862; elected as a Republican to the Thirty-
eighth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-
third, Forty- fourth Congresses and served from March 4, 1863 to
July 10, 1876 when he resigned ; was speaker of the Forty-first,
Forty-second and Forty-third Congresses ; appointed and subse-
quently elected to the United States Senate, to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Lot M. Morrill, and served from
July 10, 1876 to ^larch 5, 1881, when he resigned to become
Secretary of State in President Garfield's Cabinet, which position
he held until he resigned December 12, 1881 ; in 1884 he was
nominated for the Presidency by the national Republican con-
vention but was defeated by Grover Cleveland of New York;
Secretary of State under Harrison from March 7, 1889 to June
4, 1892 when he resigned ; died in Washington, D. C, January 23,
1893.

Bronson, David, a Representative from Maine ; born in Suffield.
Connecticut, February 8, 1800; graduated from Dartmouth college
in 1819; studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice
in Anson, iVIaine; member of the state house of representatives
in 1832 and 1834 and of the state senate in 1846; elected as a Whig
to the Twentv-seventh Cons^ress to fill the vacancv caused bv the
resignation of George Evans and served from !May 31, 1841 to
March 3, 1843; collector of customs at Bath, Elaine, 1850-1853;
judge of probate for Sagadahoc county 1854-1857; died in Talbot
county, Maryland, November 20, 1863.

Brown, Benjamin, a Representative from the District of Elaine
before its separation from Massachusetts; born in Swansea, Rhode
Island, September 23, 1756; pursued academic studies; studied
medicine and practised; member of Massachusetts house of repre-
sentatives in 1809, 181 1, 1812 and 1819; elected to the Fourteenth
Congress (^larch 4, 181 5 to IMarch 3, 181 7) ; died in Waldoboro.
Maine, September 17, 1831.

Burleigh, \\'illiam, a Representative from Maine ; born in Rock-
ingham county, New Hampshire, October 24, 1785; studied law;

BIOGFL\PHICAL SKETCHES 201

was admitted to the bar and practiced in South Berwick, Maine;
elected to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Congresses (^larch 4,
1823 to March 3, 1827) ; died in South Berwick, July 2, 1827.

Carr, Francis, a Representative from Elaine; born in Newbury,
Massachusetts, December 6, 175 1; attended the public schools;
member of ^lassachusetts house of representatives from Haverhill,
1791-1795, 1801-1803 and from Orrington, Maine District, 1806-
1808; state senator 1809-1811 ; elected as a Democrat to the Twelfth
Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Barzillai
Gannett and served from June 3, 1812 to IMarch 3, 1819; died in
Bangor, Maine, October 7, 182 1.

Cary, Shepard, a Representative from Elaine; born in New
Salem, ^lassachusetts, July 3, 1805 ; attended the public schools '
engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits; member of the
Maine house of representatives in 1832, 1833, 1S39, 1840, 1841,
1842 and 1843; presidential elector on the \'an Buren and John-
son ticket in 1836; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth
Congress (^larch 4, 1843 ^^ ]\Iarch 3, 1845) J ^^^<^ "^ Houlton.
Maine, August 9, 1866.

Chandler, John, a Representative from the District of Elaine
and a Senator from the state of Maine; born in Epping, New
Hampshire, February i. 17O2; took part in the revolutionary war;
commissioned brigadier-general July 8, 1812; honorably discharged
June 15, 1815 ; moved to Maine and settled on a farm at ]\ronmouth ;
member of the state senate 1803-1805 ; elected to the Ninth and
Tenth Congresses (March 4, 1805 to ^larch 3, 1809) ; member of
the Maine constitutional convention, 1819-1820; elected United
States Senator from r^Iaine on the admission of the state; re-
elected and served from June 14, 1820 to ]\Iarch 3, 1829; col-
lector of customs at Portland 1829-1837; died at Augusta, Maine,
September 25, 184 1.

Cilley, Jonathan, a Representative from Maine ; born in Notting-
ham, New Hampshire, February 2, 1802 ; graduated from Bowdoin
college in 1825; studied law; was admitted to the bar and begar

202 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

practice in Tiiomaston in 1829; editor of Thomaston Register
1829-1831 ; member of the state iiouse of representatives 1832-1837;
served as speaker two years ; elected as a Van Buren Democrat to
the Twenty- fifth Congress and served from ]March 4, 1837 ^o Feb-
ruary 24, 1838 when he was killed in a duel at Blandensburg, Alary-
land by William Graves, a Representative from Kentucky.

Clifford, Nathan, a Representative from Elaine ; born in Rumney,
New Hampshire, August 18, 1803 ; attended Haverhill academy and
New Hampton Literaiy Institute, New Hampton, New Hampshire;
studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice in New-
field, Maine, in 1827 ; member of the state house of representa-
tives 1830-1834; speaker 1833-1834; attorney general 1834-1838;
elected as a Democrat to the Twentv-sixth and Twentv-seventh
Congresses (^^larch 4, 1839 to March 3, 1843) J served as Attorney
General of the United States from October 17, 1846 to March 17,
1848; commissioner to ^^lexico with the rank of envoy extraordi-
nary and minister plenipotentiary from Alarch 18, 1848 to Sep-
tember 6, 1849; resumed the practice of law in Portland; appointed
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Janu-
ary 28, 1858 and served until his death in Cornish, Maine, July 25,
1881.

Conner, Samuel Shepard, a Representative from the District of
Maine; born in New Hampshire about 1785; attended Phillips
Exeter academy in 1794; graduated from Yale college in 1806;
studied law ; was admitted to the bar and practiced in W'aterville,
Maine; served in the war of 1812 as major of the twenty-first
infantry and as lieutenant colonel of the thirteenth infantry; re-
signed July 14, 1814; resumed the practice of law in Waterville;
elected to the Fourteenth Congress (March 4, 18 15 to March 3,
1817; appointed surveyor general of the Ohio land district in 1819;
died in Covington, Kentucky, December 25, 1819.

Cook, Orchard, a Representative from the District of Maine;
born in Salem, ^^lassachusetts, March 24, 1763; attended the pub-
lic schools and engaged in mercantile pursuits ; assessor of Pownal-
borough, Maine in 1786; town clerk of New Milford, Maine, I795"

BIOGFL\PHICAL SKETCHES 203

1797; justice of the peace; judge of the court of common pleas
for Lincohi county 1799-1810; appointed assessor of the twenty-
fifth district in November, 1798; overseer of Bowdoin college, 1800-
1805; elected to tlie Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh Congresses (March
4, 1805 to ^larch 3, 181 1 ) ; sheriff of Lincoln county 1811-1819;
postmaster of Wiscasset until his death there August 12, 1819.

Cushman, Joshua, a Representative from the District and from
the State of Maine; born in Plymouth, IMassachusetts in 1759;
entered the Revolutionary Army, April i, 1777 and served until
March, 17S0; graduated from Harvard college in 1787; studied
theology an;l vvas licensed to preach; settled in Winslow, Maine
and preached there nearly twenty years, first as pastor of a Con-
gregational church and then of a Unitarian church ; member of the
slate house of representatives in 1811-1812; state senator in 1809,
1810, 1819 and 1820; elected a Representative from the District
of Maine to the Sixteenth Congress (^larch 4, 1819 to March 3,
1821); elected a Representative from the State of Maine to the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Congresses (March 4, 1821 to March
3, 1825) ; again a membei of the state legislature in 1834; died in
Winslow, January 27, 1834; interment in Augusta, IMaine.

Dana, Judah, a Senator from Maine ; born in Pomfret, Con-
necticut, April 25, 1772; graduated from Dartmouth college in
^795i studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1798 and began
practice in Fryeburg, Alaine; county attorney of Oxford county
1805-1811; judge of probate 181 1-1822; judge of the court of
common pleas 1811-1823; judge of circuit court also; delegate to
the Maine state constitutional convention 1819; member of the
executive council in 1834; appointed as a Democrat to the United
States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of
Ether Shepley and served from December 7, 1836 to February 22,
1837; clied in Fryeburg, Maine, December 27, 1845.

Dane, Joseph, a Representative from Maine; born in Beverly,
Massachusetts, October 25, 1778; attended Phillips Exeter academy
snd graduated from Harvard collee^e in 1799; studied law, was
admitted to the bar in July, 1802 and began practice in Kenne-

204 SPRAGUE'S JOURNx\L OF MAINE HISTORY

bunk, Alaine; delegate to the state constitutional conventions in
1816 and 1819; elected as a Federalist to the Sixteenth Congress
to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Holmes;
re-elected to the Seventeenth Congress and served from December
II, 1820 to ^larch 3, 1823; member of the state house of repre-
sentatives in 1824, 1825, 1832, 1833, 1S39 and 1840, and of the
state senate in 1829; declined to serve as an executive councillor
of Maine in 1841 ; died in Kennebunk, ^lay i, 1858.

Dearborn, Henry, a Representative from the District of Elaine;
born in North Hampton, New Hampshire, February 23, 1751 ;
received a public school training; studied medicine and began
practice in 1772 in Nottingham Square, New Hampshire; cap-
tain in General Stark's regiment in the Revolutionary war and ,<
participated in the battle of Bunker Hill, where he covered the \\
retreat of the American forces; accompanied Arnold's expedition ;[
la Canada and took part in the storming of Quebec; was taken
prisoner but was released on parole in May, 1776; fought in the
battles of Stillwater, Saratoga, 2^Ionmouth and Newton; joined
Washington's staff in 1781 as deputy quarterm^aster general with
the rank of colonel and served at the seige of Yorktown; moved
to ]Monmouth, Elaine in June, 1784; elected brigadier general of
militia in 1787 and made major general in 1789; appointed United
States marshal for the district of Elaine in 1789; elected as a
Democrat to the Third and Fourth Congresses (March 4, 1793 to
March 3, 1797) ; appointed Secretary of War by President Jeffer-
son, and served from rvlarch, 1801 to Alarch 7, 1809; appointed
by President ^Madison collector of the port of Boston in 1S09,
which position he held until January 2y, 18 12, when he was ap-
pointed senior major general in the United States army; in com-
m.and at the capture of York (now Toronto) April 27, 18 14 and
Fort George May 2y, 1813; recalled from the frontier July 6, 1813,
and placed in command of the city of New York; appointed minis-
ter plenipotentiaiy to Portugal by President ^lonroe and served
from May 7, 1822 to June 30, 1824 when, by his own request, he
was recalled; he returned to Roxbury, Massachusetts, where he
died June 6, 1829.

Fessenden, William Pitt, a Representative and a Senator from

• BIOGR.\PHICAI. SKETCHES 205

Maine; born in Boscawen, New Hampshire, October 16, 1806;
graduated from Bowdoin college in 1723; studied law, was ad-
mitted to the bar in 1827 and practiced in Bridgton, Bangor and
Portland; member of the state house of representatives in 1832
iind 1840; elected as a \\ hig to the Twenty-seventh Congress
(March 4, 1841 to ^larch 3, 1S43) »' declined to be a candidate for
re-election; again a member of the state legislature 1845-1846;
defeated as a ^^ hig for the Thirty-second Congress; again a mem-
ber of the state legislature 1853-1854; elected as a Whig to the
United States Senate and re-elected as a Republican, serving from
March 4, 1853 until July i, 1864 when he resigned, having been
appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Lincoln ; Secre-
tary of the Treasury from July i, 1864 to March 3, 1865; again
elected to the United States Senate and served from ^March 4, 1865
until his death in Portland, September 8, 1869.

French, Ezra Bartlett, a Representative from iMaine; born in
Landaff, New Hampshire, September 23, 1810; pursued an ac-
ademic course; moved to Damariscotta, T^Iaine; Secretary of state;
elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress (]March 4, 1859 to ^larch 3,
1861) ; appointed Second Auditor of the Treasury August 3, 1861
and held the ofhce until his death in Washington, D. C, April 24,
1881.

Fuller, Thomas James Duncan, a Representative from Elaine ;
born in Hardwick, Vermont, March 17, 1808; attended the public
schools ; studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice
in Calais, Maine ; elected to the Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-
third and Thirty-fourth Congresses (March 4, 1849 to March 3,
^^57) 'y appointed by President Buchanan, Second Auditor of the
Treasury and served from April 15, 1857 until August 3, 1861 ;
practiced law in Washington, D. C; died in Fauquier county,
Virginia, February 13, 1876.

Gage, Joshua, a Representative from the District of Maine; born
in Massachusetts in 1763; completed preparatory studies; moved
to Augusta, Maine in 1795 ; member of the state house of represen-
tatives 1805 and 1807: member of the state senate in 1813 and

2o6 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

1815; treasurer of Kennebec county twenty-one years; elected as
a Democrat to the Fifteenth Congress (March 4, 181 7 to March 3,
1819) ; member of the executive council 1822-1823 ; died in Augusta
January 24, 183 1.

Gannett, Barzillai, a Representative from the District of Maine;
born in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, June 17, 1764; graduated from
Harvard college in 1785 ; studied law and was admitted to the bar
but became an Episcopal minister and settled in Gardiner, ]\Iaine ;
member of the state house of representatives 1805-1806; served in
the state senate in 1807 and 1808; elected to the Eleventh Congress
(March 4, 1809 to ^larch 3, 1811) ; re-elected to the Twelfth Con-
gress but failed to qualify; died in New York in 1S32.

Gilman, Charles Jervis, a Representative from Maine; born in
Exeter, New Hampshire, February 26, 1824; pursued classical |j

studies; member of the legislature of New Hampshire in 1850;
studied law; was admitted to the bar and began practice in Bruns- |

Vv^ick, Maine; member of Maine legislature in 1854; elected as a 1

Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1857 to March
3, 1859) ; delegate to the Republican national convention in i860; |

died in Brunswick, Maine, February 5, 1901. ' ^

G^odenow, Robert, a Representative from Maine; born in Farm- I

ington, New Hampshire, June 10, 1800; completed preparatory ^

studies ; studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice i'^

in Farmington in 1821 ; county attorney 1828-1834; also again in j;

1841 ; moved to Maine and resumed practice m Paris; elected as a
Whig to the Thirty-second Congress (March 4, 185 1 to ^larch 3,
1^53) » appointed state bank commissioner in 1857.

Goodenow, Rufus K., a Representative from Maine; born in
Henniker, New Hampshire, April 24, 17^0; moved to Maine and
located in Brownfield ; received a limited education ; engaged in
farming; captain in the war of 1812; moved to Paris, Maine; clerk
of Oxford county courts 1821-1837; member of the state house of
representatives; presidential elector on the Harrison ticket in 1840;
elected as a Whig to the Thirty-first Congress (March 4, 1849 to
March 3, 1851); died in Paris, Maine, March 24, 1863.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 207

Hall, Joseph, a Representative from ^Maliie ; Born in Methuen,
Massachusetts, June 26, 1793; attended PhilHps Andover academy;
moved to Camden, Maine in 1809; engaged in mercantile pursuits;
held local offices and was sheriff of his county; postmaster four
years ; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-third and Twenty-
fourth Congresses (^larch 4. 1833 to ^larch 3, 1837) ; naval agent
at Boston, ^Massachusetts, 1849-1853; clerk in the Boston custom
house; died in Boston, ^lassachusetts, December 31, 1850.

Harris, ^lark, a Representative from Elaine ; born in Ipswich,
^lassachusetts, January 27, 1779; moved to Portland, !Maine in
1800; held several local offices; served in both branches of the
state legislature ; elected to the Seventeenth Congress to fill the \
vacancv caused bv the resiiniation of Ezekiel Whitman and served I
from December 22, 1822 to ^larch 3, 1823; died in Xew York City, j
March 2, 1843.

Herrick, Joshua, a Representative from Elaine ; born in Beverly,
Massachusetts, March 18, 1793; attended the public schools; moved
to Maine in 181 1 and engaged m the lumber business; served in
the war of 1812; moved to Brunswick and was connected with
the first cotton factory in ]\Iaine; deputy sheriff of Cumberland
county many years; deputy collector and inspector of customs at
Kennebunkport 1829- 184 1 ; county commissioner of York county
1842-1843; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth Congress
(March 4, 1843 to ^larch 3, 1845) '> again deputy collector at
Kenriebunkport 1847-1849; register of probate for York county
1849-1855; died in Alfred, August 30, 1874.

»
Holmes, John, a Representative from the District of ]\raine and
a Senator from the state of r^Iaine ; born in Kingston, Massachu-
setts, IMarch 14, 1773; graduated from Brov/n university in 1796;
studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1799 and began practice
in Alfred, Maine ; served in both branches of the r^Iassachusetts
legislature; elected as a Democrat to the Fifteenth and Sixteenth
Congresses, and served from ^larch 4, 1817 to IMarch 15, 1820,
when he resigned ; delegate to the ]Maine constitutional convention ;
elected to the United States Senate from Maine and served from

2o8 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

June 13, 1820 to March 3, 1827; again elected to the United States
Senate to fill the vacancy caused bv the resisrnation of Albion K.
Parris, and served from January 15, 1829 to ]March 3, 1833; mem-
ber of the state house of representatives 1835-1838; appointed
United States District attorney in 1841 and served until his death
in Portland, July 7, 1843.

Hubbard, Levi, a Representative from the District of Maine ;
born in Worcester, ^lassachusetts, December 19, 1762 ; attended
common schools ; engaged in farming ; prominent in state military
organizations; member of the state house of representatives in
1804, 1805 and 1812 and a state senator 1806-1S11; elected as a
Democrat to the Thirteenth Congress (March 4, 1813 to March
3, 1815) ; state senator in 1816; executive councillor in 1829; died
in Paris, Maine, February 18, 1836.

Jarvis, Leonard, a Representative from Alaine ; born in Boston,
Massachusetts, October 19, 1781 ; graduated from Harvard col-
lege in 1800; located in Surry, Maine; Sheriff of Hancock county
1821-1829; collector of customs for the Penobscot district 1829- |

183 1 ; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-first, and to the three
succeeding Congresses (^larch 4, 1829 to March 3, 1837) ; naval
agent at Boston, ^lassachusetts, 1838-1841 ; returned to Surry
where he died September 18, 1854.

THE LONGFELLOWS OF PORTLAND, MAINE

(By Fred K. Owen)

A little more than one hundred years ago at the Maine State
Election for the year 1822 there was elected to Congress from the \

Portland district an. attorney of the City by name of Stephen
Longfellow. The election was the second ever to have been held
in the then new State of ]\Iaine, and Mr. Longfellow was chosen
to succeed one ]Mark Harris who was filling out the unexpired
term of Ezekiel \\'hitman, who had resigned.

Mr. Longfellow was a distinguished citizen of Portland and one
of the town's most successful attorneys, but his chief claim to
fame lies not in his abilities as a lawver or in his service in

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 209

Congress, but is derived from the fact that he was the father of
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the poet.

The youth, who later made the name of Longfellow immortal,
was at that time a youngster of 15 years and a sophomore in
Bowdoin College. The family then resided in the brick mansion
on Congress street, now known all over the world as the Long-
fellow house, and it does not require a wide stretch of the imagi-
nation to conceive that, whether college was in session or not the
future poet was at home on this election day when his father
was running for Congress and that possibly he spent much of his
time about the polling place and talked politics with his youthful
friends.

We may also be quite sure that when the returns came in he
shared with the other members of his family and his father's
friends and political allies the delight that was theirs because of
the honor that had come to his sire. It is not unlikely also that
when Henry went back to Bowdoin, his college mates looked upon
him with more than ordinary regard, for even in those early
days, it was something of a distinction to be the son of a member
of Congress.

Was Federalist

Stephen Longfellow was a Federalist and Portland was the chief
town of a Federalist district, but his party was in a minority in
the State, for Congressman Whitman, who had resigned his seat
in Congress the previous year to run for Governor, was defeated
for that office by Albion K. Parris, the Republican candidate, by
a vote of 12,887 to 6,811. What was the Republican Party at this
time later became the Democratic Party, as is commonly known.

Mr. Longfellow himself had no easy fight of it in his own dis-
trict. Among the archives at the State House is the report of the
Governor and council of this election of 1822 and by it, it appears
that Stephen Longfellow. Federalist, received 2157 votes and that
John Anderson, Republican (Democrat), had 2036. This gave
Longfellow a plurality of 121, but a majority elected in those days
and scattering votes were more common than they are at this time.
The old time voters did not feel held down to party nominees
and frequently made their own choice of candidate when they went
to the polls.

2IO SPR.\GUE^S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

On this occasion 79 scattering votes were thrown which brought
the total up to 4272, 2147 being necessary for a choice. Stephen
Longfellow had 2157 and was therefore elected, but he had only
20 votes to come and go on.

The time that Steve Longfellow ran for Congress — we may be
sure that his friends and political associates addressed him thus
familiarly — Portland was a thriving town, but was later to assume
the dignity of a City. Its population was then 8,500, but it had
begun to grov\' so rapidly that ten years later it had increased in
size to a place of 12,000 people.

In 1822 there v/as but one polling place in town, a school house |

on the lower end of Congress street, the upper part of which had
been fitted up for a town hall. It was to this hall that the voters
of the town directed their footsteps on this election day of a hun-
dred years ago, and it was about it that we have allowed our imagi-
nation to picture the future poet to have been loitering.

Already the school house was regarded as too small a place for
the chief municipal building of the prosperous young town and the
agitation for a regular town hall had begun, which later resulted \

in the erection of a larger structure devoted exclusivelv to munic-
ipal purposes. i

When Stephen Longfellow arrived in Washington to take his
seat in Congress he found several among his associates who either
at that time or later loomed large in his Country's history.

Henry Clay was speaker and one of the new members from
Massachusetts was a man by the name of Daniel Webster.

Another one of the IMaine man's colleagues whose name is
familiar to present-day students of American history, was a mem-
ber from Pennsylvania, James Buchanan by name, who was sub-
sequently the President of the United States.

The senators whom the ]\Iaine member must have met during
his sojourn in Washington include some names that are familiar.
The New York pair were Martin Van Buren, who was afterwards
president, and Rufus King, who would have been president had
he belonged to the right party.

Thomas H. Benton was a senator from Missouri and Horatio
Seymour from Vermont. The junior senator from South Carolina
was Robert Y. Hayne, who would perhaps be forgotten, but for

BIOGRAPHICAL vSKETCHES 211

the reply made to him later by Daniel Webster, the then new
member from ^lassachusetts.

The most distinguished of Stephen Longfellow's colleagues of
Maine in the House was Enoch Lincoln, who, after his service
there, became Governor of ]\Iaine. IMr. Lincoln had been twice
?. member of Confjress from Massachusetts and served three terms
after Maine became a State. He resigned to become Governor
of ]\Iaine in 1826. The Lewiston district sent Ebeneazer Hcrrick,
who served three terms and declined re-election. Mr. Herrick
was the father of Anson Herrick who removed to New York City
and served one term in Congress as a representative of that State.

From the Kennebec district came Joseph Cushman, a clergyman,
and like Longfellow and Lincoln, a graduate of Harvard. ]Mr.
Cushman had served as a representative of ^lassachusetts before
coming to r^Iaine.

The York county district sent \VilIiam Burleigh of South Ber-
wick who served two terms. William Burleigh was the father of
John H. Burleigh, who was a member of the 43rd and 4Jih Con-
gresses and who was succeeded in that body by Thom.as B. Reed.

The Somerset representative was David Kidder of Skowhegan,
a lawyer and a W hig and twice a member of the House.

From the extreme east came Jeremiah O'Brien of ^Vlachias,
a merchant and farmer, and of the family of the Jeremiah O'Brien
who was the hero of the capture of the British sloop ]\Iargaretta.
one of the most thrilling incidents of the Revolutionary War.

Link ix Hale Chain
I One of the Elaine senators was John Chandler of Monmouth,

a brother of Thomas Chandler who was later a member of Con-
gress from Massachusetts, and an uncle of the more famous
Zachariah Cliandler of ^Michigan, senator from that state, and
secretarv of the interior under President Grant.

Zachariah Chandler was the grandfather of the present senator,
Frederick Hale, who therefore has not only a father and a grand-
father who were L'nited States senators, but a great-uncle as well.

The other Maine senator was John Holmes of Alfred, one of
the foremost statesmen of his time. John Holmes was a delegate
to the Maine constitutional convention and one of the two first
Senators of the State.

:-^®(.>.

212 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Portland of That Day

But what of Portland when Steve Longfellow was elected to
Congress? We have told something of it, noting that it was but |

an overgrown village and having described the schoolhouse hall |

where the voters assembled a hundred years ago. I

It was a seaport town and already enjoying a big trade in |

lumber for which rum and molasses were received from the West I

Indies. The long black wharves extended out into the harbor j

and about them were the low lying wooden buildings. There I

were no great public or mercantile buildings and but few fine resi- ?

dences. The Preble mansion which stood next to the Longfellow ,

House was the best. Perhaps a description of this neighborhood, |

written by the late Nathan Goold, one of the foremost of Port- |

land's historical authorities will give a good idea of the rest of the
town. Wrote Mr. Goold in one of his articles :

"The yellow, two-story house and barn above and the Preble
Mansion on the other side of his father's house. In the front
of the house on Congress street two wooden planks sufficed
for a sidewalk in muddy weather. On the opposite side of the
street were two blacksmith shops and two or three wooden
houses, perhaps four, between Center and Brown^ streets.
Brown street was laid out to Cumberland in 1817, and Preble
street not until 1831. W^here the Morton block now stands,
was a two-story house and barn where Reuben Morton lived
from about 1810 to 1820. After he moved away, the house
was occupied by Samuel Haines, who lived there until the re-
moval of the house."

The Reuben Morton who lived in the neighborhood was one
of the leading merchants of the town.

The Longfellow children slept on the third floor of the house
and from the windows the poet and his brothers and sisters had
an unobstructed view to White Head, Fort Preble and Portland
lighthouse on the front and to Back Cove, and the fields and forests
stretching away towards the White Mountains from the rear.

Class distinctions prevailed to a far greater degree in the Port-
land of that day than they do now and the Longfcllows were aris-
tocrats of the aristocrats. Stephen was a graduate of Harvard
as his father had been before him and both were gentlemen of
what we would now call the old School.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 213

There were several churches in town, but the Longfellow family
in common with most of the "quality," were L^nitarians and attend-
ants upon the First Parish, under Dr. Deane and Rev. Ichabod
Nichols.

Of Stephen Longfellow himself only the most complimentary
things have been written by the historians of the olden days. It is
said of him that he was tall and slight and of aristocratic bearing.
He was polished and gentle in his manners and honored and re-
spected by all for his upright character.

Perhaps no better insight into his character can be afforded than
i.s afforded by a letter he wrote to his son, Henry, w^hile the latter
was in college. In this letter, he said :

"I am happy to observe that my ambition never has been to
accumulate wealth for my children, but to cultivate their minds
in the best possible manner, and to imbue them with correct
moral, political and religious principles, believing that a person
thus educated will, with proper diligence, be certain of attain-
ing all the wealth which is necessary to happiness."

William Willis said of him : "No man more surely gained the
confidence of all who approached him, or held it firmly; and
those who knew him best loved him most. In the management
of his cases he went with zeal and directness of purpose to
every point which could sustain it. There Vv-as no traveling
out of the record with him, nor of wandering away from the
line of his argument after figures of speech or fine rhetoric.
But he was plain, straight forward and eft'ective in his appeals
to the jury, and by his frank and cordial manner won them to
his cause."

At the time that he was elected to Congress Stephen Longfellow
was one of the leading citizens of Portland and perhaps the town*s
foremost lawyer.

He was born in Gorham and spent his early days on his father's
farm in that town. He entered Harvard in 1794 at the age of 18.
He was one of the first scholars of his class and was popular with
the students by reason of his lovable disposition and his frank and
gentlemanly demeanor. It is said of him that he was bright and
cheerful and engaged freely in the social pleasures of friendly meet-
ings and literary associations. After leaving college he entered

214 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

upon the study of law with Sahnon Cha^e, then Portland's most
distinguished lawyer. He was admitted to the bar in 1801. At
that time Portland had a population of rising 3,000 and boasted
seven lawyers. One of them was Isaac Parker, afterwards chief
justice of the Supreme court of Massachusetts, and another was
Ezekiel Whitman, who became chief justice of ]\Iaine.

The Salmon Chase with whom Stephen Longfellow studied law
Avas the foremost lawyer of Portland when the young graduate of
Harvard came back to ]\Iaine to tit himself for his contemplated
profession. ■Mr. Chase was a native of New Hampshire and was
the uncle of Salmon Portland Chase, one of the most distinguished
of American statesmen and Lincoln's first secretary of the treasury.

The war secretary was named after his Portland uncle and it is
said that he was given the middle name of Portland after this City
and in order to distins^uish from his uncle. Salmon P. Chase Vvas
never a resident of Portland, at least not for any great length of
time, but he was a frequent visitor here in his younger days.

Longfell'jw opened an office in a room v.hich he set apart in his
liome, but afterwards moved to ^sliddle street, then the chief busi-
ness street of the City.

While building up a large law practice, Longfellow at the same
lime took great interest in public affairs. He was sent to the Legis-
lature in 181 4, one of the most critical years in the historv of the
State, and while a member of that body was chosen as a delegate
to the famous Hartford convention which was a gathering of New
England Federalists to discuss measures for securing New England
interests against the South and West, especially in relation to the
War of 1812.

In 18 16 Lawyer Longfellow was chosen a presidential elector
-and cast his ballot for Rufus King of New York, with whom he
afterwards served in Congress, and who was himself a native of
Maine. Six years later came Longfellow's election to Congress.

One term sufficed him in Congress and he devoted the remainder
of his life, so far as his health would permit, to his profession,
except for one term in the Legislature. In 1825, when Lafayette
visited P(jrtland, the former Congressman was the man chosen to
extend the welcome of the City to the distinguished visitor. Al-
though a graduate of Harvard, Longfellow became interested in

PAMOLA 215

Bowdoin College and served for several years on its board of
trustees. He was elected President of the Elaine Historical Society
in 1834, having previously served as recording secretary.

Congressman Longfellow was married in 1S04 to Zilpah Wads-
worth, daughter of Gen. Peleg Wads worth. To them were born
eight children, four sons and four daughters, which fact perhaps
makes it plain why the father had to build a third story to his
Congress street home.

A portrait of Stephen Longfellow hangs in the Longfellow house
and also are shown there a number of mementoes of him, including
many legal documents, books and papers.

He died August 3, 1849, ^" ^^^^ 74^1"^ year of his age, having been
a confirmed invalid during the later years of his life.

PAMOLA

(By the Editor)

Probably more has been written about ^Maine's majestic moun-
tain, Katahdin, during the past decade than ever before.

This has been the result, largely, of the efforts of such publicists
as former Corgressman Frank E. Guernsey, Arthur G. Staples,
editor of the Lca-nston Journal and one of the most fascinating as
well as forceful writers of essays in Xew England; Sam E. Conner,
Governor Baxter, Charles P. Barnes, Willis E. Parsons, Elaine's
energetic Commissioner of Inland Fisheries and Game; the late
Burt W. Howe of Patten, Maine; the Federation of Women's
Clubs of Elaine, and many others of her distinguished and cultured
citizenry.

This newly awakened interest in this subject has recently been
accentuated by the able and highly entertaining sketch by George
C. W^ing, Jr., entitled ''Mount Ktaadn Sometimes ^^lount Katahdin,"
published in the last quarterly issue of the Journal, This has at-
tracted wide attention in Maine and other parts.

^Ir. Wing makes several references to the ancient Indian tradi-
tion concerning Pamola, handed down to us ever since the white
man had knowledge of the tribes of the Abenaquis, or Abenikis
Indians.

2i6 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Hence the following "Tradition of Pamela"* may be of interest
at the present time.

Considerable has been written relative to this tradition by various
authors. This version is from "The Abnakis and Their Histor\'"
by Rev. Eugene \'etromile, written by him and published by James

REV. EUGENE VETROMILE DRIVING IX A SLED OTY.R THE
PENOiiSCOT RIVER TO MUSTAXACOOK

B. Kirker, New York, 1866. This author devoted much time to
careful study of the Indians of eastern Elaine, mingled with them.
and secured their respect and confidence, thus acquiring quite a
profound knowledge of their habits of life, their mental processes,
their language, the meanings of numerous place-names and their
traditions : ^

"The Penobscot Indians believed that an evil spirit, called Pamela
(he curses on the mountain) — resided, during the summer season.
en the top of Mount Katahdin — (the greatest of mountains).
They offered sacrifices to him to appease him, so that he could not
curse them, or otherwise injure them. Although they hunted and
fished in the woods and lakes around Blount Katahdin, yet they
never attempted to go on top of that mountain, in the assurance
that they would never be able to return from that place, but be
either killed or devoured by the evil spirit, Pamola. They pre-
tended to have seen this spirit on the top of the mountain on

• "The Abnakis and Their History or Hi.^torical Notices on the Abor-
Igrine? of Acadia," by Euf?ene Vetromile. New York, 18^;^). See pp. fJ2-fj7.
chapter on "The Indians of :MKine," in Seba.'-tian Hale, by John P'rancis
Sprauue. Heintzeniann I'rfss, Tloston. 19ftH. p. 'J'.i.

■w-m

PAMOLA

217

several occasions while hunting or fishing around it. It was but
till lately that they have attempted to ascend that mountain. It
is not long since that a party of white people desired to go on
top of ]Mount Katahdin and took some Indians to accompany them
as guides. The Indians escorted them to the foot of the moun-
tains, but they refused to go further, fearing to be either killed or
devoured by Pamela. No persuasion from the party could induce
them to proceed further; on the contrary, the Indians tried to dis-
suade the party from ascend-
ing the mountain, speaking to
them of this evil spirit, and
how many Indians had been
killed or devoured by him, and
that no man ever returned, who
dared to go on Mount Katah-
din. The Indians, however,
were prevailed upon to wait
for the descent of the party,
who, in spite of the remon-
strance of the Indians, ascend-
ed the mountain by themselves,
without guides. They were
quite surprised to see the party
back, as they entertained no
hope of their return, believing
with certainty that they had
been killed or devoured by
Pamola."

"It would not be improper to
give here a brief episode of the
Indian tradition concerning this
evil spirit, Pamola, resting upon
Mount Katahdin — a mountain famous amongst the Indians of
Maine — a tradition, which is behcved by the Indians unto this very
day. They relate that several hundred years ago, while a Penob-
scot Indian was encamped eastward of Mount Katahdin in the
autumn hunting season, a severe and unexpected fall of snow cov-
ered the whole land to the depth of several feet. Being unpro-
vided with snow shoes, he found himself unable to return home.

FATHER VETROMILE'S CONCEPTION .
OF PAMOLA. THE EVIL SPIRIT
OF MT. KATAHDIN, ACCORDING TO
OLD INDIAN TRADITION. — VETRO-
MILE'S HISTORY, P. 64

2i8 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

After remaining several days in the camp, blocked up with drifts j

of snow, and seeing no means of escape, he thought he was doomed |

to perish; hence, as it were through despair, he called with loud |

voice on Pamola for several times. Finally, Pamola made his |

appearance on the top of the mountain. The Indian took courage I

and offered to him a sacrifice of oil and fat, which he poured and . I

consumed upon burning coals out of the camp. As the smoke v\'as I

ascending, Pam(Ma was descending. The sacrifice was consumed j

when this spirit got only half way down the mountain. Here the
Indian took more oil and fat and repeated the sacrifice, till Pamola
arrived at the camp and the Indian welcomed him, saying: "You
are welcome, partner." Pamola replied: "You have done well to
call me partner ; because you have called me by that name you are
saved, otherwise you would have been killed by me. No Indian
has ever called on me and lived, having always been devoured by
me. Nov\' I will take you on the mountain and you shall be happy I

with me." Pamola put the Indian on his shoulders, bid him close j

the eyes and in a few moments, with a noise like the whistling i

of a powerful wind, they were inside of the mountain. The Indian !

describes the interior of Mount Katahdiii as containmg a good,
comfortable wigv\am, furnished Vvith abundance of venison and
with all the luxuries of life, and that Pamola had wife and chil-
dren living in the mountain. PamiMa gave him his daughter to
wife and told him that after one vear he could return to his friends
on the Penobscot, and that he might go back to the mountain to
see his wife any time he pleased and remain as long as he wished..
He was warned that he could not marry again, but if he should
marry- again he would be at once transported to ]Mount Katahdin
with no hope of ever more going out of it. After one year the
Indian returned to Oldtown and related all that had happened to
him in ]\Iount Katahdin, and the circumstances through which he
got into it. The Indians persuaded him to marry again, which he
at first refused, but they at last prevailed on him to marry, but the
morning after his marriage he disappeared and nothing more was
heard of him; they felt sure that he had been taken by Pamola
into Mount Katahdin, as he had told them."

''This fact filled the Indians with consternation and thev con-
ceived a great fear of this evil spirit, yet a young Indian woman
constantly persisted in refusing to believe even in the existence of

PAMOLA 219

Pamela, unless she saw him with lier own eyes. It happened one
day, that while she was on the shores of the lake, Amboctictus,
Pamela appeared to her and reproached her with her incredulity.
He took her by force, put her on his shoulders and after a few
moments' flight, vrith a great whistling of wind, they were in the
interior of the mountain. There she remained for one year and
was well treated, but was got with child by Pamela. A few months
before her confinement Pamela told her to go back to her relations,
saying that the child that was to be born of her would be great,
and would perform such wonders as to amaze the nation. He
would have the power to kill any person or animal by simply
pointing out at the object with the fore finger of his right hand.
Hence, that the child was to be watched vei*}' closely till the age
of manhood, because many evils might follow from that power.
But when \\\q child grew up he would save his own nation from
the hands of its enemies and v.ould confer mariy benefits to the
people. If she should be in need of any assistance, she had nothing
to do but to call on Parnola in any place she might be, and he
would appear to her. He warned her not to marry again ; because
if she should marrv asrain, both she and the child would be at
once transported into Mount Katahdin forever. He then put
her on his shoulders in the same manner as he had done in
taking her up to the mountain, and left her on the shore of the
lake, Amboctictus. She returned to Oldtown, where she related
all that had happened to her, and also that she had seen in the
mountain, that Indian of whom I have made mention above."

The child was born and she took great care of him. She called
several times on Pamela who always made his appearance to her.
When she wanted any venison, either in the woods or in the river,
she had but to take the child, and holding his right hand, she
stretched out his fore finger and made it point out to a deer or
moose, and it at once fell dead. So, also, in a flock of ducks she
made the child's first finger single one out of the flock, which
likewise fell dead. The child grew and he was the admiration
and pride of all."

"It happened one day, that while he was standing at the door
of the wigwam, he saw a friend of his mother coming. He an-
nounced it to her, and at the same time, v.ith the first finger of
his right hand, he pointed at jiim and the man immediately dropped

220 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

dead. This fact caused great consternation, not only in the mother
of the child but also in the entire tribe who looked on him as
a very dangerous subject among them. Everybody fled from his
company and even from his sight. The mother called on Pamola
and related to him what had happened, and also the fear and
consternation in which she and the entire tribe were. Pamola told
her that he had alreadv warned her to watch the child, because the
power conferred on the child might produce serious evils. He now
advised her to keep the child altogether apart from society till the
age of manhood, as he might be fatal with many others. The
Indians wanted her to marry but she refused, on the ground of it
being forbidden by Pamola, who was her husband, and in case of
marriage, she and her child both would be taken up Mount Katah-
din. Plowever, the Indians prevailed upon her and she married,
but in the evening of the marriage-day, while all the Indians were
gathered together in dancing and feasting for the celebration of
the marriage, both she and the child disappeared forever.*'

MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY

(By the Editor)

A report on the Archaeology- of Maine. Being a narrative of
explorations in that state 1912-1920, together with work at Lake
Champlain 191 7. By Warren K. Moorehead, Field Director,
Archaeology survey of Xew England.

Professor ]\Ioorehead's report printed by the Andover Press
and issued from the Department of Archaeology, Phillips Academy,
Andover, Alassachusetts, is a book of 2^2 pages, excellently bound
and finely illustrated. He is one of the leading and most promi-
nent scientists in Archaeological work in this country. Many of
the citizens of ]\Iaine have met him during the eight years of his
work in eastern ^Maine, and have been deeply interested in it. It
is the most valuable contribution of this kind that has ever become
a part of the history of our State. It will be welcomed by all
students of the subject and all others concerned in pre-histonc
facts regarding ]\Iaine.

His son, Mr. L. K. Moorehead of New York City, has also made
a special study of the Katahdin region. As a boy, many years ago,
he went with his father, W. K. Moorehead, down various Maine
rivers. Two or three years ago he and Ernest Mayo, as guide,
visited the wild part of Katahdin which is known as the Klondike.

MELODY IN MAINE 221

It was with great difficulty they forced their way through the heavy
growth of stunted spruce and reached the shores of a small lake.
This water had been observed from the Katahdin plateau by others,
but according to ]\Iayo, who has guided in the region for many
years, had not been named. It was called ^layo pond.

The north and northeast extensions of the Katahdin range are
the wildest parts, and are seldom visited.

MELODY IN MAINE

(Caroline W. Stevens of Portland)

The words of this song were set to music by Prof. William R.
Chapman, and the chorus and orchestra at the ]\Iaine ]\Iusic Festi-
val, in Bangor, Oct. 6, gave it a hue rendition.

It was received with great favor by the audience. The authors
of both the words and music received a great ovation.

The staunch old hills are listening, listening !

For the strains that float afar,

And the rippling rills are hastening

Where the tuneful measures are.

Where the pine trees shed their fragrance

Where the breakers chant refrain,

Happy days are nearer bringing

Sounds of melody in Elaine.

The leaflets soft are rustling, rustling,
In the fair old Pine Tree State,
And the waves are ever breaking.
Where her grateful children wait,
Wait with longing, wait with rapture,
For the thrills of song again,
I'^or the chorals grand that bring us
Sounds of melody in ^Laine.

The Festival is calling, calling.
Music's realm is o'er the land.
The mighty hosts are tramping,
Where its lovers join in hand.
May our jubilee to Heaven
Lift our souls and banish pain ;
. May the people through the ages.
Hear sweet melodv in Maine.

222 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

DAUGHTERS OF CINCINNATI

(By Mrs. E. C. Carll)

In the state of New York there is a large number of descend-
ants of original members of the Society of Cincinnati. There the
Society of Daughters of Cincinnati was formed and incorporated
Dec. 27, 1894. The Society was formed out of admiration and
respect for the Order of Cincinnati and its founders. The quali-
fications for Alembership are :

Descendant from an original member of the Society of the
Cincinnati, or from an officer who died in the service and
whose descendant was eligible to original membership in the
Society according to the Constitution adopted ]May 13, 1783 at
the headquarters of General Baron de Steuben at Fish-Hill-
on-the-Hudson.
Object of the Society: To encourage study of history of the Revo-
lution, causes and results, and to instill into the minds of the
rising generation a knovrledge of and reverence for the intelligent
wisdom \\hich planned and successfully carried on the struggle
for liberty against overwhelming force and old world prejudice:
To commemorate b}' celebrations and tablets the achievements of
our ancestors in the Revolution, and to preserve documents and
relics of that period.

They have an army and navy scholarship in the Teachers' Col-
lege of Columbia University for the daughter of an officer in the
regular Army or Navy of the U. S., preferably one of Cincinnati
ancestry.

A few words of explanation about the Order of Cincinnati : The
officers who had served together in the Revolution wanted to per-
petuate the remembrance, achievements and friendship formed
under common danc^er. Gen. Knox said : "I wish for some ribbon
to wear in my hat or button hole to be transmitted to my descend-
ants as a badge or proof that I have fought in defence of their
liberties." The Society v.'as formed in 1783 with Washington as
President General. The Society was named Cincinnati in honor
of the illustrious Roman Quintus Cincinnatus. The Society met
with some opposition as some feared it would create a race of
hereditary nobility, and the country be composed of two ranks:
The Nobles and the Rabble. They feared the Cincinnati would

DAUGHTERS OF CDnXIXXATI 223

have exclusive rights to offices, honors and authorities. These
predictions were never reaUzed. The Society flourished and con-
tinues to exist. The membership is handed down from oldest son
to oldest son. In my possession is a post card of the building in
which the Xew Hampshire branch of Cincinnati \vas formed.
Gen. Knox, Gen. W^ashington and my ancestor, Capt. Daniel
Gookin, breakfasted together at this Inn and formed the Xew
Hampshire branch : Capt. Gookin being made its first secretary.

The Ladd-Gilman house in Exeter by purchase in 1902 became
the Cincinnati ^Memorial Hall, a memorial to the Continental Army,
particularly the X'^ew Hampshire contingent and officers of the
regular line. During the Revohition this building was the State
Treasury : The town of Exeter being the seat of Government.
The guest chamber over this main room contains a mahogany
canojw topped bedstead used by Daniel \\'ebster during his visit
to Exeter. In the main room is an impressive portrait of Gen.
Washington wearing the Order of the Cincinnati. In this room
are original certificates of membership and an autograph letter of
Gen. Washington to ?^Irs. X'ancy Washington.

COPY OF CERTIFICATE:

"Be it known that Daniel Gookin, Esq. Lieut, (he was Capt.)
in the late army of the U. S., is a member of the Society of Cin-
cinnati, instituted by the Officers of the American Army at the
Period of its Dissolution, as well as to commemorate the great
event which gave independence to X'orth America as for the
laudal)le purpose of enculcating the Duty of laying down in Peace
arms assumed for pubHc defense and of uniting in Acts of
i>rotherly Affection and Bonds of perpetual Friendship, the mem-
bers constituting the same.

In Testimony W'hereof, I, the President of the said Society have
hereunto set my Hand at the City of X'ev/ York in the State of
Xew York this Fourth dav of Tulv, in the vear of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and ninetv; and in the fifteenth vear of
the Independence of the L'nited States.
By order : '

G. W'a>hington,

Knox, Secretary. President."

The Insignia of the Daughters of Cincinnati is an eagle grasping
in its dexter claw a branch of laurel and in its sinister claw a

224 SPRAGCE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

bundle of 13 arrows; upon its breast a star of 13 points, argent
charged with the bust of Washington in bas rehef: The whole
suspended from a ribbon of watered silk i^ in. wide, centre white
f in. wide, each edge of light blue. The Insignia should never
be worn as an ornament at social functions of a private or per-
sonal character: It shall not be embellished with gems; always
worn on left breast.

The Board of ^lanagement hold monthly meetings from Novem-
ber to IMay. The annual meeting of the Society is held in New
York City Jan. 29th unless that date falls on Sunday; then, on
next secular day. In addition there are two meetings a year, social
or historical in character, commemorate of events in the life of
Washington who was first President General of the Order of Cin-
cinnati. One of these meetings is held Apr. 30th, anniversary of
the inauguration of Washington as President; the other on Dec.
4th, anniversary of Washington's farewell to his officers and com-
rades in the Cincinnati at Fraunces Tavern in the citv of New
York. ' -

CAPTAIN WILLIAM EDWARD DENNISON

(Sarah ^Vatorman Dennison)

It may not be out of place at the present time when !\Iaine has
given the flower of her manhood and her sons their life's blood
for the honor of their country, to give a short account of one of
Maine's old sea fighters, Captain William Edward Dennison, who
was born in Freeport, Elaine and died Sept.. 1896, aged 64 years.
His father and his grandfather were also captains in the Maritime
service.

He was no braggart but a quiet and unassuming hero and gentle-
man. From cruising the globe he made his home within sight of
his birthplace on the Eastern Promenade overlooking the sea in
Portland.

In historical accounts of the bombardment of Fort Fisher we
find : "Among the Federal War vessels who poured the incessant
stream of shot and shell into that famous stronghold of the Con-
federacy w^as the United States gunboat 'Cherokee', commanded
by Captain Dennison."

CAPTAIN WILLIAM EDWARD DENXISOX

22 =

When there came the call for volunteers for an assault on the
works, Dennison was soon ashore at the head of his forces from
the Cherokee.

He was one of the first officers of the transport which carried
British troops through the Black Sea to Sebastopol at the time
of the Crimean war.

• ^-"n, i,^*"

"^^■^^^

•*^i

J^ ;; ■

:^-<" y^r-i^^^

^- ^^

CAPTAIN WILLIAM! EDWARD DENNISON

In later years with his x\merican gunboat, Cherokee, he cap-
tured with others, the blockade-running steamers "Circassian" and
"Emma Henly", rated the largest prizes ever taken by the Amer-
ican navy.

Captain Dennison sailed in 39 different ships, before the mast
as a boy, through the grades of junior seaman-ship and in com-
mand. He was an indigo planter in Central America, owned and
sailed a trading schooner on Lake X'icaragua until driven thence
by one of the periodical Central America revolutions. The tran-

226 SPR^VGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

sition from captain of a merchantman to the command of one of
Uncle Sam's war vessels was for Captain Dennison, the result of
a stroke of luck in taking advantage of the situation. To state
the case briefly, Captain Dennison with his vessel, the American
schooner Adrianna, saved the U. S. S. \\'yoming, which had been
run ashore by her rebel-sympathizing crew in the Gulf of Cali-
fornia, July 31, 1 86 1. The Wyoming was a notable ship. She
it was that taught the Japanese to respect the valor of American
sailors, when she entered the Straits of Siomnosieki from whence
warships of three nations of Europe had been driven, and singly
fought the combined Japanese forts and fleet to a most audacious
victory. From the log book of the Adrianna, the time history of
the event which appears belov\- was taken : "On the evening of
July 31, 1861, the American schooner Adrianna, A\'m. E. Dennison,
Commander, was pursuing her regular voyage from the port of
Guamas, Mexico, to San Francisco, California. About 9.30 p. m.,
being near to Point Lorenzo, which is oflf the Port of Paz, on the
eastern shore of the Gulf of California, a light was discovered
by the master of the schooner, evidently on board a vessel, and
from its bearings it is probable that the vessel was ashore. The
Master determined to anchor and wait until daylight, for if it was
a vessel, he was not disposed to risk the Adrianna by making a
night approach to the stranger, upon so dangerous a part of the
lower California coast. Daylight of the following morning dis-
closed a large steamship stranded upon the coral reefs. The Adri-
anna got under way and stood in for the stranger under the belief
that the S. S. owing to the heavy weather just preceding, was in
peril. While on the way a boat from the S. S. having on board
a native local pilot, came along board and demanded assistance,
for the six heavy-gun U. S. steamer Wyoming was a member of
the U. S. squadron then in the Pacific Ocean. Lieutenant ]Mur-
ray requested the ^Master, Captain Dennison, to go on board the
Wyoming and leave the Adrianna for the time being.

Lieutenant ^lurray asked Dennison what he, Dennison, could
do to save the Wyoming, for if she was lost it would ruin him
(Murray).

Dennison replied that he would do all he could to save the ship.
As she was in a very critical position, to this ^lurray replied :
"Then go ahead and save her." From that time Dennison took

CAPTAIN WILLIA^l EDWARD DENXISOX iiy

the management of affairs. Dcnnisou called for the pilot who
was in charge when the \\ yoming grounded, for the moral cir-
cmnstances of the movement assured him that the Wyoming had
been purposely run ashore. The discipline of the vessel was ex-
ceedingly lax. Her late Captain and other officers, honored with
commissions by the United States Government, had deserted the
Wyoming and gone to join the rebels — and of those who remained
behind, many were affected with sentiments hostile to the govern-
ment and were in sympathy witii the rebels. The pilot was per-
sonally known to Dennison, who was an outspoken unionist, but
while Dennison and ]\Iurrav were holdino: the interview above
related, the pilot without official authority had been set ashore on
the sea beach. He immediately "made oft"' and was seen no more.
The condition of the A\'voming was critical. She was ashore at
high water, under full steam, vsith the power of her engines fully
developed. Her keel lay parallel to the coast. She v\-as far from
the nearest habitation. After running her ashore the rebellious
crew had taken the steam anchor out over the starboard bow, and
planted it farther upon the reef. The cable of this anchor had been
interfered with by the captain, and the ship thus moved farther
ashore and into danger. The Wyoming had in the month of ]»*Iay
preceding, been thoroughly overhauled and repaired at the ]\Iare
Island X'avy Yard, and had got on board all her stoves, coal equip-
ment, arms, etc. The tides of California are scarcely perceptible,
and a steamer ashore anywhere in the Gulf increased her danger
by delay. As soon as possible after ^Murray had given Dennison
charge of affairs, the Adrianna hauled along side and commenced
to take aboard her bow anchors, shot, shell, etc., and having light-
ened the ship thus, took out astern, her bow anchors of the Wyo-
ming, and at six p. m., August 2, got this gunboat afloat and towed
lier into Petaluna Bay, a snug harbor where the transfer of stoves,
shot and shell was made. On the evening of August 4, both ves-
sels went to sea, the Adrianna in tow of the Wyoming. ^lurray
chose to retain the Adrianna for he was apprehensive of distress
from leaks in the Wyoming's bottom, and this he did until 9 a. m.,
August 7, when the Wyoming discharged the Adrianna. Thus
from July 31 to August 7, did the Adrianna, interrupting her voy-
age stand by the ^\'yoming and save her from a very imminent
peril.

V':-

,-J> y

'{■>•: :': ..,.

--.*
"t'/

228 SPR.\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

After such an eventful life of crulsirg the globe, he entered the
employ of Portland, ^It. Desert & Alachias S. S. Co., running from
Portland to Bar Harbor and down the coast where on board his
steamers, Frank Jones and City of Riclimond, he entertained many
notables during the summer season among them being General
Sherman, who made the never forgotten remark, — "War Is Hell" ;
also the late Bishop Doane of Albany, N. Y., and many others.

Captain Dennison's son, Captain Alexander Crossman Dcnnison,
who died in 1916, was equally as well known, and as successful a
sea captain as his distinguished father. As it was through his good
judgment that the Steamship Bay State of the E. S. S. Corp.,
remained afloat many years after the S. S. Portland of the same
line was lost. The result is now a matter of Marine historv as the
Portland was lost with every soul on board.

If he had lived he would have left as brave a record as his father
did at Fort Fisher. He would have g^iven his life for his countrv
as in February 1916 he was offered a commission in the U. S. navy
but was too ill to accept. A family of four generations in the
Maritime service — and a father and son who never met any serious
accident in their whole career, whose brave lives will be sacred
memories to the coming generation of seafaring men of Maine.

MAINE HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

This Department is open to con- Conducted by Augustus O.
tributions from all teachers and Thomas, State Superintendent of
pupils. Schools, Augusta, Me.

LOCAL HISTORY IN THE SCHOOLS

(Bertram E. Packard)

In all the great field of human history there is no part more
fascinating or more interesting than a study of local history. And
in these days, when we are placing so much emphasis upon the
correct teaching of our history as a nation and are striving to our
utmost to engender in the minds of our pupils a feeling of civic
pride and patriotism, it is of especial importance that we emphasize
the teaching of local history in our schools. For in no surer way
can we inculcate those principles of patriotism than by such teach-
ing. Love and knowledge of the locality of one's birth goes far
toward love of state and nation, which must be the foundation for
a patriotism that will in any way be permanent and enduring. The
teaching of local history may also be made the means of develop-
ing in the minds of our pupils what may be termed as a "historical
sense" ; that is, by teaching a pupil to go to the original sources
for his information, and to distinguish in his study between the
true and the false, that he may learn not to accept hearsay evidence
and come to understand that history, to be of real value, must be
the truth, absolute and impartial.

In our study of history we have far too much taken for granted
historical facts as set forth by the writers of history, without an
understanding or an application of the background of those facts,
and without viewing them in the proper perspective; for example,
for many years the facts covering the American Revolution were
not properly set forth in the textbooks of history. For two or
three generations we were taught to believe that it was practically
the unanimous desire of England to harass and oppress her Amer-
ican Colonies. We find, upon investigation, that this was untrue;
that it rather was the policy of a small group of statesmen under
the leadership of a tyrannical king. A large number of liberal and
constructive statesmen did not sympathize with this policy, and the

230 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF :\IAIXE HISTORY

simple facts of the case are, that finally England wearied of the
war and really allowed the Colonies to win their independence.
As a result of this teaching many of our people grew to dislike
England, instead of realizing that we were really one people of
the same blood, the same traditions and the same ideals. Much
the same condition existed in regard to the Civil War, and it is
only at the present time that we are beginning to understand clearly
and without prejudice the real facts leading up to that fratricidal
struggle. Fifty years hence we can possibly comprehend more
clearly the mass of facts and details covering the great World War.

We should most certainly place due emphasis upon the facts of
history as such, but we should go further and secure as far as
possible an tmderstanding of the related circumstances and view
the entire field with clear and impartial perspective.

The field for the study of our local Elaine history is unlimited
in its scope. A study of our growth and development from colonial
times is most valuable and interesting, and much authentic material
is available for this study. While excellent work has been accom-
plished in some localities, yet I feel sure that on the whole this
study has been sadly neglected. Xot to any measurable extent is
this necessarily the fault of the teacher. It is simply for the rea-
son that the subject has not been sufficiently brought to her atten-
tion and because, in the busy round of her everyday duties, she
has not gotten around to it and has not really understood how to
go about such a study.

W^e will suppose, however, that as a regular part of our history
work, we are making a more or less formal study of the history
of Maine as a state, and that for this purpose we are using the
various books and compilations which have been prepared by reli-
able writers from authentic sources. As particularly valuable for
material, I might suggest the following: Wilhamson's "History of
Maine" (nothing is better down to the year 1820), Dunnack's
"The :\Iaine Book," Starkey's "History of Maine," Hatch's "His-
tory of Maine," "Maine, :\Iy State," the collection of the Maine
Historical Society, and Sprague's "Journal of Elaine History "

I wish also to mention a particularly valuable and timely little
pamphlet prepared by Dr. Augustus O. Thomas, State Superin-
tendent of Schools, during our centennial year, entitled "One Hun-
dred Years of Statehood." This pamphlet is filled with valuable

MAINE HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS 231

suggestions and outlines for the teaching of local history and should
be in the hands of every teacher in our schools.

But what I wish to especially emphasize at this time is a closer
study of the town or community in which we may live. While
the history of many ^^laine towns has been written, yet for the
majority of them very little is known concerning their history.
Of course, those living in towns having a published history will
make a careful study of that work and they are nearly all very
reliable and authentic. In the main, the writers have gone to the
sources for their information and we have some exceptionally val-
uable town histories. But whether there is a published history or
not, it is a most interesting and valuable project, both from the
civic and historical standpoints and from the standpoint of the study
of English itself as well, to have your pupils prepare and write a
history of the town. It js not a difficult or impossible task. Under
the proper guidance and direction of the teacher, they can do it
well. An inexpensive notebook will serve the purpose, or the
pupils may make their own books, designing and illustrating them
according to their ov.n original ideas. Be sure, however, to have
a sufticienl number of pages. In some instances, these histories
ha\e been considered sufficiently valuable to be published.

Have the pupils first make a map of the town, marking the
boundaries, lakes, rivers, streams, hills, mountains and other physi-
cal characteristics. Have them locate and make the principal set-
tlements, make a careful study of the soil, minerals and natural
resources of the town. A study should be made of the sources
from which the first settlers secured their title to the land. Find
out if it was included in some of the larger grants of colonial days;
e. g., the Kennebec Purchase, the Waldo Patent, the Temple Grant,
"The Twenty Associates" or other well known grants.

Ascertain the causes actuating the settlement and from where
the early settlers came, their nationality, occupation, etc. ]\Iake
a thorough study of these early settlers and find out if any of their
descendants are still living in the town. If so, go to see them. There
may be valuable sources of material in the form of old letters,
deeds, books, newspapers, pictures, etc. They will be more than
glad to assist in every way possible. Visit and interview old inhab-
itants and find out all that has come down by tradition. Have the
pupils carefully study the industries of the town and their develop-

22,2 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

ment, also the stores, banks, etc. Study thoroughly the develop-
ment of schools and churches, and also trace the history of various
local organizations as the Grange, ]\Iasons, G. A. R., Odd Fellows,
etc. Write biographical sketches of well known people of the town,
both of an earlier day and the present. Every town has its famous
persons. A most fascinating part of this study is the old houses
of the town. Find out when thev were built arid bv whom. Studv
their style of architecture and any old furniture they may contain.
Illustrate all this work of local history by photographs and snap-
shots. Especially secure pictures of the old houses. Fire takes
each year its toll of these old colonial wooden houses ; for example,
the Mustard Tavern, a building replete with historical material,
located on the old Post Road from Gardiner to Brunswick, was
destroyed by lire a year ago. I doubt if it was ever used as such,
but to the pupils of that locality it would have furnished a wealth
of valuable source material. Have the pupils arrange their ma-
terial in an attractive and svstematic manner. Thev should have
chapters and an index.

The field for this work is unlimited. Everyone will be inter-
ested to help. The local newspapers will be glad to make use of
such material when carefully prepared and edited. Sprague's Jour-
nal has a section set apart for this very purpose. Send me any
material you can gather and I will use all that it is possible to use.

The teachers should see to it that the pupils learn to discriminate
and distinguish between that historical information which is accu-
rate and authentic and that which is unreliable and consequently
cannot be considered as good history-. Herein is a most valuable
study for the pupil to distinguish between the false and the true.

And the study of local history from the sources! Here it is, at
first hand, much of it new and unused. Every town is rich in
sources and all the foregoing suggestions are put forth with the
underlying idea of studying from the sources — old deeds, old rec-
ords, old letters, old books, old pictures, old furniture, old houses,
and old inhabitants, the town records and reports, that are simply
suggestions of where to go for original and valuable information.

The securing of material from the sources may be well illustrated
in this manner. The early records and local authorities had always
stated that Dr. Silvester Gardiner had erected a gristmill and a
sawmill prior to 1760 in old Pownalborough, now known as Dres-

MAINE HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS 22,2>

den. A small stream is located there and ruins of an old dam ma}'
be seen. For all practical purposes this had been accepted as
historical fact. Last summer, however, the writer discovered pho-
tographs of these old mills, taken prior to i860. Here, then, was
the source information, the actual proof that those mills at one
time existed. If a pupil is taught to substantiate his facts by this
kind of source material, he will have learned a valuable lesson in
his studv of historv.

From this rather rambling discussion of the study of local his-
tor\', I hope some teachers may gain the desire to take up such a
study in their schools. I wish that the subject might be studied
in every school in Elaine. For, believe me. such a study is valuable
and its results are far reaching. Teach a child to know and love
the place of his birth and you have gone far toward laying the
foundation that will result in making him a loyal, patriotic, Amer-
ican citizen.

\\'e are publishing in this issue of the ''^onrndX' a history of
AIcKinley and Town of Tremont on Blount Desert Island, written
by two pupils of the ^^IcKinley grammar school. It well illustrates
what may be done by a study of our local history in the schools.

From time to time we hope to publish such material as this in
this magazine. It will be appreciated by the "Joi-^rnal" if all such
material be forwarded to the State Educational Department.

HISTORY OF McKINLEY AND TOWN OF TREMONT

ON MOUNT DESERT ISLAND

James, Stephen and lliomas Richardson, together with their
wives, all three sisters by the name of Gott, came to Mount Desert
Island in the year 1762.

James Richardson settled at Somesville and his son, George
Richardson, was the first white child born on :^Iount Desert Island
in the year of 1763, August i6th.

Stephen Richardson, a brother of James, one of the earliest set-
tlers on Blount Desert Island, was of Scottish descent. His father
came from Londonbury, Ireland, to Gloucester, Massachusetts, in

the vear of 1738.

Stephen settled at what is now Crockett's Point on the western
side of Bass Harbor. It was in his house that the first plantation

••* ■

234 SPR.\GUE*S JOURNAL OF MAIXE HISTORY

meeting was held. He represented the plantation in ^lassachusetts
General Court, and as a member of the first board of selectmen
of Blount Desert.

Daniel Gott, a brother-in-law of Stephen Richardson, settled near
Stephen and lived there until 1789, when he obtained a deed of
two islands which lay off Bass Harbor Head. He moved to the
larger island which was afterward named for him, Gott's Island,
and lived there until his death, June 7th, 18 16. His descendants
are still living on the island.

Thomas Richardson and family settled on the eastern side of
Bass Harbor, now ]\IcKinlev. Thev lived in a little \o^ cabin
which was located near what is now H. P. Richardson's store.
In November their cabin was burned and they went to live with
their brother-in-law, Daniel Gott, on Gott's Island that winter. In
]\Iay, with the help of Daniel Gott, Thomas Richardson built an-
other log cabin near the site of the first.

The first school house in ]\IcKinley was built near the store that
was burned, formerly owned by Lewis Gott. The second school
house was built where now stands the house owned by Hollis Reed.
The third school house was built on the site of the present. The
first town hall was built over the school house.

Thomas Richardson owned the first store in ^NIcKinley, located
opposite H. P. Richardson's store of today. The next store was
owned bv Moses Richardson. This store was burned and he built
another near the site of the first. The fourth Richardson store
was owned bv P. \V. Richardson. ^Nlr. Richardson taking an active
part in politics named the post office McKinley for President ^Ic-
Kinley.

The town of Tremont was incorporated June 4, 1848. The pres-
ent town of Southwest Harbor was once a part of Tremont but
was separated in 1905. It was also once known by the name of

. Manset.

Thomas Richardson, Jr., built a log cabin where Mrs. P. W.
Richardson now lives. Closes Richardson also lived there. Closes
Richardson built on the same site and although the house still
stands it has been remodelled.

The first sheriff was William Heath. George Butler, the Flies.
the Nutters and the Wentworths were the first to settle at West
Tremont.

■ . • . I

MAINE HISTORY IX THE SCHOOLS 235

The Christian Endeavor Society was formed at Tremont in 1903.
The William Underwood factory was built in 1889. I^ ^91 5 the
greater part of the old factory was torn down and a larger and
more modern building was erected on the same site. The Cold
Storage was built in 1912. The first telephone was installed in
P. W. Richardson's store. The first electric lights were in the
Underwood factory.

Although ]\IcKinley has not grown from a log cabin settlement
to a rushing commercial town, our ancestors would be rather sur-
prised could they see their descendants moving about in their nice
homes equipped with many of the modern conveniences, enjoying
the benefit of electrically lighted streets and the privileges of auto-
mobile service, leading busy, happy lives. The natural scenery of
the town appeals to all visitors and the restful quietude beckons
them to come again.

Written by Clara Gott and Harriet Black, ^IcKinley grammar
school.

OUR AMERICANISM

(By Maud Moore)

The School-Teacher is the

nly tax-supported person in the

U nited States, whose whole business it is to
R ender improbable

A narchy,

M isery of poverty,

E ducational degeneracy,

R iots,

1 lliteracy, immigration difficulties and all other
C ivic

A nd social diseases.

N o laborer

Is more worthy of his hire! !

S ocial conflagrations prevented by

MORE MOXEY FOR TEACHERS!

— Journal of Education.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

Entered as second class matter at the post office, Dover-Foxcroft,
Maine, by John Francis Sprague, Editor and Publisher.

- Terms: For all numbers issued during the year, including an index
and all special issues, $2.00. Single copies of current and previous
volumes, 50 cents. Late bound volumes, $2.50 each.

Volumes 1 and 3, not less than $5.00 each.

Postage prepaid on all items, except bound volumes west of Mississippi
River.

This publication will be mailed to subscribers until ordered discontinued.

OUR MESSAGE TO YOU

FIRST TEACH THE BOY AND GIRL TO KNOW AND LOVE
THEIR OWN TOWN, COUNTY AND STATE AND YOU HAVE
GONE A LONG WAY TOWARD TEACHING THEM TO KNOW
AND LOVE THEIR COUNTRY.

The Official Bulletin of the National Society of the Sons of the
American Revolution in its October (1922) number, reporting the
Maine Society says :

"The Maine Society secured general recognition of Constitution
Day and was particularly fortunate in securing the co-operation of
the superintendent of schools and the newspapers of Portland. The
latter gave excellent space and the former sent out a general letter
to the schools requesting recognition and special instruction relative
to the day and the document. ^Liny special exercises were held. '

EDITORIALS 2^7

BACK TO THE REAL BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA

It has always seemed regrettable to us that writers of American
history have seemed, in a degree, to overlook the importance of
emphasizing the fact that the red man and his weird and sad
story is the actual foundation of all American history.

Once, when Theodore Roosevelt was President, some western
statesmen called upon him to confer with them relative to matters
in their section of the country, which, in some vray, involved the
rights -of the Indians. The first words of the President's reply
to them were : "It should ever be remembered that the Indian was
the first American."

And English reviewers and men of letters have frequently con-
tended that Hiawatha, written by Longfellow, one of the world's
sweetest singers, and one of Maine's most famous sons, was the
only pure American poem ever penned; basing their thesis upon
the fact that it contains not a word, not a line or a thought that
emanated from any vision or ideal of the old world's conception
of philosophy, of romance or of poetry.

Therefore the Journal heartily endorses the editorial remarks
recently appearing in the Bangor Daily News, as follows : "A plea
to have Indian folk lore and philosophy incorporated in American
history has been made by Ralph Hubbard, son of the famous '*Fra."

"Mr. Hubbard complains that everything else is copied from
other lands and holds that 'the only truly characteristic feature
of this country's history is treated with comparative indifference.*

"There is much reason in what he says. The story of America
is too generally considered to have begim with its occupation by
European races and as written is too exclusively concerned with
the activities of their descendants. Xot enough attention has been
paid to the history of its native people.

"The American Indian has been as shabbily treated in the records
of this country as he has been in most other ways. Yet he is the
I'eal American. The annals of his people, with their distinctive
ideas and customs of intelligent tribal life, are full of beauty,
dignity and interest. Their inclusion in American history will
enrich it."

Our esteemed friend and able contributor to the Journal, Nellie
Woodbury Jordan, in her exceedingly \aluable and interesting

2^8 SFRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF ]^IAIXE HISTORY

article, "Suggestions for Teaching Local History," in our last issue.
remarked that "Freeport contains the old Jameson Tavern, where
it is said the Act of Separation was signed."

Some years ago a newspaper story went the rounds of the press
of Elaine, stating that members of a joint committee from both
Maine and ^^lassachusetts met at sometime between 1818 and 1820
at this old tavern, and there placed their signature to some docu-
ments which finally made ]^Iaine a state. It is said that it came
from a tradition in the family who lived there and kept the tavern
at that time.

About 1919 this matter was thoroughly investigated by some
of the best research workers in Maine, among them were Judge
Edgar Crossby Smith, ^Ir. Dunnack, State Librarian, Sam E.
Conner and others.

Mr. Conner in the Lczviston Journal magazine of July 17, 1920,
in a very able review^ of the whole question, citing all of the public
acts by both states that were passed concerning the separation
of IMaine from ^Massachusetts, concluded that the storv was onlv
a m}th. This ended the discussion and closed the contention so
far as we are aware of.

SIR FRANCIS BERNARD AND HIS GRANT OF

MX. DESERT

This valuable historical brochure is a reprint from Vol. XXI\ .
of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts. The Grant to Sir
Francis was made by King George III about 1765, and was not
finally confirmed until 1769. The talented author of this makes
an exceedingly entertaining and instructive story of the difficulties
which the grantee encountered before his title became entirely
valid.

William Otis Sawtelle is a fascinating writer of history as well
as a most careful and diligent research Vvorker. The Journal ho-
frequently published contributions from him, and our leading article
in this issue is from his pen, and we hope the Journal and its readers
will be fortunate enough to enjoy many more of his productions m
the near future.

-^s^^^

EDITORIALS 239

It is only justice to ^Ir. Sawtelle to say that he is doing a most
wonderful work in developing the early history of eastern Elaine,
and especially of the ^It. Desert region, and the people of Elaine
and all students of Xew England history owe him much for this
service.

THE ISTH xlIAINE REGIMENT

The World \\'ar may be in a degree overshadowing the history
of the Civil \\'ar. To all of us who had personal knowledge of
that war, the fact that the brave old veterans who took part in
it are rapidly disappearing is saddening, but their deeds constitute
a great and important chaptei* in the history of civilization, which
will last as long as it shall exist.

Of the many regimental histories which have been written, none
is of more value than that of the iQth Regiment and published
in 1919. Its author is Judge John Day Smith of ^linneapolis,
r\Iinnesota.

Judge Smith is a son of Maine but the west adopted him and
he has remained there for many years. Judge Smith is a man
of ability and culture and a well known historical writer.

The Journal was recently delighted to receive from him a copy
of this valuable book. It contains 365 pages with illustrations,
and we extend the donor our heartv thanks.

\ ''The Saunterer" in the Portland Telegram s?y5 : —

The 73d birthday anniversary of a distinguished daughter of
Maine, Sarah Orne Jewett, fell on Sunday, September 3. She
was born in South Berwick, Sept. 3, 1849, the daughter of Mr.
Theodore H. Jewett, a leading physician of that time. Her early
education was obtained at home and at South Berwick Academy.
She began her career as an author when a mere girl by con-
I tributing to Our Young Folks and the Riverside ^lagazine. At

the age of 19 she sent a story to the Atlantic ^lonthly, which
was published and brought her a letter of conjjratulation from
the editor. From that time hardly a year passed without bring-

■•:?-■■ .!■

I. ■ .

240 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

ing from the press a volume from her pen. The monetary re-
turns from her writings became large and enabled her to travel
extensively in this Country and in Europe. After the death of
her father she passed the winters in Boston and the summers in
South Berwick. ^Miss Jewett's stories are noted for their vivid
local coloring and their accurate delineation of various phases of
New England life. When she began to write she adopted the
pen name of Alice Eliot, but after the publication of ''Country
Byways" in 1881 her own name appeared on the title pages of her
books. Some of her principal works are "Deephaven", "A Country
Doctor", "A IMarsh Island", ''Tales of New England", and "The
Country of the Pointed Firs". In 1901 Bowdoin College conferred
upon her the degree of Doctor of Letters, she being the first
woman thus honored by the college. Since then this degree has
been conferred by Bowdoin upon Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin.
Miss Jewett had an attractive face and a pleasing personality.
She died at South Berwick, June 24, 1909, in her 60th year.

WILLIAM PENN WHITEHOUSE

-William Penn Whitehouse, former chief justice of the Maine
supreme court, died at his home in Augusta, Oct. 10, 1922, aged
80 years. He. had been ill for a short time only.

He was born in Vassalboro, Maine, April 9, 1842, the son of
John Roberts and Hannah (Percival) Whitehouse. At Waterville
college (now Colby), he received the A. B. degree in 1863 and the
A. M. in 1866. In 1896 he received the LL.D. degree at Colby and
at Bowdoin college in 1912. He married Evelyn M., daughter of
Colonel Robert Treat of Frankfort, Maine, June 24, 1869, who
with one son, Robert Treat Whitehouse, survives.

Judge Whitehouse was admitted to the bar in 1865 ; was city
solicitor, Augusta, four years ; county attorney 1869 to 1876 ; judge
of the Kennebec superior court 1878 to 1890; associate justice of
the supreme judicial court of Maine 1890 to 191 1, chief justice,
July 26, 191 1 to April 9, 1913, retired under age limit law.

He was elected president of the Maine league for national de-
fense, Oct. I, 1915. In 191 7 he was named head of the Maine
conference of Unitarian churches.

EDITORIALS 241

>:■

!•

ECHOES FROM THE PRESS

(From the Portsmouth (N. H.) Times. Oct. 23. 1922)

Faithfully Gathering ^Maine History

Spragiies Journal Grows in Value With Each Number

The leading article in the current number of Sprague's Journal
of Maine History (Vol. X, No. 3) is by George C. Wing. Jr., of
Auburn, Me., entitled "Mount Ktaadn, Sometimes Mount Katah-
din,'' which is a splendid story of an excursion to that frightfully
ragged peak in August, 192 1. The article is more than a sketch,
it has the essentials of the history of the mountain, and is excel-
lently illustrated.

Hon. John C. Stewart of York continues his valuable biographical
sketches of natives of Maine who have served in Congress. Forty-
five names are added in this number, reacliing K in the alphabet.

Everyone in Maine ought to read Nellie Woodbury Jordan's
article on "Suggestions for Teaching Local History." It is espe-
cially for teachers, but must be an inspiration to residents of Maine
generally.

There are several shorter articles and sketches, and poems, one,
"The Crowning Jewel," by W. S. McKee of Augusta, and another,
"O Men of Maine !" by Justin Henry Shaw of Kittery.

There is nothing published on Maine historical matters that can
just take the place of Sprague's Journal of Maine History.

The January number will have a special article on the late Hon.
Horace Mitchell of Kittery Point.

SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL

(From the Camden (Maine) Herald)

We hardly know what Maine would do should anything happen
to remove from these earthly scenes our old friend, Hon. John
Francis Sprague of Dover- Foxcro ft, publisher of Sprague's Journal
of Maine History, of which No. 3 of Vol. 10, has recently come
to our desk. As a purveyor of historical facts about Maine it is

242 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

a most valuable instrument. It is also a teacher of patriotism to
the vouth of ]Maine, all of whom should read it. Its various issues
are both interesting and entertaining, as literary productions and
it does not deteriorate with age, but, like wine (an article now
obsolete) grows richer with passing time. Someone else might,
perhaps, carry it along as well as Brother Sprague, but it was his
idea and is a child of his brain. ]^Iay he live long to keep it going.

SAYINGS OF SUBSCRIBERS

Hon. \\'m. V. Phillips, Orrington, ^Nlaine : " 'Sprague's Journal of
Maine History' is a fine publication and I enjoy every word of it.*'

^linnie Atkinson, 97 State St., Newburyport, Mass., author of
"History of Grand Lake Stream Plantation" : "I have read with
C^reat interest the Katahdin number, and have also read of two other
interesting ascents of the mountain that were not mentioned by ]Mr.
Wing. Possibly they are well known and were purposely omitted,
but lest thev were overlooked I am £:oin2^ to remind vou of them.
The first was an ascent made by a party, led by the minister, from
the first church of Portsmouth. When a few vears asro the church
records were overhauled this record came to light. x\s near as I
can remeniber it took place in the latter part of the iSth century.
An article in some paper which I read described the finding of the
record .and also gave an account of the ascent which, it was claimed.
was the first ever made. I regret that I did not save the article
so I could give you accurate information, but I suppose the matter
could be easily looked up if it seemed important."

**In reading something about Thomas Wentworth Higginson I
noticed that he had conducted a party from his Worcester parish
up Mount Katahdin in 1855, and that the account was published
in Putnam's Magazine. Last spring happening to have an hour or
two of time to kill in Boston, I went out to the public library and
looked up this article. It is very interesting, unsigned and pur-
ports to have been written by one of the ladies of the party. I
think it appears in the July, 1856, number. We happen to have
an old register of the ^lolunkus House. I was interested to look

EDITORIALS 243

back to this date and there I found under the date of Wednesday,
Sept. 5, 1855, the names of the party, with T. W. Higginson
last on the Hst, bracketted together and marked 'for Katahdin.'
Should it be of any interest I could send a copy of these names.
Save in two instances the last names only are given."

''The ^lolunkus House, as you doubtless recall was visited by
Thoreau when he made his memorable trip to Katahdin."

K. A. Smalley, Superintendent of Public Schools, Vinalhaven,
jMaine : "I was very much interested in the article Vv'ritten by
Nellie Woodbury Jordan entitled "Suggestions for Teaching Local
History" and published in Xo. 3 of A'olume 10 of the Journal.

"We have already several of the books mentioned in her bibli-
ography and there are several others we would like to add to our
collectioTi I am sending a list of the titles in which I am inter-
ested and asking if you will inform me where they are published."
"History of 3.1aine (John S. C. Abbott)
History. of Alaine (Williamson)
A History of Elaine (L. C. Hatch)
History of the District of Elaine (Sullivan)
Twenty Years at Pemaquid (J. Henry Cartland)
The Story of Pemaquid (James Otis)
Beginnings of Colonial JMaine (H. L. Burrage)
Good Old Times (Elijah Kellogg)
Town and County Histories."

The above named books can probably aU be obtained at the book
establishment of A. J. Huston. 192 Exchcln^■c St., Portland. (Editor.)

Rev. Anson Titus, lo Raymond Ave., West Somerville, Mass.,
Sept. 20, 1922 : "Dear Mr. Sprague : I have been reading your
article regarding the new town of Dover-Foxcroft in the Lczviston
Journal ^lagazine of last Saturday, and enjoyed the same very
much. Am glad the name Foxcroft was not cut out, nor cast to
> the void, in the discussions of recent vears. I have further notes

concerning Colonel Foxcroft, which I have not published. It was
my long ago ambition to prepare a history of New Gloucester, but
the citizens of the town never manifested the needful interest, and
while I have written many chapters of interest, there is much more
to do, and I am too old to undertake it."

-\'.-l

244 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

"As you may know I possess the diary of Colonel Foxcroft when
he took his first jaunt into your region. I mean I have same diary
during his journey of August and until Sept. 6, 1801, when it
breaks off. I infer from one of your paragraphs that you had
access to a diarv in 1800. I did not know but this was an error
by one year, and that possibly might be the conclusion of the jour-
ney, which I possess. It was evidently his personal diary."

"I have an autograph letter, a general report of the surveyors m
1800, before the grant was given. I have also the Colonel's per-
sonal map, Osgood Carton's, and I think it the first edition, 1795
or 96."

"I send under another cover two copies of Portland Argus ] one
with my copy of the Hallowell will, in Boston; and early marriages
in Andover, Maine. It might be well to publish same in your
journal."

"My old friend Col. Porter* prepared and published for a long
time the Historical Department of the Bangor Commercial. I have
been told that the only extant copy was burned with the Public
Library of Bangor, a few years since, which I am loth to believe.
I wish a copy of this entire set could be in some library in Boston.
I have often wished to consult the same. Mr. Porter as you may
know was a Braintree-Weymouth, ^lass., man, and was frequently
at his old home there. I was pastor in Weymouth, 1878 and on-
ward for several years, and one of the organizers of the Weymouth
Historical Societv."

In the last issue of the Journal, page 149, Frank E. Guernsey's
service in Congress was through inadvertence inaccurately stated.
He was first elected to the Sixtieth Congress and was successively
re-elected to the Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, and Sixty-
fourth Congresses of the United States, serving from December,
1908, to March 4, 1917.

• Reff^rs to tho late Col. Joseph W. Porter, editor and publisher of the !

Bangor Historical Magazine. f

-«*-.♦■>'

INDEX

TO VOL. X

Abalajackomegus River 120

AbbLville 191

Abbott. Jacob 170

John 170

John S. C. 171

Nehemiah, biography of 85

Thomas 24

Abenakis 16

Aben^Quis or Abenikis,
Ti ibes of Indians

Abolitionists

Abuol jokoniogassic

Acadia

A Canadian Lig'htning
The 'Tory" S^ u!es

*'A Country Doctor"

Acquaviva, Very Keverenvl Father
Claude, Genejal of the Jesuits 183

Act of ►Separation, the 238

Adams, James Truslow 180

Adams 65

John 165-168

Addendum, to Biogrraphical Sketches
of Natives of Maine Who Have
Served in the Congress of the

215
34

120
8, 9. 179. 180
Bug

159
240

United States
Adrianna, the American

schooner
Advent doctrine

families
Adventists
Advents admitted that mediums

were controlled by spirits
Ag"amenticus Water Co.
Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of
Akers. Benjamin Paul
Albany
Alabama

Albion Howe School of Standish
Andover
Alexander, the Alva Stanwood.

biogrraphy of
Alfred, Maine
Allan, Col. John
Allen, Amos Lawrence, biog. of

Elizabeth Akers

Elisha Hunt moved to Boston

Charles D.

Frederick

I. G.

Ira

Isaac

James

Lorenzo W.

Osborne T.

Elisha Hunt, a
from Maine
"A Marsh Island"
Amboctictus lake
America

French and Eng-lish

Human slavery in

Scotch-Irish settlers
American citizen

Colony

198

226, 227

1-4

6
194
14
170
190
34,35
162
196

207

170

199

155

100

102

154

155

154

Representative

198

240

219

182. 190, 191

in 8

in 70

233

15. 59. 229. 230

Historical Association at

Chicago 61
Historians 180
History 237
History in the Schools 43
Indian, the 237
Nation 60
Text Books 43
Traditions 62
Americanism 62
Americanization 42
America, North and South, impor-
tance of its history 69
American Navy, prizes taken by 225
lievolution 229
American Revolution,

Daughters of 156
Sons of 156
the only real son of 154
Ames, Adelbert, biography of 86
Amiens 184
Anasagunticook Indians 16
Sagainores 7
Anderson, Hugh Johnston, biog-
raphy of 87
John, biography of 87
John, Republican (Democrat) 209
Samuel J. 48
Andover, Maine 243
Press 220
Andrews, Charles, biography of 87
Leonard 48
Androscoggin river 7
Androscoggins 8
wont to kill captives 7
Andros. Governor Edmond. of

New York . 7
Anglo-Saxon, Contest in North

America 59

Anson, Maine 200

Antrim 30

Apollo 183
Appleton, John, a Representative

from Maine 199
A Real Son of the American Rev-

olution in Maine
Argall
Argall's attack on

Ship
Army of the Potomac
Army or Navy of the U. S.

ter of an officer of
Arnold, Benedict

Expedition to Canada
Arrowsic

Island
Arruawickuabruit, a captive

ridgewock sachem
Ascen.«ion robes
Assistant Secretary of State

Appleton, John

Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States, 1858

Asticoris subjects

Atkinson, Minnie, of Newburyport,
Ma.as.
Town of

154

180, 189. 190

Saint Sauveur 189

186

198

daugh-

222

168

68, 204

77-80

9-10

Nor-

9
2-5

199

202
185

242:
4{

246 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Atlantic Monthly
Attorney General for Maine in
1789

for Maine 1834-1S38

of the United States 1846-1848
Auburn, ^Maine

Chapter G. A. R.
Augrusta. city solicitor

law" office opened at
Aug-usta, :Maine 89-92. 201-

205, 206,
Augvistine. R. L.
Austin. ^Mary Christina
Avalanche Brook
Averill. John Thomas, biography

of
Ayer, Richard Small, biography of

Dr. l^eonard P.
Azores

239

84
202
202
241

28
240

-203

105

42
129

191

Real Beg-inning- of

Bacon, Bishop r>avid AVilliam
Back Cove
"Back to the

America"
"Bagaduce" Expedition
Bailey. Jeremiah, a Representative
from [Maine

Prof. J. \V.

AV. S.. Ph.D.
Baker. Experience

Mary

Nathaniel

Nicholas

Sarah
Ballard, Rev. :Mr.
Bangor. Maint^
Bang-or Daily New
Barker. Abraham
of

198-
Andrews,

201-
110-

:i2
:37

99
28
26
57
57
57
o (
57
19
5

68-1

129-2

7-66-

129-1

biography

David
Barnes, Charles P.
Baron Castine

de St. Castin
Bartlett, "Elder"

Smith

Governor
Basin. The
Bassett. Norinan L.
Ba.'^s Harbor

Head
Bates

Daniel J.

James, biography of

James. M. L.

I'ianna
Bath

D. A. R.

JNraine. collector of customs

Oldest Schoolhouse
Bauneg Beg Lake
Baxter

Governor

James I'hinney

Manuscripts

Percival P. 129-

Beale, Harriet Blaine

Lt. Walker Blaine
Beech Ridge
Belcher, Gov.

Hiram, biography of
Belden. Samu»-1
Belle Island, prisoner in
Bennett, Hiram Pits, biography of

75-

26-

at 2

18-22-

111-155-167-2
67-167-1

88
70
15
64
68
31
31
95
34
70
33
34
17
17
88
56
17
76
27
00
26
23
64
15
70
67
35
68
68
33
85
89
06
98
89

Benson. Samuel Page, bioaraphy of 89

Benton. Charles S.. biography of

Thomas H., senator from Mis-
souri
Berry. Abigail - ~^

Chairman

Hon. John

Lieut. Nathaniel

Lieut. Samuel

^Villiam D
l^.everly, ?klass.

Blaine. James Gillespie, a repre-
sentative and senator frona

ifaine
Blandensbui-c". ^larvland
Biard. Father. 180-182-1S3-184-190-191

Father I'ierre. Superior of the

INIount Jesuit ^Mission of St.

Sauveui-. by Williani Otis

Sawtelle

Biard's Relation of 1616

Return to France

210
155
155
100

199

199
202

"Writings

179
181
189
183
170
197
179

Bibliographv
Biddeford, Me.
Biencourt

Commander at Port Roval and
Lescarbot 180

Biographical sketches of natives
of Elaine who have ser\ed in
the Congress of the United
States 85-140

Sketches of natives of ^Maine
who nave served in the Con-
gress of the United States
(by John C. Stewart) 14 0-196

Biog-raphy. Piscataquis Biography

and Fragments 4

Brown University 199-207

Bisbee, Horatio, Jr., biographv of 90

190

Black Gown

Hills

Frank Swett, biography of

Harriet

Sea
Blaine

James G.

Mansion
l^lake. Thatcher
Blanchard, Ozias
Bloomheld

198

235

225

18-48-66-168-170

168

152

33-196

198

Academv. Skowheg-an

Board of ^Management, Society of
Cincinnati

Bolivia

Bolster, Moses

Bomazeen, Chief of the Kennebecs

Boothbay, Jackson's Regiment
located at

Boscawen. New Hampshire
Marriage records of

Boston, arrival of Lithg-ows at
Board of War at
Collectoi- of the port of
Its connection with Maine

Indians 8-9, 10-14. 16

Its connection with the

"Millerites" 1-2

.Tourney on horseback to 82

Custom House, clerk in 207

Massachusetts 207-208-2 !•»

Plans furnished Lithgow from "4
Port Bill 80

Bountif-s for Indian scalps 16

Boutelle 99

Char-les Addison, biography of J*0

Bowden. Hon. EUery 51

224
199
102

82
205
30
70
82
204

INDEX

247

Bowdoin Colloae

104-199-201-205-209-215-240
Collegre, Cook. Orchard, an over-
seer of. lSOO-1805 203
College conferred degrees on

women 240

Cowman, Brother 32

Thomas, bioe^raphv of 91

Brackett. Anthony 164

Bradbury. George, biography of 91

Hon. James D. 28

James "Ware, biographv of 91

John 102

Bradford. Allen Alexander,

biography of 92
Braintree, Weymouth. ]Massa-

chusetts 243

Brattleboro. Vermont 198

Brebeuf, Father 190

Bridge. Martha 79

Bridgew ater. :Massachusetts 206

Bridgton. Maine 205

factories located at 23

British Bed Coats 26

sloop. ^Slargaretta 211

troops transported 225

Bar Harbor 228

Broad Tavern 166

Bronson. David, a Representative

from Maine 200

Brooks. James, biography of 92

Noah 170

Brother du Thet 184

Gilbert du Thet, the fighting

Jesuit 191
Brown, Benjamin, a Representa-
tive from District of Maine
before its separation from
Massachusetts 200
David F. 115
Brownfltld, ^raine 206
Brown, --Genesis of the U. S." 184-189
James S.. biography of 92
Joseph D.. letter from 4
Kenneth \V. 176
Lemuel 48
Lorita W. 115
Orman 31
Brown's Corner 33
l^.rown Street. Portland 212
Brunswick. Maine 206-207-232
Falls at 71
Indian attack on 10
school opportunities during fort
life at 80
Bryan. "William Jennings 27
Bryn Maur 173
Buchanan, Jam»s, inembor Con-
gress fr<jm Pennsylvania 210
Buck, Alfred Eliab, biography of 93
Benjamin 102
Daniel 102
p:iijah 102
Eva A. 139
George W. 139
Moses 102
Nathan 138
Nathaniel 102
William 102
Bucklev, Mrs. Rachel 157
Bunker Hill, battle of 204
Burleigh, F^dwin Chick, biography

of 93

.Tr>»->»i Holmes, bioerraphy of 93

"Walter At\vf»od, bio<riaphy of 94

John H., member 43rd and 4 4th

Congress 211

William

Maine

Burnham,

Tavern
Burr, Aaron
Burr, Aaron
Bur rage, H. L.
Butler, George
Butman, Samuel
Buxton

a Representative
Robert

from
200-

biography of

211
162
169
168
168
171
234
94
197

of
M.

wars
of

Cabot, Sebastian 163

Calais, Maine 205

Governor of 189

Call, B. L. 133

of the Pine Tree State, poem 50

Samuel 124

Calls America Frivolity Mad 108

Calvinists 180

Camden Herald 241

Maine 207

Cameron. Ralph Henry, biography

of 94

Canaan, [Maine 33, 34

Canada 190, 191

no winter in 182

departure of tribes for
Indians living near French in
renewed cruelty of Indians

from 8-13-

Canadian officials

Border, from Thomaston, a trip

to the
pulp wood importation
Canal boats, description
Canton Hayes, No. 7, P.

I. O. O. F.
Cape Breton expedition

Island, scene of Indian
Captain Christopher Jones of the

Mayflower
Captain Kidd
Captain, opposea nanging
"Captain William Edward Denni-

son"
Carll, :Mrs. E. C.
Connor, Sann E.
Carr, Francis, a Representative

from Maine
Carpenter. Nathaniel
(^arrabassett Stream
Carr, James, biography of
Carter, Luther Cullen, biography
of
Timothy Jarvis, biography of
Cartland, .1. Henry
Carton. Osgood, map of
Cary, Shepard, a Representative

from IVfaine
Casco, demonstration of the crii-
elty of white men of their
1 foes at

natives assemble at
I treaty signed at
! Castine, history of
j Pentagoet site of

of
i Cathedral of the

Conception 36

Catholics 180

Catholic Institute 36

leader 59

j Portuguese 187

I school system 36-37

i
16

■14

20
39
25

196

r- r-

t i
12

32
164
186

224
902

238

201

102

171

244

201

7
169

modern town
Immaculate

248 SPFLVGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Catholic schools in Portland
Center Street, Portland
Central America
Ceresco Times

Chadbourne, Henry and William
C:hadbourne's
Chaleur, Bay of

Chamberlain, Ebenezer Mattoon.
biography of
General 66, -16<,

Nathaniel
Samuel
Chr.mpernowne Hotel
Champlain
Chaudiere river
Chandler, John, a Representa-
tive from District of Maine
and Senator from State of
Maine 201,

A. F".

Bertha M.
Ichabod

Jr.

30
212
225
198
25
25
124

95
170
102
102
193
59. 164

211
102
139
102
102
102
139
102
211
211
105
221
17
165

194 i

194 !
214 i
214
137
33
124

1. habod,

Josiah

^-ary

Sylvanus

Thomas

Z;^rhariah of Michijcan
Chapman, James

l-.of. William R.

Philip
C^hi.rlos T.

Chase. Miss Mary Gertrude, sec-
ond wife of Horace Mitchell

Mr. and Mrs. James Edward of
Kittery

Salmon, Lawyer

Salmon, Portland

Samuel

Thomas
Cheesauncook Eake
"Cherokee." United States g:un-

boat 224, 22o

Chimney at Mt. Katahdin ^H'H?

Pond lli-129-134

Pond Trail 11*

Christianity, conversion of sav-
ages to . ^ J ^
Christian Endeavor Society formed

at Tremont 23d

ministers, promises to Indians

of • ^ ^

Churches (attitude toward

Millerites)
Church of England bO

on the hill, Dover, Maine
Cilley. Jonathan

Jonathan, a Representative
from :Maine
Cincinnati Memorial Hall, Memo-
rial to Continental Army
"Circassian," blockade-running:

steamer
City of Richmond, steamer
Civil \Var. the 230

Clapp, Asa William Henry.

bioj^raphy of
Clark, Franklin, biography of

Rebecca Sophie
Clason. O. B.
Clay, Henry, sp<aker
Cleeves

farm
Cleveland, Geo. A

Grover

■77

201

225
228
239

170

155

210

164

166

171

63, 200

Clifford, Nathan, a Representa-

tive from Maine 2Ui:

Cobb, ex-Governor

^la.thew

Sti p. .en Alonzo, biography of

Thomas
CobUiU, Stephen, biography of
Colby College

centennial, proceedings of
Commencement, tiist prize
deciama'vion i cad at
Cold Storage. The. built 1912
Cole. Hon. Aaron B.
Collector of Cu.«t/^ ms at Bath,

Maine
Colonial government, cost of King
Phillip's War to

Society of Massacliusetts
Colony, new
Columbia College

Falls, Maine
Commander de Sillery
Comstoclc, Solomon Gilman,

biography of
Concor,d and Lexington
Congregational Church, Cushman,

Joshua, a pastor of
Congregationalist, its founding
Congres.s 193, 195.

natives of Maine, members

of 85-96,140-

Congressman ^Vhitman
Congress Street, Portland 209, 210.
Connor, Sam E. 129-133,

Samuel Shepard, a Represent-
ative from tlie District of
Maine
Constitutional Convention when

Maine became a State
Constitution Day, recognition of

of Society of the Cincinnati
Continental Aimy

tablet unveiled in memory of
men who served in
Congress. Rufus King delegate to
Constitution Lodge. Kniglits of

Pytiiias of Kittery
Convention, national Republican
Copy of certificate membership in

Society of Cincinnati
Cork, Maine, established
Cook, Judge H. E.
Cook, Orchard, a Representative

from the District of Maine
Cornish. Maine
Coton, Father

Cotton factory, first in Maine
Cotton. Father, Confessor of King

Henry TV.
Cottons of Massachusetts
"Country Byways"
Covington. Kentucky
Cox's Head
Craft.", David
Crandon, Fred F.

Grace E.

John P.

^larcia E.
Crimean War
Crockett. Dr.
Crockett's Point
Crooked (Sontro) River
Crooker, Calvin

Joseph
Cross avenged the Crosses
Crowning Jewel, the (poem)
Cumberland and Oxford Canal
Cumberland County

records of

155
35
96
53
140
240
70

235
195

200

238
184
197
138
191

140

203

206

154
209
212
215

202

55
236

^ w ^

28
197

196
200

223

100

202
202
190

207

179

240

202

JJ2

102

139

225

253

102

186

156

^Vy^i^-:

INDEX

249

Cumberland Co., deputy sherilT of

st.eet. l*ortland
Cummin.ETs, D. L..

William
Cuitis

Cy us H. K.

Luther
Cushonock (Augusta)
Cushin^r. Gen.
Cushm.:^n, Joseph, a Clerg-yman

Joshua, a Representative from
the District and State of
ITaine
Cutter, Leir
Cutts, Richard, biography of

207

212
40

115
64

170
48
15
82

211

203

141

Dennison. Captain
Crossman
Captain William

Alexander

Maine

Damariscotta,
Damon, Israel
Dartmouth College
Dana, ex-Gov.

Judah. a Senator from Maine
Dane, Joseph, a Representative

from Maine
"Daughters of Cincinnati"
Daughters of the American

169-205

200-203

]69

A., jewelry

Revolution
Davenport, Chas
store of

Elmer, hotel of
Davidson, James
Davies, Charles T.
Davis, Samuel, biography
Dawson, ^^'illiam F.
Day, Holman
Deadwood, South Dakota
Dean "West on Education
Deane, Doctor

Isra
Dearborn, Henry

Henry, a Representative from
the District of ^Taine
Death, or a wretchedness worse
Decker, Ebenezer
"Deephaven"
Deering. tanneries at , -

women's college at
Deering, Nathaniel Cobb.

biography of
De Champlain. Samuel
Delano, Geo. S.
Democrat to the Fifteenth Con-
gress

to the Fifteenth and Sixteenth
Congress

to Third and Fourth Congress

to Thirty-second Congress

to Forty-second and Forty-third
Congress

to the Thirteenth Conerress

to Twenty-eighth Congress

203

222
28-36

27-100

116

141

133-13'>

170-171

198

103

213

102

170

204
185
^^
240
18
36

141

179-190
171

206

207
204
199

196

208
.'01-207

to the Twenty-first Conerress

to the Twenty-third and Twen-
ty-fourth Congress

to the United States Senate
De Mont's St. Croix, eleven men
of

grantee of Acadia
Democrat to Twelfth Congress

to Twenty- sixth and Twenty-
seventh Congress

State Committee f<»r Maine in
1861

Edward
224-225
Denison, Iowa
Dennison, Sarah Waterman
Department of Archaeology, Phil-
lips Academy, Andover, Massa-
chusetts
! Deputy Inspector- of Fish
j Descendants of Thomas Loring in
I Maine

i de Steuben, Gen. Baron, head-
! quarters of
D'-vo . l\lr.
Di^isrley

Nelson, Jr., biography of
Dirigo En<"prrpment, I. O. O.
Dix. Dorothea
Dixon. Jean

Brother .lean
Doan. "William, bio^-'-aphy of
Doane, Bishop of Albany, N.
Dollogg. Alfred

228

226-227
198
224

220
137

156

He Monts

208

207

203

181
180
201

202

48
-164

C. B.

new town of

222

141-170

F. 196

66-170

18-1

191

1*?

Y 228

162

138

116

243

189

170

196

171

Donwo'.th. ITon.
Dorr, R-^lph E.
Dover- Fox croft,
Dover, town of

trial of ^riPerites at
Dov-, Gladys E.

Neal
Dresden, Maine

Pownalboroiir-h. now known
Drew, Hon. Franklin !M.
D-v'len, John Fairfield, biography

of
DiK^ley, Gov. Joseph

Beroy

Rod
Duke of Talleyrand
Dummer St.. Bath, Me.
Dummer's Treaty
Dunlqp. Rob^^rt F.

Robert Pincknev
Dunnack. H. E.

Mr., State Lib-a^ian
Bunnell, Mark Hill, biography of
Dunn, ^^rs. Chas., Jr.

?'iss Esther Cloudman
Dunstable, Mass.
Dunstan, school for orphan boys

at
Dustins of Haverhill
Du Thet, Brother Gilbert
Dwinal, Cyrus
Dyer, Isaac

biography of

142
8
115
1"9
107

26
13-15

34
14'?
170
238
143
173
173

36
164
191
102

Fames, Emma 66-

Eastern Argus, founding of 48,

Eastern Promenade, Portland

East Kittery

Eastern Maine 180.

liiver

Eastman. Ben. C. biography of

Eaton, Ebenezer

"Er>hoes from the Press"

Editorials 51, 109, 172,

Edwards. Eugene

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Con-
gresses, Burleigh, W^illiam,
elected to

Elder, John

Eliot, Alice, pen name

Eliot, Maine

170
199
224
194
191
29
143
158
241
236
176

201

240

194

250 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

103
105
176
171
194
107
22
107

Eliot, town of, represented by

Horace Mitchell
Elliott, Daniel, Jr.
Elms, J. AV.
Emerson, Walter 44-

School of Oratorv, Boston
Emery. Col. Caleb "
Jliss r^Iary
Tavern

"Emma Henly." blockade-running-
steamer 225
Emmons. Thomas 137
Enerland 185, 188. 229, 230
laid claim to Acadia 8
struggle for possession of this

continent 15

Tudors and Stuarts in 60
English 184. 185. 187. 188, 189

added to their territory 7

ambush laid for 12

colonists 179

commander 185

council with Indians 16

destrt.^yed crosses 186

exploits of the eaily 179

injustice to the Indian 17

in French and Indian "War 15

Government 16

of Virginia 184
relations strengthened with

Indians 9

rule 8

study of 231

treatment of friendly Indians 13

settlements attacked 10. 14

settlers tied to ^lassaohusetts 11

Englishmen 185

Episcopal minister 206

Eppingr. Xe\\- Hampshire 201

Erudition Schoolhouse 26. 27. 28

Eunice Farnsworth Chapter of

D. A. R. 36

European races 237

struggle 12

Evans. George, biography of 143

George, resignation of 200

Evening Independent 198

Everett. Gf)V. Edward 126

Executive council, member of 206

Exeter. New Hampshire 206

pioneer settlers of 30

town of 223

144

52. 53

129

170

47,

Fairfield, John, biography of

Falet, David

Falkins, John

Falmouth, treaty of

Fanny Fern

Farley. Ephraim Wilder.

biogiaphy of 144

Farmington, New Hampshire 206

Farwell, Nathan Allen, biog^raphy

of 144

A. C. 48

Father T'.iard's Superior 183

Masse, Quentin 184

"Father Useful." affectionate title

for Father Masse 191

Father liale 8. 10, 11

Fauquier countv, Virginia 205

Fayal, island of 188

Federal Forest Service 39

Federalist candidate for g-overnor

of New York 197

candidate for vice-president

Stephen Longfellow a

to tlie Sixteenth Congress

to the United States Senate

to the Thirteenth and Four-
teenth Congresses
Federal war vessels
Federation of Women's Clubs of

ISIaine
Felch. Alpheus, biography of
Fernald. Anthonv

Fernald's l»oint 180, 184. 185.

Fessenden, Samuel Clement,
biography of

Thomas Amory, biography of

William Pitt, a Representative
a Senator from :Maine 138, 170,
Festival, the
Field. Darby

First Congregational Church of
Kittery Point

Maine District

Parish Church Portland

postmaster in Gardiner
Fish-H ill- on- 1 he-Hudson
Fletcher. Loren, biography of

Nellie
Flies, the ^

Flye. Edwin

Edwin, biography
Faneuil Hall
Fogrg. Charles H.
Forefathers

197
209
204
197

197
224

215
144

137

im
ii.'^

14.-.

and

2<U

221

193
193
166

100

222
145

20
234

48
146

82
129

32
228
204
155

76,

15, 72, 73. 74. 75.
78, 80, 81, 83, 1C8

20, ir.8

124

16, 75

212

191

15, 73. 79

169

168

15. 73, 74. 83, 84. 168

137

biog-raphy of 146

Fort Fisher 224,

George
Griswold
Halifax '

Kent

Loyal

Mountain

Pownal
. "^reble

"Richelieu

Richmond

Shirley

Sullivan

"William Henry

Western
Foster. James

Stephen Clark.
Fourteenth Congress. Brown.

Benjamin, elected to 200

Foxcroft Academy 111

Colonel 243. 244

town clerk of 102

Fox sisters 5

France 184, 185, 187-190, 191

in Indian "War 15

in the New World 59

Francis. Col. Ebenezer 81

the Grant to Sir 238

Frankfort. :Maine 240

Frank .Tones, steamer 228

Fraunce's Tavern. New York City 224
Free Baptist Cemetery 193

Freeman family of England 20

Samuel 35

Freoport, Maine 224, 238

French 179,191

admiralty courts 189

Ezra Bartlett. a Representative
from Elaine 205

settlement at ^Mount Desert 189

Frenchmen 182. 186

French and Indian Wars 12, 75

French, Asa P. 32

'M^ ■

INDEX

2^1

the

of Indians

French — clash between Eng^Hiih

defeat at Louisburg

Indians living: with

in Kins: George's War

Jesuits

Ivin.iT

nation, dream of

org-anized bands

vessel
Frenchman's Bay
French vessels
Frizzell. M.

From Governor Baxter
Frost. Mrs. E. P.

Miss Lucy A., first wife
Horace ^^litchell

Mr. and Mrs. Aaron, Pembroke
and Eliot, Elaine
Frye
Fryebursr. ^Taine

Peg'wacket. the modern town of
Frye. Chaplain

James Lowell

John P.

^Villiam Pierce
of
Fuller, A. F.

P.. A. G.

]Melville

Thomas

biography

and 8

185

163

186

105

111

194

194
99

203
11
12
52

138

170. 146
39

James

Duncan, a Rep-

resentative from 2klaine

48
170

205

Past and

100.
Present

206,

55,

Massachusetts 15
Women's Clubs,
of

Gatre, Joshua, a Representative

from the District of ^Maine
Gannett. Barzillai

Barzillai, a Representative from
the District of Maine

Barzillai. resignation of

Hon. Guy P.
G. A. R.
Gardiner. Ann

Dr. Silvester

Post Offices
(article)

!Maine
Gav. Miss

Seth

Thomas

William T.
General Court of

Federation of
ex-President

Stark's regiment
George III. King
Gf-rrish Island

Gerry, Klhvidixe. biography of
("Jettysbu rg. Pa.
Gibson. Paris, biography of
Gilman, Augustus ^V.

>'^ary Lorintr

Charles .]ervis, a
tive from ^faine
Gilpitrick Trail for

Lake Camps
Glory of our Society
Gloucester, Massachusetts
God
Goddard. Anson M.

Charles W.

<^'harh-s W., Jr.

Henrv

>'orrill
Comez

Representa-
Katahdin

184,

205
100

206
201
1&8
232
79
232

100
232

38
100
100
156

42
204
238
193

147
87
147
157
156

206

116

188

233

185

164

164,

by name of
of New Hamp-
of

-Gooch, Daniel Wheelwright,

biography of
Goodall, Hon. Louis B. of Sanford
Goodenow, liobert. a Representa-
tive from Maine

Rufus K.. a Representative
from ]Maine
Good News from Standish
Goodwin, Edwin E.

Capt. George

Jeremiah

John Noble, biography of
Gookin, Capt. Daniel
Goold. Nathan, Portland His-
torical Authority
Gorgeana, the first incorporated

city in America
Gorges

Sir Ferdinand, the founder of
Elaine
Gorham Academy

IMaine
Gosnold
Gott, Clara

Daniel

Lewis
Gott's Island
Gott. three sisters
Gould, Nathan
Governor Eartlett

shire
Governor, first Republican
2^Iaine

of Maine appointed Horace
^Mitchell to commission

wanted to hang us all
Gower, Hannah
Mary
Robert
Grace, triumph of
Graham. Rev. John
Grand Army of the Republic

Trunk Railroad

Keeper of Records of Golden
Cross of :Maine
Grange
Grant, "Elder" Miles

Mary

President 19

Mr. W. L., eminent English
historian

the, to Sir Francis
Graves, William, a Representative

from Kentucky
Gray. Selden
Great Britair. Rufus

^Minister to
Great Southern Basin
Greenleaf

Moses, Esq.
Greenwood, Alexander

Andrew, Esq.
Grenoble, France
Grover, Lafayette, biography
Guamas, Mexico, port of
Guernsey, Frank E., service
Congress

Frank Edward,
of

Samuel J.
Gulf of California
Gurney. Hon. Chas. E

King,

biography
31, 111. 134, 149,
54,

147

195

206

162

148

223

212

165

164
167
213
165
235
234
234
234
233
102

195

193

186

184

193

196

232

211

179

238

202

105

197

117

120

179

148

226

244

215
111
226
176

Haines, Samuel
Hale

212
99

252 SPFL-VGUE'S JOURNAL OF jMAINE HISTORY

Hale, Euprene,
Frederick

bioprraphy of

Judge Clarence

Irish settler

of Haver-

Haley, first

Road
Hale, Mrs. Ethey IMay

hill, ilass.
Halifax prison

Hallowell Academy, principal of
Hall, Joseph, a Representative
from Maine

William A., bioc-raphy of
Hallowell will, the
Hamlin, Frank

149

211

193

194
22

207

149

243

34, 66, 99. 169

Hannibal

Hannibal, biography of
Hamilton house

Nevada
Hammond, Bela

Bela, Jr.,
Hammons, David, biography of

Joseph, biography of
Hanscom, Lorenzo
Hanson, James H.
Harding-. William P.
Hardwick, Vermont
Harlon, William
Harmon, Capt. John

T.
Harmony
Harper, Joseph Merrill, biography

of
Harris, Mark, a Representative

from Maine 20'

Harrison, Secretary of State
under

ticket 1840
Hartford convention. Stephen

Longfellow a delegate to 214

150
165
196
102
102
150
151
129
170
137
205
105
10. 11
48
198

151

208

200
206

Harvard College

197, 203, 206, 208,
211. 212, 213, 214
88

Medical School
Haskell, Hannah

Capt. John

Lydia
Hatch, L. C.

Hathaway, George E., article by
Haverhill Academy

Alassachu setts
Hawaiian Islands,, government
Hawthorne

Nathanit^I
Hayfield, John B.
Hayford, J. S.
Hayne, Robert Y., junior senator

from South Carolina
Haywood, Albion T.
Healy, Bishop James Augustine
Hearsey, Benjamin
Hearst's Sunday Newspapers
Heath. William, sheriff
Henniker, New Hampshire
Henry IV ol France
Herodotus
Herrick, Aaron, biography of

Anson

Ebeneazer
Hersey. No^-l, Jr.

Samuel Freeman, biography

157
157
157

171

100
202
201
199
167

26
105

210

102

234

206

151

211

151. 211

102

of 151

"Hiawatha," only pure American

poem 237

Higglnson, Thomas Wentworth,
conducted party up Mt. Katah-
din 242.243

High Honor for a Maine Girl 173

Hilborn. Samuel Greeley,

biography of 152

^graphy of
of Local
Com-

ITildreth, Paul
Hillard, Master
Hill, Dr. W. Scott

Hon. Mack L.

]\iark Langdon, bio
Hinds, James
Historical Characters
Fame

Department of Bangor
mercial
"History of McKinley and Town

of Tremont on Mount Desert

Island '
"History of Grand Lake Stream

Plantation"
Hitchcock, C. H.
Herrick, Joshua, a

tive from ^Maine
Hodgdon_. Benjamin

John, jr.

Tyler
Holbrook, S. C.

Holland, Cornelius, biography of
Cyrus

Representa-

137

111

72, 79

152

31
244

233

242
128

207
137
137
137
105
152
102
131
4
34, 204
102

Holmes.

James Stuart

John
Holmes

John, a Representative from
the District of Islaine and a
Senator from the State of
Maine
Homer
Hone. James
Honolulu

Houghton, George M.
Houlton, Maine
Houston, liobert. Esq,
Hotel Champernowne at
house Point

Pocahontas at Gerrish Island

Wentworth at New Castle,
N. H.
Howard, Capt. James

Gen. O. O.

Lt. Samuel

Volney E., biography of
Howe, Burt W.

Nat

Timothy Otis, biography of

William
Howell s, William Dean
Hubbard, Levi, a Representative
from the District of Maine

Ralph, son of "Fra"
Huddilston. ]Mrs. Roselle of

Orono
Hudson River
Hull, Noble A.
Hume, Col. Frank M.
Hunters, jolly company of
Hunter, Capt. Adam
Hunt Farm 116,129.131,134

William l-"^!

Huntington, Anna 157

' Nellie 157

Hyde. Frederick Bulkeley 133

207. 211

102

199

129

201

Ware-

193, 195
193

193

168
170
72. 73, 78
153
129-215
129
153
124
195

208
237

98
159

90
170
181

Illiteracy in Maine
Illsley, Chas. P.

Daniel, biography of
Immaculate Conception, Cathedral

of
Immigrant comes bearing gifts

37
171
153

36
43

INDEX

^53

Indian customs

lang^uag"e

occupation

Old Town

as pTuides
Indians of Eastern ilaine, study
of

traditions concernins: Pamela

treaty at Portsmouth

war

alliance of French and

as subjects of King were
rebellious

bands of

dictionary

felt injustice of Engrlish

friendly with Ensrlish

grew more infreciuent

in miserable condition

Maine

sp'*^5;

rigrhts of

ic:?. ivaiion for

suffered grreat losses

transactions with English
Ingram
Insignia of Daughters of

Cincinnati
Ipswi'^'h, Massachusetts
Island

Ireland, a settlement in Maine
Irish immigration

pioneers

settlers of ^raine
Iroquois Confederacy
Islands

Island of the Desert
Isles of Shoals, first

Irish settlement on

^lountains
recorded

182
183
185
126
217

216

215

11, 12

237

191

164

223

207

188

182

191

Jackson, Andrew

Dr. Clarence T.

Daniel
Jackson's Regiment
Jamaica. New York
James I
James II

Jameson Tavern, the Old
January Thaw
Japanese
Jarvis, Leonard, a Representative

from Maine
Jefferson
Jesuits 180, 185, 186. 188.

Archives at Rome

Fathers

first at Quebec
Jesuit Mission

order
Jewett, Daniel Tarbox, biography
of

Master

Moses

Sirah Orne

Theodore H., Physician
John, King

Johnson ticket. Van Buren
Johnstown, N. Y., Journal,

of
Jonas, the "Mayflower of the
.1 '■•suits"

long cruise to the Azores
Jones, Anna

170, 171,

and

editor

63
126

82
198
165

60
238
182
226

208
65
190
183
190
190
179
151

153
27
137
239
239
59
201

186

191

Jones. Capt. Christopher

Jacob

John Paul

Nathaniel
Jordan, Dominicus

John

Nellie "Woodbury

Rev. Robert

23. 163. 171.
241. 243

164
42. 104

Journal of Education 4.:. iu4

Judge of the Admiralty of "Guy-

enne au siege de la Rochelle"
Judki ns. Mrs. Mabel C.

52
102
165
105
164

22
237,

, 165
. 128

1S9
36

115,

study of
biography

166. 167. 170,

deputy collector
of customs at.

Katahdin Lake Camp

Mount 115. 120. 126, 128, 129. 215,
description of
elevation of

pictures and photograph
situation of

Park

Pond

Region, a special

Range
Kavanagh, Edward.

and family

Gov. Edward

Miss
Keep, Rev. ^Marcus
Kelley, Roger
Kellogg, Elijah
Kendall, Charles "West. Repre

sentative from Nevada
Kennebec counties

county. Gage, Joshua, a treas
urer of

district

Journal

Purchase

Valley
Kennebunkport,

and inspector

1829-1841
Kennebunk. Maine
Kennedy. John H.
Kent, Edward

Kidder, David, a Representative
from .\Iaine 196,

Llewellyn
Kimball. Alanson M.. a Repre-
sentative from Wisconsin

R. H.
King

King's Army
King. Cyrus,

from Maine

of England

might take vengeance

George

Governor

of the Isles

Phillip's War

T. P.

William and Queen Anne's Wars

Rufus, minister to England

197, 210.
King's Academy
Kipling

Kirke. Sir David
Kirker. Jam(;s B.. New York
Kittery's Hi.story
Kittery 193. 194,

High School

Grange, P. of H.

at
a

Avignon
Representative

116

221

132

133

132

135

129

220

221

154

131

171

196
79

206
211
199
231
15

207

204

126

211
55

197
105
186
190

197

189

185

. 27

6.7

126

214
36
45
190
216
165
195
193
196

254 SPRAGUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Kittery Navy Yard, one of hob-
bies of Hon. Horace Mitchell
Point 192, 193,

AVaier District

Klondike, wild part of Katahdin

Knowles, Freeman, a Representa-
tive from South Dakota

Knowlton, Hiram

Ebenezer, a Representative
from Elaine

Know Vour Own State

Knox, Gen. Henrv. residence of
Gen. 48, 49, 51, 66, 170, 222,

Lucy 49, 5

Kora Temple. A. A. O. X. :M. S., of
Lewiston

193
19 4
194
22U

198
105

198

109

106

. 223

2, 53

195

Ladd-Gilman house in Exeter 223

Lafavette 107, 166

visited Portland 1825 214

'Tcivern 108

Lake Ciiamplain, work at, 1917 220

George (Canaan, T.Ie.) 33

House 25

Nicarai?iia 225

LaUmant, Father • 190

Landaff, New Hampshire 205

Latin race in ;Maine 59

La Saussaye 190

Leach, E. Converse ' 155

Leavitt. Mary Elizabeth 19

of Xew Hampsliire 19

Lebroke, Auprustus G. 31

Leg^islature of ]\laine

in sentiment)
Leigrht<'n, Ichabod

Irlando
Lescaibot
Levermore, .1. M.
Levett, Christopher
Lewis, Julia Tuttle
Lewiston district sent
Herrick

Journal

(proslavery

23, 24

23, 26

180, 184. 189

164

Ebeneazer

211
171. 174. 215

influence to
region a Xa-

Lewiston .Journal's
make Katahdin
tional I'ark
Journal mairaziine 238

Libby, Mrs. Florence Hunt
prisoner in
L'^'throp
Corner
Limerick, Elaine. Irish settlers

in
Lincoln, Abraham

Countj'. incorpoiation of
Irish settlers in
Judg'e of the court of

mon pleas for
land of Gen. Knox in
Enoch. Governor of Maine
County, sheriff of 1811-1819
first secretary of the treasury,
Salmon I'ortland Chase

134
243
175
198
24
24

29, 30
99
75
29

com-

16'

203
52

211

203

Lithprow Immig^rants, The
Alfred G.
Arthur
("apt.

Capt. William
Charles
Charlotte
Col.

Col. William
James Noble

Lithgovv. Jane 79

Llewellyn W. 79

L. W. 70

Major 80, 82. 83

:Maj. Gen. AVm. 81

Mary 79

Xancy 79

Robert 70, 71. 79

Sarah Xoble 78

Susannah 79

'William 72. 77. 79, 81. 85

Little Compton, Rhode Island 199

Little Falls 23, 24

River 24

Ijittle's Genealogical History of
State of IVIaine

Local History in the Schools

Locke. George H.

Lockhart in the Quarterly Review

Londonderry. Irish settlers in

London. Appleton, John, secretary
of legation in

Londonbury. Ireland

London. University of 173, 188,

Long- Creek

Longfellow. Henry W. 66, 36,

214
70
79
79

75,76. 78. 81, 84
74
79
79

76. 77. 78, 80. 82
75
79

170, 209,

children

family were Unitarians

house, Portland 209,

Stephen 208. 209. 210,

Stephen, extract from letter to
son, Henry

Stephen, Jr.
Long-fellows of Portland. :Maine

the Aristocrats in Portland
Lons: Lake
Lord 187,

has kept us

Himself

Jesus
Loring, Bezaleel 1st

Bezaleel 2nd

Charles 1st

Charles 2nd

Deborah

Ellen

Fiank

Jonn 1st

John 2nd 15<,

Mr.

[Mary

Rachel

Rev. Xicholas i^^.

Thomas, descendants of in

Maine 156. 157. 158, 159

Louisburg. scene of activity in

of France

158

229

190

199

233

189

167^

212
213
212
215

213
35
208
212
25
188
189
184
189
157
157
157
157
159
157
157
157
158
120
157
157
158

■o

John

Indian Wars
Louis Phillippe
Lovell, Gen.
Lovejoy, Elijah
Lovell's I'ond
I^ovewell. Capt.
Lovewell's I'ond

War
Lowell, AVeldon
Luce, E. T.
"Lumber Queen"
Lunksoos
Lyons

^.racClenachan, Rev. W^illiam
Machias, Maine
Maclin, Sarah

, 13

107

81, 83

70. 170

169

11. 12

10, 12

162

116

190

t t

. 78

211

INDEX

255

:Mather's 17

179, 195, 197. 221

220

went to in

199
220

of Eng-lish

Long--

1819-

121,

Macomber, Xancy
Madocowando
"Masrnalia," Cotton
Maine

Archaeology
Blaine, Janaes G.,

1854
citizens of
coast left desolate

settlers
colleasrues of Stephen

fellow in the House
ccnstitutioniil convention

1820
Commandery, Xo. 4, Knights

Templars of Biddeford
Council, R. & S. ^Masters

Saco
distinguished daughter of
District of
"ditch"

Documentary Histoiy of
early history of eastern
early Irish settlers in
early writers of
every school in
Forestry Department
frontier of
geography of
geological survey of
girl, high honor for a
Ilistorical and Genealogical

Recorder
Historical Society
Historical Society, Stephen

i^oiigfellow President of
Historical Society, the library

of
History

Histories, list of titles
History an Essential Study
History, false ideas regarding
History in the Schools 103,

History of today
Home Journal of Portland
of Representatives
of Representatives 1805-

179

211

201

195

239

123

239

29, 30

233

132

126

173

67,

House

1806

House

29
230

215

166

230

243

229

201

member of
Indians and tribes
Indian troubles in
insecurity of early

in
leacue for Xational Defense
Legislature

Legislature in 1854, member of
Millerites in
^lusio Festival, chorus and

orchestra of
"Maine. My State"
Peace Society in 1920
press of

of
prosperity along coast

206

200

of Representatives,
from Augusta

6. 7, 11, 13. 16
12, 14, 15
settlements

Province
renewed

of
Maine S.

240

206

221
230

35
238

7
28
211
238

A. R.

Senator John Holmes of Alfred
separation from Massachusetts
Sons of the American Revolu-
tion 28. 155. 236
State constitutional convention

1819. delf-^'ate to 203

State constitutional conventions

1916 and 1919 204

State election 1922 208

Teachers' convention 57

Teachers' convention in Port-
land

the Pine Tree State

Towns, History of
Malcolm, AVilliam
Manchester's Point, Northeast

Harbor
Manning, ^Master
^lanning's boats

:Margaretta 166,

Marro\v. John B.
Marsh, John F.

Marshall House at York Harbor
Martin, Rev. George

Otis
Mason, Elizabeth

Jonas 157,

Jonas, biography of

:\rary (Chandler)
Masons
^lassachusetts 179. 197,

absorption of Elaine settlements
by

General Court

House of Representatives 200.

Indian troubles in 8. 11, 13

Legislature, Holmes, John,

served in 207

Mr. Cushman a representative

of 211

^Massacres, series of terrible 7, 8

Masse 189, 191

Masse, a missionary 180

Father Ennemond 184, 1S5, 190

^Masonic Services 193

Mather, Cotton, reference from

"iMagnalia" of 17

:Master 27

IMathew. Joseph 52

IMaxim, Sir Hiram 66, 170

Hiram P. 170

[Mayflower Congress 32

Mayo, Ernest, as a guide 220

Pond 221

McClellan 171

house, the old 167

McCobb, Col. Samuel 81

McCollister, :\Irs. Ethel (Mor-

" 174

175

43, 44

7, 231

185

:i6

167

193

157

158

159

157

232

205

234
201
. 15

Jean or Janet
Hon. Daniel
of Augusta

241

156

233. 235

233

234

198

16
221

rill) 1'

[McFarland, Jean or Janet Lith-

gow
[McGillicuddy.
:srclntire. J. O
McKee, W. S.,

AV. S., poem by
[McKinley Grammar School
History of
President
^leade County Times
Meduncook (Friendship), the for-
tifications at
"^Melody in [Maine," song
Alemorial Bridge over I'iscataqua

River 194

[Mercury 183

Mere Point, treaty of 8

[Merrill, Dr. Joseph 100, 101

J. F. A. .19

[Mrs. J. F. A. 19

Paul S. 48

William 102

[Merrymeeting Bay, attacks

settlements at

Bay, lot of liobert Lithgow

[Tvlethuen, ^'assachusett.s

Mexico, Commissioner to, 1848-

1849

17
207

202

256 SPFL\GUE'S JOURNAL OF MAINE HISTORY

Michael Peol
Middle Str<.'et. Portland
Mil ford Haven
Miller, Charles K.

"Father"'

Judg-e Frank B.

William
Millerites and Ascension

in Maine

proceeding's ag-ainst
Millen, Prentiss
Milliken, Governor
Milliken

Minister to Great Britain
Minneapolis, ^linnesota
Alitchell. David

Hon. Horace of Kitterv

Robes

127

214

191

1.2.4

111

195

198

239

158

192, 19.3, 241

Kitterv in

represented
House
(Sayward)
Jr.

Master of Grammar
in Kittery and York

193
193
194

195

House, old register

Horace,
Maine

Hannah

Horace,

Home

Horace,

Schools in Kittery and York 193

John H. 129

Mrs. C. R. 5U

Reuben 193

Mohawks 7. 9, 11

Molunkus

Of
Monmouth, Elaine

battle of
^fontgomery, J. H.
Montville. Maine
Moorehead, Mr. L. K., of New-
York City

Warren K.. Field Director,
Archaeology survey of Xe-\v
England
^foore, Maude
IMount Desert 180, 190, 191

!Montressor's Journal 119

Moore, Albert 48

George B. 48

Moosehead Lake 119, 123

242, 243
201, 204

204
53

198

220

220
235

^Morgan, Daniel
Morrill. Alfred

Alexander Hatch

Anna Jones

Anson Peaselee

Arch (Josiah, Jr.)

Carroll ^Villit, Hon.

Ebenezer (5)

Kbenezer (6)

Edmund

Eli

Eph. L.

Ephriam

Ernest W.

Frank W.

George

George (3)

George (8)

Horatio

Hibbaid

Hiram K.

Jacob

Jedediah (3)

Jedediah (7)

Joel (4)

Joel. Jr.

Johanna Small

John (1)

John, Chronicles of the
. of

Josiah (4)

Josiah, Jr.

1G8
18
20
21
18
21
20
21
20
19
20
22
22
21
20
22
22
22
17
21
21

19-22
20
22
22
22
21

21-23
family

17
20

20, 21

(2)

^Vey mouth
(Peaslee (4),

Morrill. L. B.

Leroy E.

Lindlev E.

Lot M.

Lot ^lyrick

Mary

]Mary Emery

INIary Jacob

Minnie L.

!Moses (7)

Nathan (6)

Nathan (8)

Nicholas

Pstience

Peaselee,

(3))

Peter (3)

Peter, Jr.

Peter Neal

Ransom (8)

Robert (3)

Rowena

Rufus

Samuel

Sarah

Stephen (4)

Susannah Stephenson

Thadeus

Tliomas

Timothy

Timothv Jr.

True C.

"William

AVilliam (5)

bill, famous pension law

Corner
Morse, Amos

High School

Richard
^lorton Block, Portland

Reuben
^loulton. Captain
Mount Desert Island

^Mission

Region
Mount Katahdin

21
20
20
200
18, 19, 170
17
22
19
20
22
22
22
22
21
21

Peter

126, 216,
218. 219,
es Blount
215,

18, 19

18-21

21-22

18-22

110

18-24

102

27, 28

102

212

233

183

239

217.

2 20

179,

"Blount Ktaadn, sometim

Katahdin" 215, 241

Mowatt. Captain 166

:Mt. Desert 163

^lunsey, Frank 170

Murray, Lieutenant V. S. Steamer

Wyoming 226

Rev. John 79

^Tustard House 106

Tavern 232

Myrick, :Miss Maud 28

Nason, Sarah 33

Nathaniel Parker "Willis 47
National Society, the Official

Bulletin of 154
Naval Ag-ent at Boston. Massa-
chusetts 207. 208
Lodge, F. & A. 'SL. Kittery 195
Navv Departm»'nt, Appleton, .John,

chief clerk of 199

Yard, development of 194

Neal, Edmund 18

Leir 18

Rufus, son of Edmund 18

Rufu.«, son of William E. 18

INDEX

257

Neal, ^Villiam E. 18

Nebraska 198

Neptune, Louis 127

New Boston, Irish settlers in 30

Newbury, Massa